Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science最新文献

In this article, a new approach to outlier analysis in categorical data is proposed. Standard outlier analysis defines outliers in terms of such data characteristics as mutual distances or correlations among data points. This applies to the analysis of continuous and categorical data, and to univariate and multivariate outlier analysis as well as to data mining. In this article, a new specification of outlying data points is proposed, specifically, it is proposed to define outliers as data points that are extreme with respect to substantive hypotheses. It is also proposed to perform two forms of outlier analysis of the same data. The first is standard outlier analysis that inspects data characteristics. The second is Configural Frequency Analysis (CFA). This method defines outliers as extreme cells that contradict a substantive null hypothesis, the CFA base model. A data example is given, in which, first, outliers are identified using cluster analysis (unsupervised classification). Subsequently, the data are analyzed with CFA (supervised classification). Results show that outliers that were identified under unsupervised classification have the potential of distorting results of supervised classification. The mutual relations of unsupervised and supervised classification, both performed on the same data, are discussed. Configural Frequency Analysis and outlier analysis.

In this paper, we explore the question of how manipulative interactions may be transformed to healthier non-manipulative ones-or, in Buber's terms, move from an "I-It" to an "I-Thou" relationship. To address this question, we draw on Heidegger's viewpoint of pre-reflective practice, particularly his concepts "readiness-to-hand" and "presence-at-hand", and analyze the manipulative mode of interpersonal interaction through this lens. Building upon this framework while incorporating relevant psychoanalytic theories and case studies, we then identified boundary-setting as a crucial mechanism for navigating beyond interpersonal manipulation. Furthermore, the paper delves into four specific cases of self-other interaction to provide a deeper understanding of intersubjective dynamics and their implications for relational transformation.

Symbolic activity and agency are interconnected processes that underlie the human ability to act freely and independently of external conditions. Symbols, as a key element of this activity, enable humans to transcend immediate reality by operating with hypothetical and abstract events. This becomes possible through the transformation of S-R (stimulus-response) associations, where symbolic activity liberates the subject from direct dependence on external stimuli, creating the basis for free and purposeful behavior. Important aspects of symbolic activity may include the processes of pleromatization and schematization. Pleromatization is associated with the expansion of the sign field, where sign-vehicles are abstracted from objects, forming a field of possible meanings and interpretations. This field creates the basis for multiple action variants and alternative paths to achieving goals. Schematization, in turn, organizes this field by forming specific routes through the creation of point-like signs. The interaction of field-like signs and point-like signs allows the subject to transition from possible events to actual actions, thereby facilitating the manifestation of agency. Field-like signs represent potential possibilities, while point-like signs represent concrete paths for their realization. Two-stage models of free behavior help to understand how symbolic activity overcomes the rigid determinism of S-R relationships. In the first stage, action variants are generated, where the subject evaluates various possibilities based on field-like signs. In the second stage, one of the variants is selected and realized through point-like signs. These models demonstrate how internal motives arising from symbolic activity can replace external causes, creating a sense of freedom while maintaining internal determinism. Thus, agency does not exclude determinism but relies on internal motives rather than external stimuli.

Authentic leadership in India is founded on the politics of development and social identity construction. It has been politicized with new meaning under the garb of cultural revivalism rather than the revivalism of criticality. The discourses of neoliberalism and the current sociopolitical context of India showed how the majority preferred authentic leaders who enhanced social class mobility and change and fulfilled cultural-political needs. The present article attempts to understand how an authentic leader represents the social identity and values of the majority. The new politics of resistance, movements, and leadership are discussed.

In this paper, I present a crude, provisional theory of moral condemnation based on a discursive analysis of an interaction between two prominent political figures - on the social media platform X (formerly known as Twitter) - in the aftermath of the Iranian missile strike on Israel on 1 October 2024. Based on the analysis, I argue that moral condemnations may serve as a tool for regulating action, and I provide a game-based analogy which may help encapsule two central aspects of moral condemnation: the construction of moral responsibility and a relationship of guilt (setting the board); and the (attempt to) regulate action (playing the game). Finally, I propose that we may also use moral condemnations as a substitute for action - especially in instances where the actor is either unable or unwilling to intervene. By morally condemning we may create a socially and/or personally legitimate excuse for inaction through a displacement of the responsibility to act - thus, ultimately allowing oneself to not do anything by not doing nothing.

This article explores the contentious role of grading and ungrading in democratic dialogic education within conventional higher education. It critiques summative assessment for undermining genuine education by prioritizing compliance over inquiry, fostering distrust, and penalizing mistakes vital for educational growth. While institutionally mandated grading persists, the author introduces flexible pedagogical regimes accommodating diverse learner needs, including options for ungrading. These approaches prioritize student autonomy, emphasizing self-education rather than educational paternalism and credentialism. Challenges include cultural resistance, institutional constraints, and "school toxification." Despite obstacles, the author advocates for transformative practices that honor students' rights to self-education and preserve the integrity of democratic pedagogy.

Philosophy can be seen either as a multi-faceted cultural artifact, like music and cooking, or as a specific human endeavour, a Herculean task of penetration into our ignorance, with its breakthroughs and setbacks and which began, as anthropologists postulate, when the "Homo faber" created the first cut flint. Either way, progress in philosophy is associated with indefinite digging by all of us towards the centre of knowledge - truth, and/or driven by the aesthetic intuition (creative imagination) of a few to crack the 'cosmic egg' or the sound of silence. Here I propose a view of philosophy and of its evolution, a vision borrowed from science, that of a dissipative structure.

The first edition of the Grundzüge der Physiologischen Psychologie of Wilhelm Wundt which celebrated its 150th anniversary of publication. The Grundzüge was a constantly updated work that from 1874 to 1911 had 6 editions which laid the philosophical and methodological foundations of Wundt's project of psychology. The first edition of 1874 is maybe the most celebrated and remembered but the least studied and subject to a great deal of misinterpretation due to the few translations and the intrinsic complexity of the book. To understand what differentiated the Grundzüge from the other published works on physiological psychology that had been published ten years earlier, it was studied how it was received by its first readers and in general an intellectual context that made the appearance of works like Wundt's conducive. Most of the reviews affirmed that the originality of Wundt's work consisted in providing a philosophical solution to physiology that had definitively abandoned the doctrine of specific energies, which had been used to explain the origin of sensations. In this sense, the philosophers' reviews of Wundt's work were complimentary and saw in it a possibility of giving scientific treatment to certain questions that had previously been dealt with by philosophy. On the other hand, many physiologists regarded the Grundzüge as a transitional work that would be overcome when anatomy and physiology provided definitive answers. The Grunzüge was also a "publishing success" that inaugurated a successful relationship between Wundt and his publisher Wilhelm Engelmann that continued until the beginning of the twentieth century. This article aimed to reconstruct the genesis of the book by analyzing published works immediately prior to its writing that dealt, for example, with research in electrophysiology where he referred to the Gründzüge as a work in progress and that would help to answer many of the unsolved problems.

This study investigates the effects of the Gateway Experience (GE) on psychological well-being. The GE has been developed several decades ago for the induction of altered states of consciousness. It incorporates several techniques such as hypnosis, meditation, and binaural beats, which are known to facilitate well-being, sleep, learning and memory, and emotional states, but have not been tested in the exact combination used by the GE. Twelve participants with no prior experience in meditation and related techniques were exposed to the GE (i.e. experimental condition) and a relaxation treatment (i.e. control condition) over the course of four weeks. Psychological well-being was measured at multiple timepoints using Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scale (PWS) which includes 18 items measuring six aspects of psychological well-being: Autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. Results of a two-way repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance showed that participants' psychological well-being improved significantly over time in the GE condition compared to the control condition on all measured scales. There was no effect of participants' sense of mysticality as measured by the Barrett's Revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30). Mysticality has been suggested before to potentially influence the GE. These findings are in line with the theory and suggest that the GE could be a powerful tool to facilitate psychological well-being even in the short-term. Moreover, our findings are also relevant to our understanding of the GE from a historical point of view.