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Hybrid deep architecture for intrusion detection in cyber-physical system: An optimization-based approach 用于网络物理系统入侵检测的混合深度架构:基于优化的方法
IF 3.9 4区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1002/acs.3855
Sajeev Ram Arumugam, P. Mano Paul, Berin Jeba Jingle Issac, J. P. Ananth

Intrustion Detection System (IDS) refers to the gear or software that monitors a network or system for malicious activity or policy violations. Periodically, the system records any intrusion action or breach, which frequently modifies the administrator. Cyber Physical System (CPS) is particularly called as networked connected system, in which the system components are spatially distributed and integrated via the communication network. The control mechanism ensures computation significance; however, the system does affect attacks. Researchers are trying to handle this issue via the existing anomaly datasets. In this way, this paper follows an intrusion detection system under three major stages including extraction of features, selection of feature, and detection. The primary stage is the extraction of Statistical features like standard deviation, mean, mode, variance, and median, as well as higher-order statistical features like moment, percentile, improved correlation, kurtosis, mutual information, skewness, flow-based features, and information gain-based features. The curse of dimensionality becomes a significant problem in this scenario, so it is crucial to choose the right features. Improved Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is utilized to choose the right features. The selected features are subjected to a Hybrid classifier for final detection. Here, models like CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) and Bi-GRU (Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit) are combined. A new Bernoulli Map Estimated Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (BMEAOA) is added to train the system by adjusting the ideal weights of the two classifiers, leading to improved detection outcomes. Ultimately, the effectiveness is assessed in comparison to the other traditional techniques.

摘要入侵检测系统(IDS)是指监视网络或系统中恶意活动或违反政策行为的装置或软件。系统会定期记录任何入侵行为或违规行为,并经常对管理员进行修改。网络物理系统(CPS)被称为网络连接系统,其中的系统组件在空间上分布,并通过通信网络集成。控制机制确保了计算的重要性,但系统也会受到攻击。研究人员正试图通过现有的异常数据集来解决这一问题。因此,本文将入侵检测系统分为三个主要阶段,包括特征提取、特征选择和检测。第一阶段是提取标准差、平均值、模式、方差和中位数等统计特征,以及矩、百分位数、改进相关性、峰度、互信息、偏斜度、基于流量的特征和基于信息增益的特征等高阶统计特征。在这种情况下,维度诅咒成为一个重要问题,因此选择正确的特征至关重要。改进的线性判别分析(LDA)可用于选择正确的特征。选定的特征将通过混合分类器进行最终检测。在这里,CNN(卷积神经网络)和 Bi-GRU(双向门控递归单元)等模型被结合在一起。通过调整两个分类器的理想权重,添加新的伯努利图估计算法(BMEAOA)来训练系统,从而改善检测结果。最后,与其他传统技术相比,对其有效性进行了评估。
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引用次数: 0
Output tracking for a flexible string system with unknown harmonic disturbances using adaptive internal model 利用自适应内部模型对具有未知谐波干扰的柔性弦系统进行输出跟踪
IF 3.9 4区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1002/acs.3867
Ning Peng, Jun-Jun Liu, Xiao Peng

A non-collocated output tracking problem for a flexible string with tip payload at one end was studied in this paper, which is expected to describe by a wave equation coupled ordinary differential equation (ODE) system. The regulated output and the reference trajectory signal with unknown frequency and amplitude are non-collocated with the boundary control input. An adaptive approach has been developed to determine the unknown frequency of a disturbance by constituting an auxiliary trajectory and an internal model structure. In order to regulate exponential output tracking, the proposed error-based adaptive dynamic compensation controller is employed. Closed-loop stability and well-posedness is established by exploiting the principle of semigroup theory. Finally, simulation experiments are performed to show the proposed scheme is very effective.

本文研究了一端带有尖端有效载荷的柔性弦的非定位输出跟踪问题,该问题有望通过波方程耦合常微分方程(ODE)系统来描述。调节输出和具有未知频率和振幅的参考轨迹信号与边界控制输入是非共轭的。已开发出一种自适应方法,通过构成辅助轨迹和内部模型结构来确定干扰的未知频率。为了调节指数输出跟踪,采用了所提出的基于误差的自适应动态补偿控制器。利用半群理论的原理,建立了闭环稳定性和良好拟合性。最后,仿真实验表明所提出的方案非常有效。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic event-triggered adaptive neural nonsingular fixed-time attitude control for multi-UAVs systems 多无人机系统的动态事件触发自适应神经非奇异固定时间姿态控制
IF 3.9 4区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1002/acs.3863
Huanqing Wang, Muxuan Li, Haikuo Shen

This article looks into the dynamic event-triggered fixed-time adaptive attitude control problem for nonlinear six-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with external disturbances. The multiple six-rotor UAVs considered are regarded as nonlinear multi-agent systems (MASs), and each subsystem has multiple inputs. Under the framework of backstepping recursive design, an effective adaptive fixed-time control method is proposed by combining neural networks (NNs) technology and fixed-time theory. NNs are utilized to handle unknown nonlinearity and unmodeled parts in attitude systems. The hyperbolic tangent function is ushered to address the singularity problem that may occur in the derivative of the controller, thereby averting the phenomenon of chattering. For the sake of alleviating the correspondence burden of multiple UAVs attitude systems, a modified dynamic event-triggered mechanism (DETM) is ushered. The developed controller swears for that all signals of the six-rotor UAV attitude systems are bounded and the tracking errors converge to a small neighborhood of the origin within a fixed-time interval. Eventually, with the help of simulation results, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme was verified.

摘要 本文研究了具有外部干扰的非线性六旋翼无人飞行器(UAV)的动态事件触发固定时间自适应姿态控制问题。所考虑的多个六旋翼无人飞行器被视为非线性多代理系统(MAS),每个子系统都有多个输入。在反步递归设计框架下,结合神经网络(NNs)技术和定时理论,提出了一种有效的自适应定时控制方法。神经网络可用于处理姿态系统中的未知非线性和未建模部分。双曲正切函数用于解决控制器导数可能出现的奇异性问题,从而避免颤振现象。为了减轻多无人机姿态系统的对应负担,采用了改进的动态事件触发机制(DETM)。所开发的控制器保证六旋翼无人机姿态系统的所有信号都是有界的,跟踪误差在固定的时间间隔内收敛到原点的一个小邻域。最终,在仿真结果的帮助下,验证了所提控制方案的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive position control using backstepping technique for the leader-follower multiple quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle formation 利用反步进技术对领队-跟队多架四旋翼无人飞行器编队进行自适应位置控制
IF 3.9 4区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1002/acs.3864
Xia Song, Lihua Shen, Fuyang Chen

This article addresses the position control issue of multi-quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (QUAV) formation. Concerning the translational dynamic of a multi-QUAV system, on the one hand, it is an under-actuation dynamic; on the other hand, it does not satisfy the matching condition. These features will cause inevitable thorny in the formation position control design. Furthermore, because of the state coupling problem, the formation control of multi-QUAV system is more challenging and knotty than the control of single QUAV system. To achieve this control, both backstepping technique and neural network (NN) approximation strategy are combined by introducing an intermediary control, where NN is employed to compensate the system uncertainty. However, since the traditional adaptive NN control methods need to train a large number of adaptive parameters for the high approximation accuracy, it will cause the heavy computing burden if traditional adaptive method is used for the QUAV formation control. The proposed adaptive NN strategy in this paper only requires training a scalar adaptive parameter, which is generated from the norm of NN weight vector or matrix, thereby significantly reducing computational burden. Finally, according to Lyapunov stability proof and computer simulation, it is demonstrated that the control tasks can be successfully accomplished.

摘要 本文探讨了多四旋翼无人飞行器(QUAV)编队的位置控制问题。关于多四旋翼无人飞行器系统的平移动态,一方面,它是一种欠动动态;另一方面,它不满足匹配条件。这些特点都会给编队位置控制设计带来不可避免的棘手问题。此外,由于状态耦合问题,多 QUAV 系统的编队控制比单 QUAV 系统的控制更具挑战性和复杂性。为了实现这种控制,通过引入中间控制,将反向步进技术和神经网络(NN)逼近策略结合起来,利用 NN 补偿系统的不确定性。然而,由于传统的自适应 NN 控制方法需要训练大量的自适应参数才能达到较高的逼近精度,如果将传统的自适应方法用于 QUAV 编队控制,将会造成沉重的计算负担。本文提出的自适应 NN 策略只需训练一个标量自适应参数,该参数由 NN 权重向量或矩阵的规范生成,从而大大减轻了计算负担。最后,根据 Lyapunov 稳定性证明和计算机仿真,证明可以成功完成控制任务。
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引用次数: 0
Multi‐step performance degradation prediction method for proton‐exchange membrane fuel cell stack using 1D convolution layer and CatBoost 使用一维卷积层和 CatBoost 的质子交换膜燃料电池堆多步骤性能退化预测方法
IF 3.1 4区 计算机科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1002/acs.3860
Zehui Zhang, Tianhang Dong, Xiaobin Xu, Weiwei Huo, Bin Zuo, Leiqi Zhang
The increasing environmental issues such as climate change and air pollution require energy saving and emission reduction in various fields, such as manufacturing, building, and transportation. To address the above problem, proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) gradually become promising green energy conversion device due to the advantages of zero pollution, high efficiency, and low operating noise. However, the durability problem has extremely limited the PEMFC large‐scale commercial application. To prolong the service life of PEMFC, performance degradation prediction is an effective method. This paper proposes a multi‐step performance degradation prediction method for proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells based on CatBoost feature selection, convolution computing, and interactive learning mechanism. CatBoost is used to evaluate the importance of the monitor parameters on performance degradation. The evaluation results and PEMFC degradation mechanism analyses are used to select the monitor parameters for construing the prediction model. Based on the 1D convolutional layer and the interactive learning mechanism, the prediction model is proposed to extract the deep features from the monitor data to predict the performance degradation of the fuel cell system. In particular, the multi‐step prediction is performed by the configurable sliding window. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on real experiment datasets, and the experiment results show that the proposed method is particularly effective for multi‐step degradation prediction and decreases the computation by feature selection and 1D convolution layer.
气候变化和空气污染等环境问题日益严重,要求在制造、建筑和交通等各个领域实现节能减排。为解决上述问题,质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)以其零污染、高效率、低噪音等优点逐渐成为前景广阔的绿色能源转换设备。然而,耐用性问题极大地限制了质子交换膜燃料电池的大规模商业应用。为了延长 PEMFC 的使用寿命,性能退化预测是一种有效的方法。本文提出了一种基于 CatBoost 特征选择、卷积计算和交互式学习机制的质子交换膜燃料电池多步骤性能退化预测方法。CatBoost 用于评估监测参数对性能退化的重要性。评估结果和 PEMFC 退化机理分析用于选择监测参数以构建预测模型。基于一维卷积层和交互式学习机制,提出了预测模型,从监测数据中提取深度特征来预测燃料电池系统的性能退化。其中,多步预测是通过可配置的滑动窗口进行的。实验结果表明,提出的方法对多步骤退化预测特别有效,并通过特征选择和一维卷积层减少了计算量。
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引用次数: 0
Synchronization analysis of fuzzy inertial neural networks with time-varying delays via non-reduced order method 通过非还原阶次法对具有时变延迟的模糊惯性神经网络进行同步分析
IF 3.9 4区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1002/acs.3856
Zhenjiang Liu, Yi-Fei Pu

In this article, the asymptotic synchronization of a class of fuzzy inertial neural networks (FINNs) with time-varying delays is investigated. First, the direct analysis approach is applied to replace the accustomed variable transformation and the reduced-order method for addressing the inertial term. Second, a suitable Lyapunov function and control scheme are devised to obtain several new sufficient conditions to guarantee the asymptotic synchronization of the class of FINNs with time-varying delays. It turns out that the obtained criteria are simpler and more effective. Meanwhile, some numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies and verify the theoretical results.

本文研究了一类具有时变延迟的模糊惯性神经网络(FINN)的渐近同步问题。首先,采用直接分析方法取代惯用的变量变换和降阶法来处理惯性项。其次,设计了合适的 Lyapunov 函数和控制方案,从而获得了几个新的充分条件,以保证具有时变延迟的 FINN 的渐近同步。结果表明,所获得的条件更简单、更有效。同时,一些数值示例证明了所提策略的有效性,并验证了理论结果。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive fuzzy fixed-time tracking control of nonlinear systems with unmodeled dynamics 具有未建模动态的非线性系统的自适应模糊固定时间跟踪控制
IF 3.9 4区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.1002/acs.3850
Ze Ai, Huanqing Wang, Haikuo Shen

The problem of adaptive fuzzy fixed-time tracking control based on a category of nonlinear systems with unmodeled dynamics and dynamic disturbances is investigated in this article. By introducing the novel fixed-time dynamic signal, the unmodeled dynamics can be disposed of. On the basis of the fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) and adaptive backstepping technology, the disposing difficulty of the unknown nonlinear portions is reduced. Then, all signals in the closed-loop system are ensured to be bounded under the fixed-time Lyapunov stability theory. Simultaneously, the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin. Eventually, simulation consequences reveal the validity of the presented control method.

本文研究了基于一类具有未建模动态和动态干扰的非线性系统的自适应模糊定时跟踪控制问题。通过引入新的固定时间动态信号,可以处理未建模动态。在模糊逻辑系统(FLS)和自适应反步进技术的基础上,降低了未知非线性部分的处理难度。然后,根据固定时间 Lyapunov 稳定性理论,确保闭环系统中的所有信号都是有界的。同时,跟踪误差收敛到原点的一个小邻域。最终,仿真结果揭示了所提出的控制方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Actuator multiplicative and additive simultaneous faults estimation using a qLPV proportional integral unknown input observer 利用 qLPV 比例积分未知输入观测器估算致动器乘法和加法同步故障
IF 3.9 4区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1002/acs.3859
P. Gasga, M. Bernal, S. Gómez-Peñate, F.R. López-Estrada, G. Valencia-Palomo, I. Santos-Ruiz

This paper introduces a technique for simultaneous estimation of additive and multiplicative faults in the actuators of nonlinear systems represented by quasi-linear parameter varying (qLPV) models based on a proportional-integral unknown input observer. The qLPV model, structured with a tensor product, allows for optimized flexibility of the observer gain. A distinguishing aspect of our method is the novel approach to nonlinearity, which is not only recast as a convex sum but also in the input vector. The study comprehensively analyses the robustness and convergence conditions through Lyapunov stability evaluation. A robust H$$ {mathcal{H}}_{infty } $$ performance criterion is incorporated to minimize the influence of measurement noise and disturbances. As a result, a set of linear matrix inequalities are obtained. Two examples are examined to demonstrate the practical applicability and efficacy of the proposed method, highlighting the observer's performance under the actuator faults.

本文介绍了一种基于比例积分未知输入观测器的技术,用于同时估计由准线性参数变化(qLPV)模型表示的非线性系统执行器中的加法和乘法故障。qLPV 模型采用张量积结构,可优化观测器增益的灵活性。我们方法的一个显著特点是采用了新颖的非线性方法,不仅将非线性重铸为凸和,还将其重铸为输入矢量。研究通过 Lyapunov 稳定性评估全面分析了鲁棒性和收敛条件。研究采用了鲁棒性能标准,以尽量减少测量噪声和干扰的影响。因此,得到了一组线性矩阵不等式。通过对两个实例的研究,证明了所提方法的实际应用性和有效性,并强调了观测器在执行器故障下的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Parameter learning of multi‐input multi‐output Hammerstein system with measurement noises utilizing combined signals 利用组合信号学习具有测量噪声的多输入多输出哈默斯坦系统的参数
IF 3.1 4区 计算机科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1002/acs.3857
Feng Li, Xueqi Sun, Qingfeng Cao
In this article, the parameter learning scheme for the multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) Hammerstein nonlinear systems under measurement noises is studied, which is derived by exploiting the correlation analysis and data filtering technique. The coupled MIMO Hammerstein system presented involves a static nonlinear subsystem modeled by neural fuzzy model (NFM), and a dynamic linear subsystem established by autoregressive moving average with extra input (ARMAX) model. To learn the unknown parameter of the MIMO Hammerstein system, the combined signals are designed to realize that identification of the nonlinear subsystem is separated from that of linear subsystem. First, the correlation properties of separable signals in a nonlinear system are analyzed, then the parameters of the linear subsystem are estimated utilizing correlation analysis, which can deal with the issue of unmeasured intermediate variable in the Hammerstein system. Second, the data filtering technique is introduced to derive the data filtering‐based recursive least squares technique for learning the nonlinear subsystem parameter, which can reduce the impact of the moving average noise and improve the precision of parameter estimation. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed identification scheme is proved by numerical simulation and nonlinear pH process.
本文研究了测量噪声下多输入多输出(MIMO)哈默斯坦非线性系统的参数学习方案,该方案是利用相关分析和数据过滤技术得出的。所提出的 MIMO Hammerstein 耦合系统包括一个由神经模糊模型(NFM)建模的静态非线性子系统和一个由额外输入自回归移动平均(ARMAX)模型建立的动态线性子系统。为了学习 MIMO Hammerstein 系统的未知参数,设计了组合信号,以实现非线性子系统识别与线性子系统识别的分离。首先,分析非线性系统中可分离信号的相关特性,然后利用相关分析估计线性子系统的参数,从而解决汉默施泰因系统中中间变量无法测量的问题。其次,引入数据滤波技术,推导出基于数据滤波的递归最小二乘法技术,用于学习非线性子系统参数,从而降低移动平均噪声的影响,提高参数估计的精度。最后,通过数值模拟和非线性 pH 过程证明了所提识别方案的有效性和可行性。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive NNs asymptotic tracking control for high-order nonlinear systems under prescribed performance and asymmetric output constraints 规定性能和非对称输出约束条件下高阶非线性系统的自适应 NNs 渐近跟踪控制
IF 3.9 4区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-06-02 DOI: 10.1002/acs.3858
Kun Jiang, Xuxi Zhang

This article studies the adaptive neural networks (NNs) asymptotic tracking control of high-order nonlinear systems subject to prescribed performance, non-strict-feedback structure, and output constraints. To address the output constraint issue while guaranteeing that the tracking error stays within the specified area, a variable fused with the time-varying constraint functions is introduced. Then, a pivotal form of coordinate transformation is developed, which plays a key role in achieving asymptotic tracking performance. Based on the backstepping and Lyapunov method, the designed control scheme assures that all system variables are semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded, the output constraints are never broken, and the tracking error always stays within the predefined function and asymptotically converges to zero. Finally, the effectiveness of theoretical findings is verified via simulation studies.

本文研究了高阶非线性系统的自适应神经网络(NNs)渐近跟踪控制,该控制受制于规定性能、非严格反馈结构和输出约束。为了解决输出约束问题,同时保证跟踪误差保持在指定区域内,引入了一个与时变约束函数融合的变量。然后,开发了一种关键的坐标变换形式,它在实现渐近跟踪性能方面发挥了关键作用。基于反步法和 Lyapunov 方法,所设计的控制方案确保了所有系统变量都是半全局均匀终极约束的,输出约束从未被破坏,跟踪误差始终保持在预定函数范围内并渐进地趋近于零。最后,通过模拟研究验证了理论结论的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing
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