Information Systems最新文献

Modern persistent Key/Value-Stores operate on updatable datasets — massively exceeding the size of available main memory. Tree-based key/value storage management structures became particularly popular in storage engines. B${}^{+}$-Trees allow constant search performance, however write-heavy workloads yield inefficient write patterns to secondary storage devices and poor performance characteristics. LSM-Trees overcome this issue by horizontal partitioning fractions of data — small enough to fully reside in main memory, but require frequent maintenance to sustain search performance.

To this end, firstly, we propose Multi-Version Partitioned BTrees (MV-PBT) as sole storage and index management structure in key-sorted storage engines like Key/Value-Stores. Secondly, we compare MV-PBT against LSM-Trees. The logical horizontal partitioning in MV-PBT allows leveraging recent advances in modern B${}^{+}$-Tree techniques in a small transparent and memory resident portion of the structure. Structural properties sustain steady read performance, even on historical data, and yield efficient write patterns as well as reduced write-amplification.

We integrate MV-PBT in the WiredTiger key/value storage engine. MV-PBT offers an up to 2x increased steady throughput in comparison to LSM-Trees and several orders of magnitude in comparison to B${}^{+}$-Trees in a YCSB workload. Moreover, MV-PBT exhibits robust time-travel query performance and outperforms LSM-Trees by 20% and B${}^{+}$-Trees by an order of magnitude.

User interaction data comprises events that capture individual actions that a user performs on their computer. Such events provide detailed records about how users carry out their tasks in a process, even when this involves different applications. Although the comprehensiveness of such data provides a promising basis for process mining, user interaction events cannot be used directly for this purpose, because they do not meet two essential requirements. In particular, they neither indicate their relation to a process-level activity nor their relation to a specific process execution. Therefore, user interaction data needs to be transformed so that it meets these requirements before process mining techniques can be applied. This transformation problem comprises identifying tasks and their types and determining the relation between tasks and process executions. While some existing approaches tackle parts of this problem, none address it comprehensively. Therefore, we propose an unsupervised approach for recognizing task-level events from user interaction data that addresses it in full. It segments user interaction data to identify tasks, categorizes these according to their type, and relates tasks to each other via object instances it extracts from the user interaction events. In this manner, our approach creates task-level events that meet the requirements of process mining settings. Our evaluation demonstrates the approach’s efficacy and shows that its combined consideration of control-flow, data, and semantic information allows it to outperform baseline approaches in both online and offline settings.

Cardinality estimation is one of the most vital components in the query optimizer, which has been extensively studied recently. On one hand, traditional cardinality estimators, such as histograms and sampling methods, struggle to capture the correlations between multiple tables. On the other hand, current learning-based methods still suffer from the feature extraction of complex predicates and join relations, which will lead to inaccurate cost estimation, eventually a sub-optimal execution plan. To address these challenges, we present a novel end-to-end architecture leveraging deep learning to provide high-quality cardinality estimation. We exploit an effective feature extraction technique, which can fully make use of the structure of tables, join conditions and predicates. Besides, we use sampling-based technique to construct sample bitmaps for the tables and join conditions respectively. We also utilize the characteristics of predicate tree combined with recursive neural network to extract deep-level features of complex predicates. Finally, we embed these feature vectors into the model, which consists of three components: a recursive neural network, a graph convolutional neural network (GCN) and a multi-set convolutional neural network, to obtain the estimated cardinality. Extensive results conducted on real-world workloads demonstrate that our approach can achieve significant improvement in accuracy and be extended to queries with complex semantics.

Graph databases are flexible NoSQL databases used to efficiently store and query complex and big data. One of the most difficult problems in graph databases is the problem of subgraph isomorphism, which involves finding a matching pattern in a given graph. Subgraph isomorphism algorithms generally encounter problems in the efficient processing of complex queries based on a lack of pruning methods and the use of a matching order. In this study, we present a new subgraph isomorphism approach based on the best-first search design strategy and name it BF-BigGraph. Our approach includes a machine learning technique to efficiently find the best matching order for various complex queries. The parameters we used in our approach as heuristics to improve the performance of complex queries on graph-based NoSQL databases are database volatility, database size, type of query, and the size of the query. We utilized the Random Forest machine learning method to narrow candidate nodes to a higher level of search and effectively reduce the search space for efficient querying and retrieval. We compared BF-BigGraph with state-of-the-art approaches, namely BB-Graph, Neo4j’s Cypher, DualIso, GraphQL, TurboIso, and VF3 using publicly available databases including undirected graphs; WorldCup, Pokec, Youtube, and a big graph database of a real demographic application (a population database) with approximately 70 million nodes of a big directed graph. The performance results of our approach for different types of complex queries on all these databases are significantly better in terms of computation time and required memory than other competing approaches in the literature.

Enterprise Application Integration deals with the problem of connecting heterogeneous applications, and is the centerpiece of current on-premise, cloud and device integration scenarios. For integration scenarios, structurally correct composition of patterns into processes and improvements of integration processes are crucial. In order to achieve this, we formalize compositions of integration patterns based on their characteristics, and describe optimization strategies that help to reduce the model complexity, and improve the process execution efficiency using design time techniques. Using the formalism of timed DB-nets – a refinement of Petri nets – we model integration logic features such as control- and data flow, transactional data storage, compensation and exception handling, and time aspects that are present in reoccurring solutions as separate integration patterns. We then propose a realization of optimization strategies using graph rewriting, and prove that the optimizations we consider preserve both structural and functional correctness. We evaluate the improvements on a real-world catalog of pattern compositions, containing over 900 integration processes, and illustrate the correctness properties in case studies based on two of these processes.

The use of electronic health records has become widespread, providing a valuable source of information for predicting disease risk. While deep neural network models have been proposed and shown to be effective in this task, supplemented with medical domain knowledge for interpretability, several limitations still exist. Firstly, there is often a lack of differentiation between chronic and acute diseases leading to biased modeling of diseases. Secondly, the extraction of patient single-layer temporal patterns is limited, which hinders comprehensive representation and predictive power. Thirdly, weak interpretability based on deep neural networks prevents the extraction of valuable medical knowledge, limiting practical applications. To overcome these challenges, we propose TransLSTD, a hierarchical model that incorporates time awareness and context awareness while distinguishing between long-term and short-term diseases. TransLSTD uses clustering algorithms to classify disease types based on the occurrence feature matrix of diseases from EHR dataset and updates disease representation at the code level while creating patient visit embeddings. The model utilizes query vectors to incorporate visit context information and combines time data to capture the patient’s overall health status. Finally, the prediction module generates outcomes and provides effective interpretations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of TransLSTD using two real-world datasets, outperforming state-of-the-art models in terms of both AUC and F1 values. The data and code are released at https://github.com/DangQD/TransLSTD-master.

Real-world multinational e-commerce companies, such as Amazon and eBay, serve in multiple countries and regions. Some markets are data-scarce, while others are data-rich. In recent years, cross-market recommendation (CMR) has been proposed to bolster data-scarce markets by leveraging auxiliary information from data-rich markets. Previous CMR algorithms have employed techniques such as sharing market-agnostic parameters or incorporating inter-market similarity to optimize the performance of CMR. However, the existing approaches have several limitations: (1) They do not fully utilize the valuable information on item co-occurrences obtained from data-rich markets (such as the consistent purchase of mice and keyboards). (2) They ignore the issue of negative transfer stemming from disparities across diverse markets. To address these limitations, we introduce a novel attention-based model that exploits users’ historical behaviors to mine general patterns from item co-occurrences and designs market-specific embeddings to mitigate negative transfer. Specifically, we propose an attention-based user interest mining module to harness the potential of common items as bridges for mining general knowledge from item co-occurrence patterns through rich data derived from global markets. In order to mitigate the adverse effects of negative transfer, we decouple the item representations into market-specific embeddings and market-agnostic embeddings. The market-specific embeddings effectively model the inherent biases associated with different markets, while the market-agnostic embeddings learn generic representations of the items. Extensive experiments conducted on seven real-world datasets illustrate our model’s effectiveness.¹ Our model outperforms the suboptimal model by an average of 4.82%, 6.82%, 3.87%, and 5.34% across four variants of two metrics. Extensive experiments and analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed model in mining general item co-occurrence patterns and avoiding negative transfer for data-sparse markets.

User interaction (UI) logs are high-resolution event logs that record low-level activities performed by a user during the execution of a task in an information system. Each event in such a log represents an interaction between the user and the interface, such as clicking a button, ticking a checkbox, or typing into a text field. UI logs are used in many different application contexts for purposes such as usability analysis, task mining, or robotic process automation (RPA). However, UI logs suffer from a lack of standardization. Each research study and processing tool relies on a different conceptualization and implementation of the elements and attributes of user interactions. This exacerbates or even prohibits the integration of UI logs from different sources or the combination of UI data collection tools with downstream analytics or automation solutions. In this paper, our objective is to address this issue and facilitate the exchange and analysis of UI logs in research and practice. Therefore, we first review process-related UI logs in scientific publications and industry tools to determine commonalities and differences between them. Based on our findings, we propose a universally applicable reference data model for process-related UI logs, which includes all core attributes but remains flexible regarding the scope, level of abstraction, and case notion. Finally, we provide exemplary implementations of the reference model in XES and OCED.

This paper proposes Read-Safe Snapshots (RSS), a concurrency control method that ensures reading the latest serializable version on multiversion concurrency control (MVCC) for read-only transactions without creating any serializability anomaly, thereby enhancing the transaction processing throughput under mixed workloads of online transactional processing (OLTP) and online analytical processing (OLAP). Ensuring serializability for data consistency between OLTP and OLAP is vital to prevent OLAP from obtaining nonserializable results. Existing serializability methods achieve this consistency by making OLTP or OLAP transactions aborts or waits, but these can lead to throughput degradation when implemented for large read sets in read-only OLAP transactions under mixed workloads of the recent real-time analysis applications. To deal with this problem, we present an RSS construction algorithm that does not affect the conventional OLTP performance and simultaneously avoids producing additional aborts and waits. Moreover, the RSS construction method can be easily applied to the read-only replica of a multinode system as well as a single-node system because no validation for serializability is required. Our experimental findings showed that RSS could prevent read-only OLAP transactions from creating anomaly cycles under a multinode environment of master-copy replication, which led to the achievement of serializability with the low overhead of about 15% compared to baseline OLTP/OLAP throughputs under snapshot isolation (SI). The OLTP throughput under our proposed method in a mixed OLTP/OLAP workload was about 45% better than SafeSnapshots, a serializable snapshot isolation (SSI) equipped with a read-only optimization method, and did not degrade the OLAP throughput.