Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science最新文献

Fish distribution shifts due to climate change in the Northeast Atlantic: Using a hierarchical filtering approach on marine-estuarine opportunist species 东北大西洋气候变化导致的鱼类分布变化：在海洋-河口机会物种中使用分层过滤方法

IF 2.6 3区地球科学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.109013

Marine-estuarine opportunist (MEO) species are fish that occur in the continental shelf and use estuaries and/or shallow coastal areas as nurseries. These commercially important resources are facing significant environmental modifications caused by direct and/or indirect anthropogenic climate change effects. In this study, we investigated the directionality and the magnitude of the distribution shifts (i.e., range size, gravity centroids, and margins) in marine environment suitability for six main MEO fish species within the Northeast Atlantic expected for the end of the 21st century. In the framework of this study, we have distinguished ‘sub-boreal’ from ‘sub-tropical’ species. The ‘hierarchical filters’ concept was adopted for modelling the potential species distributions and combined the predictions of i) a bioclimatic model with ii) a habitat model. The bioclimatic model is based on large-scale and time-variant variables while variables of the habitat model are fine-grained and time-invariant. Two Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios are tested: an intermediate (SSP2-4.5) and a pessimistic one (SSP5-8.5). We applied this framework using international databases of biodiversity occurrences, ensemble forecasting producing consensual predictions, and innovative indices of distribution shifts. A visible north-westward shift was predicted for all six species in our study area. However, the northward expansion was greater for ‘sub-tropical’ than for ‘sub-boreal’ species due to faster gravity centroid displacement shifts and faster margins shifts. These range shifts may lead to major ecological impacts (e.g., changes in recruitment to estuarine and coastal nurseries, as well as changes in spawning grounds) that may alter populations' connectivity.

海洋-河口机会鱼类（MEO）是指出现在大陆架上，以河口和/或浅海沿岸地区为育苗场的鱼类。这些具有重要商业价值的资源正面临着直接和/或间接人为气候变化影响所造成的重大环境变化。在这项研究中，我们调查了预计 21 世纪末东北大西洋六种主要海洋生态系鱼类的海洋环境适宜性分布变化（即范围大小、重心和边缘）的方向性和幅度。在本研究框架内，我们区分了 "亚寒带 "和 "亚热带 "物种。采用 "分级过滤器 "概念来模拟潜在的物种分布，并将 i) 生物气候模型和 ii) 生境模型的预测结果结合起来。生物气候模型基于大尺度且随时间变化的变量，而生境模型的变量则是细粒度且随时间变化的。我们对政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）的两种情景进行了测试：中间情景（SSP2-4.5）和悲观情景（SSP5-8.5）。我们利用生物多样性出现的国际数据库、产生共识预测的集合预测以及创新的分布变化指数来应用这一框架。根据预测，我们研究区域的所有六个物种都将发生明显的西北迁移。然而，"亚热带 "物种的北移幅度大于 "亚寒带 "物种，这是因为重心移动和边际移动的速度更快。这些分布范围的变化可能会对生态产生重大影响（如河口和沿海育苗场的繁殖变化以及产卵场的变化），从而改变种群的连通性。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the contribution of super-resolution in satellite derived bathymetry in the Antarctic 评估超分辨率对南极卫星测深的贡献

IF 2.6 3区地球科学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.109007

The difficulty of defining the depth of near-shore seas (bathymetry) arises from the limits imposed by traditional ship-based approaches during data collection. Although LiDAR sensors with green lasers have been used to solve some of these problems, they come at a high cost in terms of their footprint and are prone to inaccuracies in turbid water. As shorelines undergo changes due to erosion, wetland loss, hurricane effects, sea-level rise, urban development, and population growth, consistent and accurate bathymetric data become crucial. These data play a significant role in comprehending and managing sensitive interfaces between land and water. Satellite-derived Bathymetry (SDB), which has been described by maritime and remote sensing researchers for over 50 years, emerges as a gap-filler, encompassing bathymetry extraction approaches using active (altimetry) and passive (optics) satellite sensors. In the past decade, advancements in sensor capabilities, computational power, and recognition by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) have propelled SDB to unprecedented popularity. This study explores the contribution of super-resolution in SDB for the first time in the shallow water zone of Horseshoe Island, Antarctica. Random forest and extreme gradient boosting machine learning-based regressors were used on Landsat-8 OLI images, which were atmospherically corrected by the ACOLITE algorithm and spatially enhanced twofold via the generative adversarial network for single image super-resolution (SRGAN). The bathymetry predictions with these two machine learning algorithms on SR images were benchmarked against previous studies in the same region and showed admissible results concerning the IHO standards. Furthermore, the results indicate that the bathymetric inversion performance of the spatially enhanced image via SRGAN is superior to the original multispectral image and pan-sharpened image in terms of the metrics observed, namely, root mean square error (RMSE), mean average error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R²). Comparison between the original and SR image bathymetry inversion for the 0–15 m depth range indicate improvements of up to 0.13 m for RMSE, up to 0.30 m for MAE, and up to 11% for R². These results promise possible effective usage of super-resolution in SDB with satellite images such as Sentinel −2, which do not include a panchromatic band.

确定近岸海域深度（水深测量）的难度来自于数据收集过程中传统船基方法的限制。虽然使用绿色激光的激光雷达传感器解决了其中一些问题，但其占地面积大，成本高，在浑浊的海水中容易出现误差。随着海岸线因侵蚀、湿地丧失、飓风影响、海平面上升、城市发展和人口增长而发生变化，一致而准确的测深数据变得至关重要。这些数据在理解和管理敏感的水陆界面方面发挥着重要作用。卫星水深测量（SDB）已被海洋和遥感研究人员描述了 50 多年，它是一种填补空白的方法，包括使用主动（测高）和被动（光学）卫星传感器的水深测量提取方法。在过去的十年中，传感器能力、计算能力的进步以及国际水文学组织（IHO）的认可推动了 SDB 的空前普及。本研究首次在南极马蹄岛浅水区探索了超分辨率在 SDB 中的贡献。研究在 Landsat-8 OLI 图像上使用了基于随机森林和极端梯度提升机器学习的回归器，这些图像通过 ACOLITE 算法进行了大气校正，并通过用于单幅图像超分辨率的生成对抗网络（SRGAN）进行了两倍空间增强。利用这两种机器学习算法对 SR 图像进行的水深预测与之前在同一地区进行的研究进行了比对，结果显示符合 IHO 标准。此外，研究结果表明，从均方根误差（RMSE）、平均平均误差（MAE）和判定系数（R2）等观测指标来看，通过 SRGAN 空间增强图像的水深反演性能优于原始多光谱图像和平移锐化图像。对 0-15 米深度范围内的原始水深反演和 SR 图像水深反演进行比较后发现，均方根误差（RMSE）最多可改进 0.13 米，平均平均误差（MAE）最多可改进 0.30 米，判定系数（R2）最多可改进 11%。这些结果表明，在卫星图像（如 Sentinel -2 卫星图像，不包括全色波段）的 SDB 中可以有效地使用超分辨率。

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引用次数: 0

Implications of spawning migration patterns of the giant mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskål, 1775) on opportunities for larval dispersal 大泥蟹（Scylla serrata）（Forskål，1775 年）产卵迁移模式对幼虫扩散机会的影响

IF 2.6 3区地球科学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.109008

Connectivity is an essential driver for aquatic species distribution, genetic variability and stock structure. The giant mud crab (Scylla serrata) is a coastal portunid commonly associated with estuaries and mangrove systems. This species has been observed to undertake a seaward spawning migration, as the larval development is known to be more successful under the stable environmental conditions typically found in marine waters. The larvae return to the coastal areas through advection, where they are recruited and enter the estuaries after metamorphosing into the first instar. Here, we used numerical modelling to test hypotheses regarding probabilities of larval settlement of the giant mud crab and the effect of the distance offshore from which females release the eggs. Our scenarios considered the biological characteristics of larvae and oceanographic conditions for six locations for mud crabs along a complex coastline - the Queensland east coast, Australia. The models suggest that all locations tend to self-supply, and to exchange mud crab larvae with other regions, but in different magnitudes. The spawning distance offshore considerably affects larval distribution and settlement. The main drivers for larval advection in areas within the continental shelf are wind patterns and coastal currents, while offshore along the Australian continental slope, the main drivers are ocean currents. Self-recruitment is predominant, although we also observed a significant degree of connectivity between each location and the surrounding coastline. Short spawning migrations benefit self-recruitment in all scenarios, but long offshore migrations favour connectivity among different locations. This source/sink balance seems to depend on the local oceanographic features. Nevertheless, offshore spawning by the giant mud crab has the potential to provide for successful recruitment in a variety of environmental contexts. This study provides novel predictions of the probabilities of larval settlement for mud crab populations considering ocean advection that can be applied to different contexts.

连通性是水生物种分布、遗传变异和种群结构的重要驱动力。大泥蟹（Scylla serrata）是一种常见于河口和红树林系统的沿海梭子蟹。据观察，该物种进行向海产卵洄游，因为众所周知，在海洋水域通常稳定的环境条件下，幼体发育更为成功。幼体通过平流返回沿海地区，在那里被招募，变态为第一龄幼体后进入河口。在这里，我们利用数值模拟来检验有关大泥蟹幼体沉降概率的假设，以及雌蟹离岸产卵距离的影响。我们的方案考虑了幼体的生物学特征和澳大利亚昆士兰东海岸六个地点的海洋条件。模型表明，所有地点都倾向于自给自足，并与其他地区交换泥蟹幼体，但交换的程度不同。离岸产卵距离在很大程度上影响着幼体的分布和定居。风型和沿岸流是大陆架内地区幼体移动的主要驱动力，而沿澳大利亚大陆坡的近海地区，主要驱动力是洋流。虽然我们也观察到每个地点与周围海岸线之间存在着很大程度的联系，但自我招募占主导地位。在所有情况下，短时间的产卵洄游都有利于自我招募，但长时间的离岸洄游则有利于不同地点之间的联系。这种源/汇平衡似乎取决于当地的海洋特征。尽管如此，巨型泥蟹的离岸产卵有可能在各种环境条件下为成功招募提供条件。考虑到海洋平流，本研究对泥蟹种群幼体定居的概率进行了新的预测，并可应用于不同的环境。

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引用次数: 0

Do you want your paper published? – Then referee others! The view from seasoned editors 您想发表论文吗？- 那就给别人做推荐吧！资深编辑的观点

IF 2.6 3区地球科学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.109006

引用次数: 0

Inspection of ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata) burrows with an articulating borescope: A tool to detect occupancy 用铰接式内窥镜检查幽灵蟹（Ocypode quadrata）的洞穴：检测占用情况的工具

IF 2.6 3区地球科学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.109004

引用次数: 0

Exploring marine zooplankton dynamics through carbon stable isotope signatures in a recently marine submarine volcano 通过近期海洋海底火山中的碳稳定同位素特征探索海洋浮游动物动力学

IF 2.6 3区地球科学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.109005

Submarine emissions of gases from hydrothermal vents alter the surrounding chemical environment, influencing species responses to the resulting environmental gradients. The 2011 underwater eruption of the Tagoro volcano off the coast of El Hierro in the Atlantic Ocean changed the physical and chemical conditions, impacting the distribution of pelagic fauna. Post-eruptive stages from 2013 to 2018 revealed changes in both benthic and pelagic communities, with continuous eruptions further affecting local carbon cycle through shifts in nutrient concentrations and isotopic composition. The lowest δ¹³C values in zooplanktonic primary consumers were found in areas directly influenced by the Tagoro submarine volcano. Although the mixing model results show that phytoplankton is the primary carbon source for copepods, contributing an average of 28.3% of their carbon, magmatic CO₂ and seawater dissolved inorganic carbon each account for approximately 17–18%. The isotopic signatures reveal a gradient of enrichment in copepods, reflecting the influence of inorganic nutrient and gas emissions from the volcano's centre to its periphery within the marine ecosystem. This data is useful for understanding the worldwide significance of environmental stressors such as volcanic eruptions on marine organisms.

热液喷口的海底气体排放会改变周围的化学环境，影响物种对由此产生的环境梯度的反应。2011 年大西洋埃尔希耶罗海岸附近的塔戈罗火山水下喷发改变了物理和化学条件，影响了浮游动物的分布。从 2013 年到 2018 年的爆发后阶段显示了底栖和浮游群落的变化，持续的爆发通过营养浓度和同位素组成的变化进一步影响了当地的碳循环。受塔戈罗海底火山直接影响的地区浮游动物初级消费者的δ13C值最低。尽管混合模型结果显示浮游植物是桡足类的主要碳源，平均占其碳的 28.3%，但岩浆二氧化碳和海水溶解无机碳各占约 17-18%。同位素特征揭示了桡足类的富集梯度，反映了海洋生态系统中从火山中心到外围的无机营养物质和气体排放的影响。这些数据有助于了解火山爆发等环境压力因素对海洋生物的全球影响。

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引用次数: 0

Environmental and ecological factors associated with stinging jellyfish at a tourism hotspot in the Gulf of Thailand 泰国湾旅游热点地区与刺水母有关的环境和生态因素

IF 2.6 3区地球科学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.108992

The waters of Thailand are associated with some of the most severe cases of envenomation from jellyfish in Asia, often attributed to the extensive marine recreational tourism industry it supports. The western Gulf of Thailand in particular has been shown to host among the highest abundances of box jellyfish, while also being home to some of the highest marine recreational tourism, such as along the Koh Samui archipelago. Here we utilise aspects of the same tourism industry to develop a deeper understanding of stinging jellyfish population dynamics, by combining citizen science at the island of Koh Tao, with dedicated in-situ surveys and remote sensing data. Our analyses of 170 box jellyfish sightings and 81 blooms of Pelagia sp. across a six-year period revealed a strong seasonal trend, with both groups being most abundant between July and December. Decision tree analysis of the complete observation dataset and multiple environmental variables revealed a combination of precipitation and lunar cycle to be the strongest predictors of the assessed stinging jellyfish at Koh Tao. Furthermore, blooms of Pelagia sp. were associated with extensive medusivory by a large diversity of predators, including reef building corals. These observations add to the growing literature showing that scleractinian corals are readily able to ingest larger prey items, either by solitary or protocooperative feeding strategies. Meanwhile, no consumption of box jellyfish medusae was recorded during the study. These findings may allow for improved tourism management practices while also supporting a wider biogeographic assessment of stinging jellyfish in south-east Asia.

在亚洲，泰国水域与一些最严重的水母中毒病例有关，这通常归因于其所支持的广泛的海洋休闲旅游业。泰国西部海湾是箱水母数量最多的地区之一，同时也是苏梅岛等海洋休闲旅游业最发达的地区。在这里，我们将涛岛的公民科学与专门的现场调查和遥感数据相结合，利用同一旅游业的各个方面来深入了解刺水母的种群动态。我们对 6 年间观察到的 170 个箱形水母和 81 个海鳗绽放点进行了分析，结果显示出强烈的季节性趋势，7 月至 12 月期间这两类水母的数量最多。对完整观测数据集和多个环境变量进行决策树分析后发现，降水量和农历周期是预测涛岛刺水母评估结果的最有力因素。此外，Pelagia sp.的大量繁殖还与包括造礁珊瑚在内的多种食肉动物的广泛介食有关。越来越多的文献表明，硬骨鱼类珊瑚能够通过单独或原生合作的摄食策略摄取较大的猎物。同时，在研究过程中没有记录到食用箱水母的情况。这些发现可能有助于改进旅游管理方法，同时也支持对东南亚刺水母进行更广泛的生物地理评估。

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引用次数: 0

Variability and composition of mysid assemblages in a northwest Iberian estuary: Insights from a 10-year data series 伊比利亚西北部河口糠虾群的变化和组成：从 10 年数据系列中获得的启示

IF 2.6 3区地球科学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.108991

Long-term temporal studies have been used to assess the effects of climate change on mysid populations and their complex ecological interplay within heterogeneous ecosystems. This study is the first to investigate the mysid community in the Mondego estuary, western Portugal, for a decade, from 2003 to 2012. Monthly data collected from five stations along the estuary was used to investigate variations in mysid assemblage composition, patterns, phenology, and the interactions with environmental variables. Thirteen taxa were found in the assemblages. The community was dominated by Mesopodopsis slabberi, which was found in great numbers in the upper estuarine region. Praunus flexuosus and Schistomysis spiritus dominated the assemblages in the middle estuary, while Gastrossacus spinifer and Heteromysis formosa were very abundant at the mouth of the estuary. Overall, mysids were mostly present during autumn periods, when local environmental factors such as water temperature and chlorophyll-a concentrations influenced assemblage abundances. The high productivity of the system played a pivotal role in fostering greater species abundance. However, lower abundances were detected during warmer years, further evidencing changes in these key species’ communities under future climatic scenarios of increasing water temperatures.

长期的时间研究被用来评估气候变化对糠虾种群的影响以及它们在异质生态系统中复杂的生态相互作用。本研究首次对葡萄牙西部蒙德戈河口的糠虾群落进行了调查，时间跨度为 2003 年至 2012 年的十年。从河口沿岸五个站点收集的月度数据用于研究糠虾群落的组成、模式、物候变化以及与环境变量的相互作用。在组合中发现了 13 个分类群。该群落以 Mesopodopsis slabberi 为主，在河口上游地区发现了大量的 Mesopodopsis slabberi。Praunus flexuosus 和 Schistomysis spiritus 在河口中部的组合中占主导地位，而 Gastrossacus spinifer 和 Heteromysis formosa 则在河口非常丰富。总体而言，糠虾主要出现在秋季，当地的环境因素（如水温和叶绿素-a 浓度）影响了它们的数量。该系统的高生产力对提高物种丰度起到了关键作用。然而，在温度较高的年份，物种丰度较低，这进一步证明了在未来水温升高的气候情景下，这些关键物种群落的变化。

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引用次数: 0

Variation in lifetime movements of an Ariidae species in an eastern Australian river revealed by otolith microchemistry 通过耳石微化学揭示澳大利亚东部河流中一种箭鱼科鱼类一生中的活动变化

IF 2.6 3区地球科学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.108990

Ariids, or sea catfishes, inhabit marine, estuarine, and occasionally freshwater habitats circumtropically. They are most often locally abundant and are important in artisanal and commercial fisheries, particularly in developing countries. Detailed information on the ecology and habitat preferences of many of the genera within the family is lacking. We analysed the otolith of 57 blue catfish, Neoarius graeffei, collected from the lower reaches of the Clarence River, NSW, Australia with the aim of better understanding the species movement ecology, including its ability to respond to environmental change. Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used to quantify Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca and ⁸⁷Sr:⁸⁶Sr ratios in otoliths and infer lifetime movement patterns. Otolith microchemistry revealed inter-individual variation in the movement patterns of N. graeffei. A strong affinity for estuarine waters was evident among most individuals, with movement into upstream freshwater habitats for extended periods discernible in some individuals. Variation in movement patterns was identified by changes in Ba:Ca, Sr:Ca and ⁸⁷Sr:⁸⁶Sr otolith profiles, although Sr:Ca lacked clear patterns. Furthermore, both Ba:Ca and ⁸⁷Sr:⁸⁶Sr otolith transects revealed estuarine residence by juveniles, as well as multiple movements among chemically distinct areas throughout the lifetime of some individuals. Otolith microchemistry enabled elucidation of long-term movement patterns of N. graeffei in our study. Uncovering the variable movement patterns of a single species identifies the potential adaptable nature of other species within the Ariidae family and indicates N. graeffei is resilient to environmental changes and anthropogenic impacts.

鲶鱼又称海鲇，栖息于海洋、河口，偶尔也栖息于淡水生境。它们通常在当地资源丰富，在个体渔业和商业渔业中非常重要，尤其是在发展中国家。关于该科许多属的生态学和栖息地偏好的详细信息尚缺。我们分析了从澳大利亚新南威尔士州克拉伦斯河下游采集的 57 条蓝鲶（Neoarius graeffei）的耳石，目的是更好地了解该物种的运动生态，包括其应对环境变化的能力。利用激光烧蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法（LA-ICP-MS）对耳石中的Sr:Ca、Ba:Ca和87Sr:86Sr比率进行量化，并推断其一生的移动模式。耳石微化学分析揭示了 N. graeffei 运动模式的个体间差异。大多数个体对河口水域的亲和力很强，但也有一些个体长期在上游淡水生境中活动。通过Ba:Ca、Sr:Ca和87Sr:86Sr耳石剖面图的变化可确定其运动模式的变化，但Sr:Ca缺乏明确的模式。此外，Ba:Ca 和 87Sr:86Sr 耳石横断面均显示幼体在河口居住，以及一些个体在一生中多次在化学性质不同的区域之间移动。在我们的研究中，耳石微化学研究有助于阐明 N. graeffei 的长期运动模式。揭示单一物种的多变运动模式，可以发现鮨科其他物种的潜在适应性，并表明鮨鱼对环境变化和人为影响具有很强的适应能力。

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引用次数: 0

Association between water darkening and hypoxia in a Norwegian fjord 挪威峡湾海水变暗与缺氧之间的关系

IF 2.6 3区地球科学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.108988

Previous studies have shown that climate change makes Norwegian fjords prone to deoxygenation and water darkening (reduced light penetration) with ecological implications across the food web from phytoplankton to fish. While deoxygenation occurs in deep fjord basins due to reduced water renewal, water darkening has primarily been linked to increased loads of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) of terrestrial origin in rivers draining to the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and ultimately to the Norwegian Coastal Current and associated coastal waters. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that water darkening is also linked to deoxygenation of fjord basins. We measure the downwelling irradiance in a water column with hypoxic and anoxic water and compare it with a nearby, well-oxygenated water column. Our data show increased darkening in the hypoxic and anoxic layers, likely due to elevated concentrations of CDOM that is produced locally in these layers. We discuss the ecological implication of this result, which we believe is particularly relevant for the mesopelagic habitat.

以往的研究表明，气候变化使挪威峡湾容易出现脱氧和水体变暗（光线穿透力降低）现象，对从浮游植物到鱼类的整个食物网产生生态影响。深峡湾盆地因水体更新减少而出现脱氧现象，而水体变暗则主要与流入波罗的海、北海并最终流入挪威沿岸流和相关沿岸水域的河流中陆源彩色溶解有机物（CDOM）负荷增加有关。在这里，我们研究了水体变黑也与峡湾盆地脱氧有关的假设。我们测量了缺氧和缺氧水体中的下沉辐照度，并与附近的富氧水体进行了比较。我们的数据显示，缺氧和缺氧层中的暗度增加，这可能是由于这些层中局部产生的 CDOM 浓度升高所致。我们讨论了这一结果的生态意义，认为它与中层栖息地特别相关。

引用次数: 0