The influence of temperature (600 to 1500 K), pressure (1 to 60 atm), and air/fuel ratio (13.0 to 17.0) on the equilibrium composition of automotive exhaust gas is calculated by minimizing the total free energy with the assumption that the outlet components are known. Nitrogen oxides, principally as nitric oxide, appear to be formed in combustion chamber zones with high temperatures (1800 to 2000 K) and relatively high air/fuel ratios. Nitrogen oxide elimination, although easier in a reducing atmosphere, appears also possible in an oxidizing atmosphere. Ammonia formation, although negligible in the combustion chamber, appears significant at operating conditions of a highly efficient reducing catalyst. Its formation is favored at low temperatures and high pressures if the air/fuel ratio is less than stoichiometric or at high temperatures if the air/fuel ratio is greater than than stoichiometric. Carbon monoxide concentration decreases with increasing air/fuel ratios and increases with the temperature for a fixed air/fuel ratio. Its concentration is determined not only by the water-gas shift reaction but also by other reactions. The most oxidation-resistant hydrocarbons are methane, acetylene, ethylene, and benzene. Among the aldehydes, formaldehyde shows the highest concentrations for the oxidized hydrocarbon fraction.
{"title":"CALCULATION OF EQUILIBRIUM COMPOSITION OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GASES","authors":"R. Grosso","doi":"10.1021/I260047A032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I260047A032","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of temperature (600 to 1500 K), pressure (1 to 60 atm), and air/fuel ratio (13.0 to 17.0) on the equilibrium composition of automotive exhaust gas is calculated by minimizing the total free energy with the assumption that the outlet components are known. Nitrogen oxides, principally as nitric oxide, appear to be formed in combustion chamber zones with high temperatures (1800 to 2000 K) and relatively high air/fuel ratios. Nitrogen oxide elimination, although easier in a reducing atmosphere, appears also possible in an oxidizing atmosphere. Ammonia formation, although negligible in the combustion chamber, appears significant at operating conditions of a highly efficient reducing catalyst. Its formation is favored at low temperatures and high pressures if the air/fuel ratio is less than stoichiometric or at high temperatures if the air/fuel ratio is greater than than stoichiometric. Carbon monoxide concentration decreases with increasing air/fuel ratios and increases with the temperature for a fixed air/fuel ratio. Its concentration is determined not only by the water-gas shift reaction but also by other reactions. The most oxidation-resistant hydrocarbons are methane, acetylene, ethylene, and benzene. Among the aldehydes, formaldehyde shows the highest concentrations for the oxidized hydrocarbon fraction.","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"788 1","pages":"390-394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/I260047A032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57661071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
THE ASTM-CRC LUMINOMETER WAS EVALUATED AS A LABORATORY TECHNIQUE TO PREDICT THE COMBUSTION-IMPROVING CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL SMOKE-SUPPRESSANT ADDITIVES. PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTATION, WHICH REVEALED THE INADEQUACIES OF THIS APPROACH (BECAUSE UNSATISFACTORY TEST REPEATABILITY MASKED ITS DISCRIMINATING CAPABILITY), LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW WICK PREPARED FROM GLASS-WOOL FIBERS. ALTHOUGH SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT IN PRECISION WAS OBTAINED WITH THIS EXPERIMENTAL WICK, THE LUMINOMETER APPROACH WAS NOT SUITABLE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE FUEL AND ADDITIVE BLENDS. FURTHER EXPERIMENTATION WAS PERFORMED TO OPTIMIZE THE GEOMETRY OF THE GLASS-WOOL FIBER WICK AS A RECOMMENDED ALTERNATE IN ASTM D1740 FOR DETERMINING THE FLAME-RADIATION PROPERTIES OF DIESEL FUELS. /AUTHOR/
{"title":"TESTING FLAME-RADIATION PROPERTIES OF DIESEL FUELS","authors":"M. Pera, L. G. Hartzell","doi":"10.1021/I360044A014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I360044A014","url":null,"abstract":"THE ASTM-CRC LUMINOMETER WAS EVALUATED AS A LABORATORY TECHNIQUE TO PREDICT THE COMBUSTION-IMPROVING CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL SMOKE-SUPPRESSANT ADDITIVES. PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTATION, WHICH REVEALED THE INADEQUACIES OF THIS APPROACH (BECAUSE UNSATISFACTORY TEST REPEATABILITY MASKED ITS DISCRIMINATING CAPABILITY), LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW WICK PREPARED FROM GLASS-WOOL FIBERS. ALTHOUGH SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT IN PRECISION WAS OBTAINED WITH THIS EXPERIMENTAL WICK, THE LUMINOMETER APPROACH WAS NOT SUITABLE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE FUEL AND ADDITIVE BLENDS. FURTHER EXPERIMENTATION WAS PERFORMED TO OPTIMIZE THE GEOMETRY OF THE GLASS-WOOL FIBER WICK AS A RECOMMENDED ALTERNATE IN ASTM D1740 FOR DETERMINING THE FLAME-RADIATION PROPERTIES OF DIESEL FUELS. /AUTHOR/","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":"428-434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/I360044A014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57662076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A DESCRIPTION OF SIGNIFICANT ROUTES TO FLAME-RETARDANT POLYURETHANE FOAMS, THEIR EFFECTIVENESS, AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE WAYS IN WHICH THEY CAN BE CLASSIFIED ARE PRESENTED. EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON UP-TO-DATE PRACTICAL ROUTES IN USE TODAY. FOR RIGID FOAMS THE VARIOUS TECHNIQUES ARE DISCUSSED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THEIR FORM OF APPLICATION AND THE FLAMMABILITY TEST METHOD. NONREACTIVE FLAME-RETARDANT REAGENTS, AS WELL AS ROUTES TO DURABLE FLAME RETARDANCY BY MEANS OF NEWER REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES AND DEVELOPMENT OF COLD-CURE TECHNOLOGY, ARE EMPHASIZED FOR FLEXIBLE FOAMS. /AUTHOR/
{"title":"FLAME RETARDATION OF POLYURETHANE FOAMS IN PRACTICE","authors":"A. J. Papa","doi":"10.1021/I360044A004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I360044A004","url":null,"abstract":"A DESCRIPTION OF SIGNIFICANT ROUTES TO FLAME-RETARDANT POLYURETHANE FOAMS, THEIR EFFECTIVENESS, AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE WAYS IN WHICH THEY CAN BE CLASSIFIED ARE PRESENTED. EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON UP-TO-DATE PRACTICAL ROUTES IN USE TODAY. FOR RIGID FOAMS THE VARIOUS TECHNIQUES ARE DISCUSSED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THEIR FORM OF APPLICATION AND THE FLAMMABILITY TEST METHOD. NONREACTIVE FLAME-RETARDANT REAGENTS, AS WELL AS ROUTES TO DURABLE FLAME RETARDANCY BY MEANS OF NEWER REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES AND DEVELOPMENT OF COLD-CURE TECHNOLOGY, ARE EMPHASIZED FOR FLEXIBLE FOAMS. /AUTHOR/","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":"379-389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/I360044A004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57662019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
THE ABSORPTION OF OXYGEN BY BITUMENS IN THE LIGHT AND IN THE DARK WAS MEASURED AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE WITH STIRRED SOLUTIONS IN AN INDIFFERENT SOLVENT TO AVOID PROBLEMS DUE TO DIFFUSION EFFECTS. THE RATE OF ABSORPTION WAS CONSIDERABLY INCREASED BY LIGHT (FLUORESCENT LIGHTING) AND BY TRACES OF CERTAIN METALS. ALL CHEMICAL-TYPE FRACTIONS PREPARED FROM BITUMENS BY CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OXIDIZED IN THE LIGHT, BUT ONLY THE ASPHALTENES AND RESINS ABSORBED OXYGEN IN THE DARK, THIS REACTION PROBABLY BEING INITIATED BY THE STABLE FREE RADICALS PRESENT IN BITUMENS. THE CONCENTRATION OF REACTIVE COMPONENTS IN DARK-COLORED BITUMENS IS HIGHER THAN IN LIGHT-COLORED ONES, BUT IN PRACTICE THE DARK COLOR ACTS AS A PROTECTION AGAINST EXCESSIVE OXIDATION IN THE LIGHT. FEW OF THE COMPOUNDS KNOWN TO INHIBIT OXIDATION REACTIONS APPEARED TO AFFECT BITUMEN OXIDATION. THOSE THAT WERE ACTIVE ACCELERATED OXYGEN ABSORPTION IN THE LIGHT BUT HAD HARDLY ANY EFFECT IN THE DARK. THE EFFECTS FOUND WITH THESE SUBSTANCES IN THE LIGHT EXPERIMENTS WERE CHECKED WITH WEATHER-O-METER EXPERIMENTS. /AUTHOR/
{"title":"Bitumen Durability-Measurement by Oxygen Absorption","authors":"J. Knotnerus","doi":"10.1021/I360044A011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I360044A011","url":null,"abstract":"THE ABSORPTION OF OXYGEN BY BITUMENS IN THE LIGHT AND IN THE DARK WAS MEASURED AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE WITH STIRRED SOLUTIONS IN AN INDIFFERENT SOLVENT TO AVOID PROBLEMS DUE TO DIFFUSION EFFECTS. THE RATE OF ABSORPTION WAS CONSIDERABLY INCREASED BY LIGHT (FLUORESCENT LIGHTING) AND BY TRACES OF CERTAIN METALS. ALL CHEMICAL-TYPE FRACTIONS PREPARED FROM BITUMENS BY CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OXIDIZED IN THE LIGHT, BUT ONLY THE ASPHALTENES AND RESINS ABSORBED OXYGEN IN THE DARK, THIS REACTION PROBABLY BEING INITIATED BY THE STABLE FREE RADICALS PRESENT IN BITUMENS. THE CONCENTRATION OF REACTIVE COMPONENTS IN DARK-COLORED BITUMENS IS HIGHER THAN IN LIGHT-COLORED ONES, BUT IN PRACTICE THE DARK COLOR ACTS AS A PROTECTION AGAINST EXCESSIVE OXIDATION IN THE LIGHT. FEW OF THE COMPOUNDS KNOWN TO INHIBIT OXIDATION REACTIONS APPEARED TO AFFECT BITUMEN OXIDATION. THOSE THAT WERE ACTIVE ACCELERATED OXYGEN ABSORPTION IN THE LIGHT BUT HAD HARDLY ANY EFFECT IN THE DARK. THE EFFECTS FOUND WITH THESE SUBSTANCES IN THE LIGHT EXPERIMENTS WERE CHECKED WITH WEATHER-O-METER EXPERIMENTS. /AUTHOR/","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":"411-422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/I360044A011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57662050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AN ASPHALT WAS FRACTIONATED INTO ASPHALTENES, RESINS, DARK OILS, AND WHITE OILS. THESE FOUR FRACTIONS WERE LABELED SEPARATELY BY EXCHANGING HYDROGEN FOR TRITIUM, AND THEIR RADIOACTIVITY WAS MEASURED. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ARE GIVEN FOR THE TRITIATING TECHNIQUE EMPLOYED. BY USE OF THE FOUR COMBINATIONS OF ONE LABELED FRACTION AND THREE UNLABELED FRACTIONS, FOUR ASPHALTS WITH COMPOSITION AND PHOTOOXIDATION ACTIVITY SUBSTANTIALLY THE SAME AS THE ORIGINAL WERE THEN PREPARED. THIN FILMS OF THESE RECONSTITUTED ASPHALTS WERE REPEATEDLY PHOTOOXIDIZED AND EXTRACTED WITH WATER, AND THE TRITIUM CONTENT OF THE WATER-SOLUBLES WAS DETERMINED. RESULTS INDICATED THAT MOST OF THE WATER-SOLUBLE PRODUCTS OF THE PHOTOOXIDATION ORIGINATED FROM THE LOWER MOLECULAR-WEIGHT FRACTIONS OF THE ASPHALT WITH THE LARGER DARK OIL FRACTION BEING MORE PRODUCTIVE THAN THE WHITE OIL FRACTION. THE ASPHALT SAMPLE USED IN THIS INVESTIGATION WAS A 40/50 PENETRATION ROAD ASPHALT OF MIDDLE EAST ORIGIN AND ONE OF SEVERAL BEING STUDIED BY THE ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY, UNITED KINGDOM. /AUTHOR/
{"title":"SOURCE OF WATER-SOLUBLE PHOTOOXIDATION PRODUCTS IN ASPHALT","authors":"J. Oliver, H. Gibson","doi":"10.1021/I360041A011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I360041A011","url":null,"abstract":"AN ASPHALT WAS FRACTIONATED INTO ASPHALTENES, RESINS, DARK OILS, AND WHITE OILS. THESE FOUR FRACTIONS WERE LABELED SEPARATELY BY EXCHANGING HYDROGEN FOR TRITIUM, AND THEIR RADIOACTIVITY WAS MEASURED. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ARE GIVEN FOR THE TRITIATING TECHNIQUE EMPLOYED. BY USE OF THE FOUR COMBINATIONS OF ONE LABELED FRACTION AND THREE UNLABELED FRACTIONS, FOUR ASPHALTS WITH COMPOSITION AND PHOTOOXIDATION ACTIVITY SUBSTANTIALLY THE SAME AS THE ORIGINAL WERE THEN PREPARED. THIN FILMS OF THESE RECONSTITUTED ASPHALTS WERE REPEATEDLY PHOTOOXIDIZED AND EXTRACTED WITH WATER, AND THE TRITIUM CONTENT OF THE WATER-SOLUBLES WAS DETERMINED. RESULTS INDICATED THAT MOST OF THE WATER-SOLUBLE PRODUCTS OF THE PHOTOOXIDATION ORIGINATED FROM THE LOWER MOLECULAR-WEIGHT FRACTIONS OF THE ASPHALT WITH THE LARGER DARK OIL FRACTION BEING MORE PRODUCTIVE THAN THE WHITE OIL FRACTION. THE ASPHALT SAMPLE USED IN THIS INVESTIGATION WAS A 40/50 PENETRATION ROAD ASPHALT OF MIDDLE EAST ORIGIN AND ONE OF SEVERAL BEING STUDIED BY THE ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY, UNITED KINGDOM. /AUTHOR/","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":"66-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/I360041A011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57661799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
THE ELECTROCHEMICAL THEORY OF AQUEOUS CORROSION IS BRIEFLY REVIEWED, AND THE APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF LABORATORY ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES ARE DESCRIBED. EXAMPLES OF ALLOY EVALUATION BY ANODIC POLARIZATION ARE DISCUSSED, PARTICULARLY IN ENVIRONMENTS SIMULATING INDUSTRIAL SERVICE CONDITIONS. APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF ANODIC PROTECTION ARE OUTLINED TOGETHER WITH REFERENCES TO THE ENGINEERING OF ANODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS. CATHODIC PROTECTION IS DISCUSSED WITH RESPECT TO THE APPLIED CURRENT AND ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL REQUIRED FOR ADEQUATE PROTECTION, CONTROLLED POTENTIAL CATHODIC PROTECTION, AND THE PERFORMANCE OF SACRIFICIAL ANODES. ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION RATE DETERMINATIONS ARE REVIEWED. THE POLARIZATION RESISTANCE (OR LINEAR POLARIZATION) METHOD IS DESCRIBED AS A USEFUL TECHNIQUE TO MONITOR CHANGES IN CORROSIVITY OF CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS STREAMS. IN GENERAL, THE DISCUSSIONS ARE LIMITED TO THOSE ASPECTS OF THEORY AND PRACTICE WHICH MAY BE OF INTEREST TO THE PRACTICING ENGINEER CONCERNED WITH SERVICE CORROSION PROBLEMS AND MATERIALS SELECTION. /AUTHOR/
{"title":"MEASUREMENT AND PREVENTION OF CORROSION BY ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS","authors":"D. Jones","doi":"10.1021/I360041A003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I360041A003","url":null,"abstract":"THE ELECTROCHEMICAL THEORY OF AQUEOUS CORROSION IS BRIEFLY REVIEWED, AND THE APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF LABORATORY ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES ARE DESCRIBED. EXAMPLES OF ALLOY EVALUATION BY ANODIC POLARIZATION ARE DISCUSSED, PARTICULARLY IN ENVIRONMENTS SIMULATING INDUSTRIAL SERVICE CONDITIONS. APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF ANODIC PROTECTION ARE OUTLINED TOGETHER WITH REFERENCES TO THE ENGINEERING OF ANODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS. CATHODIC PROTECTION IS DISCUSSED WITH RESPECT TO THE APPLIED CURRENT AND ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL REQUIRED FOR ADEQUATE PROTECTION, CONTROLLED POTENTIAL CATHODIC PROTECTION, AND THE PERFORMANCE OF SACRIFICIAL ANODES. ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION RATE DETERMINATIONS ARE REVIEWED. THE POLARIZATION RESISTANCE (OR LINEAR POLARIZATION) METHOD IS DESCRIBED AS A USEFUL TECHNIQUE TO MONITOR CHANGES IN CORROSIVITY OF CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS STREAMS. IN GENERAL, THE DISCUSSIONS ARE LIMITED TO THOSE ASPECTS OF THEORY AND PRACTICE WHICH MAY BE OF INTEREST TO THE PRACTICING ENGINEER CONCERNED WITH SERVICE CORROSION PROBLEMS AND MATERIALS SELECTION. /AUTHOR/","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":"12-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/I360041A003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57662203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ADVERSE AGING EFFECTS, SUCH AS DEACTIVATION AND PHYSICAL ATTRITION, ON COPPER-BASED AUTO EXHAUST OXIDATION CATALYSTS HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED BY STUDIES OF CATALYSTS COMPRISING OXIDES OF COPPER ON ALUMINA. EXPOSURE TO CYCLIC OXIDATION REDUCTION CAN CAUSE PHYSICAL ATTRITION OF POORLY DISPERSED COOPER-BASED CATALYSTS IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF HALIDES. THIS CHEMICALLY INDUCED ATTRITION PROCESS IS RELATIVELY INDEPENDENT OF THE HARDNESS OF THE CATALYST SUPPORT. HOWEVER, HIGH DISPERSION OF THE COPPER COMPONENT CAN IMPART GOOD ATTRITION RESISTANCE EVEN UNDER CYCLIC CONDITIONS. HALIDES FROM THE LEAD MOTOR MIX CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TO DEACTIVATION VIA DEPLETION OF THE ACTIVE COMPONENT FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CATALYST. /AUTHOR/
{"title":"COPPER-BASED AUTO EXHAUST OXIDATION CATALYSTS: DEACTIVATION AND PHYSICAL ATTRITION","authors":"J. Roth","doi":"10.1021/I360040A007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I360040A007","url":null,"abstract":"ADVERSE AGING EFFECTS, SUCH AS DEACTIVATION AND PHYSICAL ATTRITION, ON COPPER-BASED AUTO EXHAUST OXIDATION CATALYSTS HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED BY STUDIES OF CATALYSTS COMPRISING OXIDES OF COPPER ON ALUMINA. EXPOSURE TO CYCLIC OXIDATION REDUCTION CAN CAUSE PHYSICAL ATTRITION OF POORLY DISPERSED COOPER-BASED CATALYSTS IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF HALIDES. THIS CHEMICALLY INDUCED ATTRITION PROCESS IS RELATIVELY INDEPENDENT OF THE HARDNESS OF THE CATALYST SUPPORT. HOWEVER, HIGH DISPERSION OF THE COPPER COMPONENT CAN IMPART GOOD ATTRITION RESISTANCE EVEN UNDER CYCLIC CONDITIONS. HALIDES FROM THE LEAD MOTOR MIX CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TO DEACTIVATION VIA DEPLETION OF THE ACTIVE COMPONENT FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CATALYST. /AUTHOR/","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"10 1","pages":"381-385"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/I360040A007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57662097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computer Control and Optimization of a Large Methanol Plant","authors":"Manesh J. Shah, and , Richard E. Stillman, ","doi":"10.1021/ie50732a007","DOIUrl":"10.1021/ie50732a007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"62 12","pages":"59–75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/ie50732a007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57142839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermosiphon Reboilers—A Review","authors":"Hugh R. McKee, ","doi":"10.1021/ie50732a008","DOIUrl":"10.1021/ie50732a008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"62 12","pages":"76–82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/ie50732a008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57142849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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