Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-41.1.107
C. Twidale
Pulau Ubin is located in the Johor Strait between the Malay Peninsula and Singapore Island. The topography shaped in a granitoid complex of Permo-Triassic age, comprises jungle covered and isolated blocky hills, a flat and marshy central valley floor, and a coastline in which grooved boulders are prominent. In papers published in 1847, 1849 and 1851 (but here reporting their content in modern terminology) J. B. Logan attributed the island landscape to deep differential chemical weathering, followed by exposure of the resulting bedrock morphology. This is characterized by massive blocks protruding between a saprolithic cover—in modern parlance a two-stage etch origin of a group of inselbergs of nubbin (or knoll) type covered by blocks and boulders derived from the breakdown of the outer shell or shells or sheet structures. The Pulau Ubin nubbins carry remnants of a saprolithic veneer and are of ‘wet’ type by contrast with the saprolith-free ‘dry’ forms of arid or seasonally arid climes. The conversion of nubbins to bornhardts in arid climes also is noted. Logan identified the crucial aspects of what is still a highly favoured hypothesis of inselberg origin based on field evidence from many parts of the world and articulated by Falconer in 1911. But there was in Logan’s time no agreed and appropriate technical terminology. Moreover, some of Logan’s reports such as that dated 1849 are disorganized and diffuse, but contain occasional insightful observations and deductions.
{"title":"J. R. LOGAN AND THE ORIGIN OF THE TROPICAL INSELBERGS KNOWN AS NUBBINS (OR KNOLLS)","authors":"C. Twidale","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-41.1.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-41.1.107","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pulau Ubin is located in the Johor Strait between the Malay Peninsula and Singapore Island. The topography shaped in a granitoid complex of Permo-Triassic age, comprises jungle covered and isolated blocky hills, a flat and marshy central valley floor, and a coastline in which grooved boulders are prominent. In papers published in 1847, 1849 and 1851 (but here reporting their content in modern terminology) J. B. Logan attributed the island landscape to deep differential chemical weathering, followed by exposure of the resulting bedrock morphology. This is characterized by massive blocks protruding between a saprolithic cover—in modern parlance a two-stage etch origin of a group of inselbergs of nubbin (or knoll) type covered by blocks and boulders derived from the breakdown of the outer shell or shells or sheet structures. The Pulau Ubin nubbins carry remnants of a saprolithic veneer and are of ‘wet’ type by contrast with the saprolith-free ‘dry’ forms of arid or seasonally arid climes. The conversion of nubbins to bornhardts in arid climes also is noted.\u0000 Logan identified the crucial aspects of what is still a highly favoured hypothesis of inselberg origin based on field evidence from many parts of the world and articulated by Falconer in 1911. But there was in Logan’s time no agreed and appropriate technical terminology. Moreover, some of Logan’s reports such as that dated 1849 are disorganized and diffuse, but contain occasional insightful observations and deductions.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48536327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-12DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211006.13
Zhu Xinran, Xue Peng, Wang Wei, Ni Yingying, Pan Guanghua
The Bohai Sea is a seismically active region in China, and the studying of the velocity structure of Bohai Sea and its relationship with earthquake may be helpful to the analysis and prediction of earthquakes. Now, ambient noise tomography is an effective tool to obtain crust and upmost mantle structure. In this paper, the S-wave velocity model of the crust beneath the Bohai Sea and its surrouding areas in China was constructed applying ambient noise tomography method, with steps of calculating cross correlations of all possible vertical-component data recorded in 2013 year, retrieving Empirical Green’s Functions (EGFs) for Rayleigh wave, measuring and assessing phase velocity-dispersion curves, creating the phase-velocity maps for the 8-35 s period of the Rayleigh wave, constructing the phase velocity maps and inverting the S-wave velocity structure. We work on the statistics and analysis of the characteristic relationship between crustal S-wave velocity and the temporal and spatial distribution of small earthquakes. The results from all available vertical profiles along different directions reveal that small earthquakes usually occur at the edge of the low-velocity anomaly within the shallow crust in a certain velocity range and, under special conditions, even in a distinct velocity contour. The locations of occurrence are closely related to undulating changes of the corresponding Moho morphology and the locally high Vs anomalies within the middle crust.
{"title":"Statistical Regularity and Relation Between Small Earthquakes and Crustal Velocity Structure Beneath Bohai Sea and Its Surrounding Areas in China","authors":"Zhu Xinran, Xue Peng, Wang Wei, Ni Yingying, Pan Guanghua","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211006.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211006.13","url":null,"abstract":"The Bohai Sea is a seismically active region in China, and the studying of the velocity structure of Bohai Sea and its relationship with earthquake may be helpful to the analysis and prediction of earthquakes. Now, ambient noise tomography is an effective tool to obtain crust and upmost mantle structure. In this paper, the S-wave velocity model of the crust beneath the Bohai Sea and its surrouding areas in China was constructed applying ambient noise tomography method, with steps of calculating cross correlations of all possible vertical-component data recorded in 2013 year, retrieving Empirical Green’s Functions (EGFs) for Rayleigh wave, measuring and assessing phase velocity-dispersion curves, creating the phase-velocity maps for the 8-35 s period of the Rayleigh wave, constructing the phase velocity maps and inverting the S-wave velocity structure. We work on the statistics and analysis of the characteristic relationship between crustal S-wave velocity and the temporal and spatial distribution of small earthquakes. The results from all available vertical profiles along different directions reveal that small earthquakes usually occur at the edge of the low-velocity anomaly within the shallow crust in a certain velocity range and, under special conditions, even in a distinct velocity contour. The locations of occurrence are closely related to undulating changes of the corresponding Moho morphology and the locally high Vs anomalies within the middle crust.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75387636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-10DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211006.11
H. M. Imran, M. Shammas, Ataur Rahman, S. Jacobs, A. Ng, S. Muthukumaran
Urbanization leads to loss of vegetation and converting pervious areas into built-up and impervious areas, and consequently, urban areas expose higher temperatures as compared to surrounding rural areas, which is called Urban Heat Island (UHI). The UHI affects the urban environment and causes heat-related diseases and mortality that have increased over the last centuries. Considering the severity of the UHI problem, enormous research has been conducted and an extensive range of literature is available on this topic. This paper reviews the causes, modelling and mitigation strategies of the UHI. The urban infrastructure and anthropogenic heat sources are the main driving factors in developing the UHI in cities. Many approaches including observation and modelling techniques are used to understand the formation, causes and mitigation of the UHI. The formation and causes of the UHI largely depend on the size, shape and urban infrastructure of the cities as well as climatic conditions. Although various modelling techniques are used to study UHI, there are still lacks in all models to precisely represent the physical phenomena and complex urban infrastructure. Many UHI mitigation strategies are examined by numerous studies, while the increased urban vegetation is a more environmentally friendly solution. The study summarizes the important features and limitations of different modelling techniques and mitigation measures of the UHI. This study also identifies research gaps and proposes areas for further research.
{"title":"Causes, Modeling and Mitigation of Urban Heat Island: A Review","authors":"H. M. Imran, M. Shammas, Ataur Rahman, S. Jacobs, A. Ng, S. Muthukumaran","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211006.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211006.11","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization leads to loss of vegetation and converting pervious areas into built-up and impervious areas, and consequently, urban areas expose higher temperatures as compared to surrounding rural areas, which is called Urban Heat Island (UHI). The UHI affects the urban environment and causes heat-related diseases and mortality that have increased over the last centuries. Considering the severity of the UHI problem, enormous research has been conducted and an extensive range of literature is available on this topic. This paper reviews the causes, modelling and mitigation strategies of the UHI. The urban infrastructure and anthropogenic heat sources are the main driving factors in developing the UHI in cities. Many approaches including observation and modelling techniques are used to understand the formation, causes and mitigation of the UHI. The formation and causes of the UHI largely depend on the size, shape and urban infrastructure of the cities as well as climatic conditions. Although various modelling techniques are used to study UHI, there are still lacks in all models to precisely represent the physical phenomena and complex urban infrastructure. Many UHI mitigation strategies are examined by numerous studies, while the increased urban vegetation is a more environmentally friendly solution. The study summarizes the important features and limitations of different modelling techniques and mitigation measures of the UHI. This study also identifies research gaps and proposes areas for further research.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74705689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-10DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211006.12
Izabela Pawlak
This study examines O3, NOx, NO2 and NO data from five large cities in Poland (Warszawa, Krakow, Łodź, Wroclaw and Poznan) over a three-year period (2015-2017) to quantify the phenomenon of ozone weekend effect. The seasonal and diurnal variations of O3 and NOx species, showing the interdependence these two gaseous species, were presented. The number of 8-hour running average values above the threshold of 60 ppb and 1-hour above 90 ppb shows that ozone exceeded amounts are more frequent on Saturday and Sunday compared to other days of the week. The analysis of day of the week variations of O3 indicates distinct, temporal pattern with maximum O3 concentrations during weekend (especially on Sunday) and minimum noted on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday (depending on the station). The analysis of existence of the ozone weekend effect was performed on the basis of average O3 concentration at the weekend and on the day of the lowest O3 concentration during the week. Calculations were performed for the period of the whole year and for individual seasons of the year. The results of performance the non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney test indicate that differences of O3 concentration between weekend and a specific day of the week were statistically significant for most cases, despite the significantly lower concentration of ozone precursors (NOx). The analysis of Ox concentrations indicates that limited processes of O3 titration by NO (ozone quenching hypothesis) are the main cause of the ozone weekend effect in the Polish cities.
{"title":"Statistical Analysis of Ozone Weekend Effect in the Largest Cities in Poland","authors":"Izabela Pawlak","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211006.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211006.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines O3, NOx, NO2 and NO data from five large cities in Poland (Warszawa, Krakow, Łodź, Wroclaw and Poznan) over a three-year period (2015-2017) to quantify the phenomenon of ozone weekend effect. The seasonal and diurnal variations of O3 and NOx species, showing the interdependence these two gaseous species, were presented. The number of 8-hour running average values above the threshold of 60 ppb and 1-hour above 90 ppb shows that ozone exceeded amounts are more frequent on Saturday and Sunday compared to other days of the week. The analysis of day of the week variations of O3 indicates distinct, temporal pattern with maximum O3 concentrations during weekend (especially on Sunday) and minimum noted on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday (depending on the station). The analysis of existence of the ozone weekend effect was performed on the basis of average O3 concentration at the weekend and on the day of the lowest O3 concentration during the week. Calculations were performed for the period of the whole year and for individual seasons of the year. The results of performance the non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney test indicate that differences of O3 concentration between weekend and a specific day of the week were statistically significant for most cases, despite the significantly lower concentration of ozone precursors (NOx). The analysis of Ox concentrations indicates that limited processes of O3 titration by NO (ozone quenching hypothesis) are the main cause of the ozone weekend effect in the Polish cities.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75633925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-29DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.15
Adel D. M. Kotb, A. Basheer, A. Nasser, Mohamed Ramah
The new administrative capital (NAC), as decided by the Egyptian government's proposed planning, is placed 45 kilometers east of Cairo. According to Egyptian government strategies, this city will be the country's future governmental and economic hub. Ministries, crucial government agencies, and sectors are all expected to be represented on the site. The future capital's total land area is around 700 square kilometers. It is projected that there are five million people living there, this population could rise to seven million people. The skyscrapers sector in the New Administrative Capital is the subject of the research. To detect near-surface structures at the chosen building site, nine Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profiles and twenty-four Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) profiles were used in this study. After the necessary and appropriate processing, the results that extrapolated from all measured profiles of both tools, demonstrated that the research region can be separated into two different shallow layers. The (Higher Miocene) sandy limestone rock makes up the main first surface layer with thickness about 4 meters. The second layer consists of silty shale rock with thickness about 12 meters in some places. This The most obvious features that had an impact on building were normal faults in the WNW and ENE directions, with minor fractures between them, as well as a few shale lenses can reach diameters of 3 to 4 meters. Additionally, the retrieved findings from the two geophysical tools demonstrate that the shape and thickness of the inferred layers are in satisfactory correlation.
{"title":"Utilizing ERT and GPR to Distinguish Structures Maleficence the Constructions in the New Administrative Capital, Egypt","authors":"Adel D. M. Kotb, A. Basheer, A. Nasser, Mohamed Ramah","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.15","url":null,"abstract":"The new administrative capital (NAC), as decided by the Egyptian government's proposed planning, is placed 45 kilometers east of Cairo. According to Egyptian government strategies, this city will be the country's future governmental and economic hub. Ministries, crucial government agencies, and sectors are all expected to be represented on the site. The future capital's total land area is around 700 square kilometers. It is projected that there are five million people living there, this population could rise to seven million people. The skyscrapers sector in the New Administrative Capital is the subject of the research. To detect near-surface structures at the chosen building site, nine Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profiles and twenty-four Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) profiles were used in this study. After the necessary and appropriate processing, the results that extrapolated from all measured profiles of both tools, demonstrated that the research region can be separated into two different shallow layers. The (Higher Miocene) sandy limestone rock makes up the main first surface layer with thickness about 4 meters. The second layer consists of silty shale rock with thickness about 12 meters in some places. This The most obvious features that had an impact on building were normal faults in the WNW and ENE directions, with minor fractures between them, as well as a few shale lenses can reach diameters of 3 to 4 meters. Additionally, the retrieved findings from the two geophysical tools demonstrate that the shape and thickness of the inferred layers are in satisfactory correlation.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75924398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-29DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.14
Jesús María Garayo Urruela
Since the entry into force of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) on 9 June 1994, the Natura 2000 Network has become the tool conceived by the Community authorities to lead the implementation of the environmental commitments on European territory, to which they were bound in application of their accession to international conventions. Natura 2000 pursues the conservation of biodiversity in Europe by harmonizing the conservation of natural heritage with the support and promotion of traditional human activities. The Habitats Directive formulated the principles, objectives, management measures and procedures to preserve, maintain or, where appropriate, restore biological diversity, which each State was subsequently responsible for transferring to the jurisdiction. The standard does not impose any specific method to be used in the designation of the sites, the type of management to be developed or the measures to be implemented, but it does establish control mechanisms over their application. The designation of a Natura 2000 site provides an invaluable opportunity to stimulate the sustainable rural development of the area and to promote plans and activities compatible with the conservation of habitats and protected species. Dialogue and concertation are the mechanisms to be put into practice when it comes to resolving conflicts arising from the design of management models that articulate the recovery of the environmental heritage. The model by which the Natura 2000 Network has been implemented so far in Spain, and specifically in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, has been based on technocratic-formal processes. The inclusion of the area in the Natura 2000 network tends to be perceived by the inhabitants of the rural world as a bureaucratized process, disconnected from local plans and collective projects. The considerable delay in the designation of areas protected by the Natura 2000 network has contributed to the delay in adopting appropriate measures to promote biodiversity and achieve the objective of halting biodiversity loss in Europe in the short term. Despite having redoubled efforts in favor of conservation, the processes of environmental degradation have been increasing.
{"title":"Natura 2000: The European Way Towards Sustainability","authors":"Jesús María Garayo Urruela","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.14","url":null,"abstract":"Since the entry into force of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) on 9 June 1994, the Natura 2000 Network has become the tool conceived by the Community authorities to lead the implementation of the environmental commitments on European territory, to which they were bound in application of their accession to international conventions. Natura 2000 pursues the conservation of biodiversity in Europe by harmonizing the conservation of natural heritage with the support and promotion of traditional human activities. The Habitats Directive formulated the principles, objectives, management measures and procedures to preserve, maintain or, where appropriate, restore biological diversity, which each State was subsequently responsible for transferring to the jurisdiction. The standard does not impose any specific method to be used in the designation of the sites, the type of management to be developed or the measures to be implemented, but it does establish control mechanisms over their application. The designation of a Natura 2000 site provides an invaluable opportunity to stimulate the sustainable rural development of the area and to promote plans and activities compatible with the conservation of habitats and protected species. Dialogue and concertation are the mechanisms to be put into practice when it comes to resolving conflicts arising from the design of management models that articulate the recovery of the environmental heritage. The model by which the Natura 2000 Network has been implemented so far in Spain, and specifically in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, has been based on technocratic-formal processes. The inclusion of the area in the Natura 2000 network tends to be perceived by the inhabitants of the rural world as a bureaucratized process, disconnected from local plans and collective projects. The considerable delay in the designation of areas protected by the Natura 2000 network has contributed to the delay in adopting appropriate measures to promote biodiversity and achieve the objective of halting biodiversity loss in Europe in the short term. Despite having redoubled efforts in favor of conservation, the processes of environmental degradation have been increasing.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83781056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.13
Wangli Zhang, J. Peng, Y. Liu, Xiaonan Cheng
Suining County of Shaoyang City, Hunan Province, was used as a suitability evaluation system from two aspects of natural and human factors including 12 indicators. The analytic hierarchy process and multi-factor weighted evaluation model were adopted to carry out the evaluation of the suitability of the spatial expansion of villages and towns for county-level. On this basis, the propensity intensity of three types of land use for villages and towns, agriculture, and ecology was calculated. Then, the high, middle and low grades were classified by the natural break point method, and the land use conflict recognition matrix was listed. Finally, the results of land use conflict identification were obtained. The results showed that: Suining County has significant differences in the suitability of spatial expansion of villages and towns, and the spatial distribution characteristics of different levels were quite different. The areas of the most suitable area, more suitable area, basic suitable area, less suitable area and unsuitable area for spatial expansion of villages and towns were respectively 183.67 km2, 699.04 km2, 1072.281 km2, 1006.79 km2 and 576.47 km2. The suitability of spatial expansion of each township was obviously different. The predominant land use areas of villages and towns were mainly distributed in Zhaishi Miao and Dong Township and Changpu Town in the south, and Shuikou Township and Jinwutang in the north Towns, etc. Dominant agricultural land areas were mainly distributed in the northeast of Tangjiafang, Huangtu Mine, Hongyan and other towns. The dominant ecological land area was relatively large, and the distribution was relatively scattered. The types of areas with obvious potential land use conflicts were the general conflict areas and intensified conflict areas, among which the general conflict areas were the largest, accounting for nearly half of the total area, and the intense conflict areas were the smallest. The areas of intense conflicts between villages and towns and agriculture, and the areas with intense conflicts between ecology and agriculture were all relatively small.
{"title":"Suitability Evaluation for Spatial Expansion and Identification of Land Use Conflicts in Mountainous Country Villages and Towns: Take for Example Suining County","authors":"Wangli Zhang, J. Peng, Y. Liu, Xiaonan Cheng","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.13","url":null,"abstract":"Suining County of Shaoyang City, Hunan Province, was used as a suitability evaluation system from two aspects of natural and human factors including 12 indicators. The analytic hierarchy process and multi-factor weighted evaluation model were adopted to carry out the evaluation of the suitability of the spatial expansion of villages and towns for county-level. On this basis, the propensity intensity of three types of land use for villages and towns, agriculture, and ecology was calculated. Then, the high, middle and low grades were classified by the natural break point method, and the land use conflict recognition matrix was listed. Finally, the results of land use conflict identification were obtained. The results showed that: Suining County has significant differences in the suitability of spatial expansion of villages and towns, and the spatial distribution characteristics of different levels were quite different. The areas of the most suitable area, more suitable area, basic suitable area, less suitable area and unsuitable area for spatial expansion of villages and towns were respectively 183.67 km2, 699.04 km2, 1072.281 km2, 1006.79 km2 and 576.47 km2. The suitability of spatial expansion of each township was obviously different. The predominant land use areas of villages and towns were mainly distributed in Zhaishi Miao and Dong Township and Changpu Town in the south, and Shuikou Township and Jinwutang in the north Towns, etc. Dominant agricultural land areas were mainly distributed in the northeast of Tangjiafang, Huangtu Mine, Hongyan and other towns. The dominant ecological land area was relatively large, and the distribution was relatively scattered. The types of areas with obvious potential land use conflicts were the general conflict areas and intensified conflict areas, among which the general conflict areas were the largest, accounting for nearly half of the total area, and the intense conflict areas were the smallest. The areas of intense conflicts between villages and towns and agriculture, and the areas with intense conflicts between ecology and agriculture were all relatively small.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79652677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.12
T. Ham, Jin-hwan Lim, Man-Bok Ha
The weathering of the granite rock results in C.D.G.S (completely decomposed granite soil) in most land area. Therefore, the C.D.G.S is commonly encountered in construction field, such as riverbanks and embankments, including roads and railways, and has a stress history of compaction with their construction. In this process, the compacted soil possesses an anisotropic property. Measurement of stress-strain-strength behavior of anisotropic decomposed granite soil is very important for the analysis of deformation and stability of slopes, retaining walls and excavations. Therefore, Anisotropy of mechanical properties for C.D.G.S (compacted decomposed granite soil), a series of unsaturated and saturated-drained triaxial compression tests was performed in order to investigate the deformation and strength anisotropy of C.D.G.S (compacted decomposed granite soils). Three different orientation angles of the axial direction of samples with respect to the horizontal plane were investigated: d=0, 45 and 90 degrees. As the results showed, the compression strain of specimens subjected to an isotropic compression was influenced strongly by d. The effect of the angle d on the strength was more pronounced on unsaturated specimen as compared to saturated specimen. In addition, the time dependence was independent of the settling angle associated with the deformation behavior during the secondary compression process. The effect of settling angle on triaxial compressive strength and deformation was clearly demonstrated at low constraining stresses. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of strength anisotropy according to the height of the fill on the slope stability, slope stability analysis was performed assuming 10m, 20m, 50m, and 100m of the embankment. it became clear that by considering strength anisotropy, the stability of embankment decreased when water level within the embankment was low. In order to obtain more reliable results in the future, verification using various samples will be required.
{"title":"Investigation of the Effect of Strength Anisotropy on Slope Stability of C.D.G.S","authors":"T. Ham, Jin-hwan Lim, Man-Bok Ha","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.12","url":null,"abstract":"The weathering of the granite rock results in C.D.G.S (completely decomposed granite soil) in most land area. Therefore, the C.D.G.S is commonly encountered in construction field, such as riverbanks and embankments, including roads and railways, and has a stress history of compaction with their construction. In this process, the compacted soil possesses an anisotropic property. Measurement of stress-strain-strength behavior of anisotropic decomposed granite soil is very important for the analysis of deformation and stability of slopes, retaining walls and excavations. Therefore, Anisotropy of mechanical properties for C.D.G.S (compacted decomposed granite soil), a series of unsaturated and saturated-drained triaxial compression tests was performed in order to investigate the deformation and strength anisotropy of C.D.G.S (compacted decomposed granite soils). Three different orientation angles of the axial direction of samples with respect to the horizontal plane were investigated: d=0, 45 and 90 degrees. As the results showed, the compression strain of specimens subjected to an isotropic compression was influenced strongly by d. The effect of the angle d on the strength was more pronounced on unsaturated specimen as compared to saturated specimen. In addition, the time dependence was independent of the settling angle associated with the deformation behavior during the secondary compression process. The effect of settling angle on triaxial compressive strength and deformation was clearly demonstrated at low constraining stresses. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of strength anisotropy according to the height of the fill on the slope stability, slope stability analysis was performed assuming 10m, 20m, 50m, and 100m of the embankment. it became clear that by considering strength anisotropy, the stability of embankment decreased when water level within the embankment was low. In order to obtain more reliable results in the future, verification using various samples will be required.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90449496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.11
Chinedu Gabriel Mbah, C. Esonye, D. Onukwuli
Low quality lipids such as soyabeanrsoapstock, a by-product of vegetable oil processing can be used as a viable feedstock for the production of biodiesel due to its high yield capacity, availability, and low cost. Sodium hydroxide and methanol were used as catalyst and solvent respectively while n–hexane was added as a co-solvent. Kinetics of the transesterification reaction mechanismfor soyabeansoapstock with and without co-solvent (n-hexane) was carried out using models proposed by Singh & Fernando, (2007) to determine the reaction order and rate constant at different temperatures (45°C, 55°C and 65°C). Similar rate constants were obtained (with and without co-solvent) though with slightly different R2 values showing that n-hexane does not distort the chemistry of the reaction. Negative and very low R2 values obtained at temperatures 45°C and 65°C further affirms 55°C as the optimum temperature for the reaction. An activation energy of 74 KJ/mol and frequency factor of 2.9 was also obtained. Findings from the studyshows that soyabeansoapstock is a viable feedstock for the production of biodiesel and n-hexane was a suitable co-solvent in the transesterification of low quality lipids (soyabean soap stock). A rate constant of 0.0008 min-1 and reaction order of 2 was obtained for the transesterification reaction.
{"title":"Kinetics of Biodiesel Production from Soya Bean Soap Stock","authors":"Chinedu Gabriel Mbah, C. Esonye, D. Onukwuli","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211005.11","url":null,"abstract":"Low quality lipids such as soyabeanrsoapstock, a by-product of vegetable oil processing can be used as a viable feedstock for the production of biodiesel due to its high yield capacity, availability, and low cost. Sodium hydroxide and methanol were used as catalyst and solvent respectively while n–hexane was added as a co-solvent. Kinetics of the transesterification reaction mechanismfor soyabeansoapstock with and without co-solvent (n-hexane) was carried out using models proposed by Singh & Fernando, (2007) to determine the reaction order and rate constant at different temperatures (45°C, 55°C and 65°C). Similar rate constants were obtained (with and without co-solvent) though with slightly different R2 values showing that n-hexane does not distort the chemistry of the reaction. Negative and very low R2 values obtained at temperatures 45°C and 65°C further affirms 55°C as the optimum temperature for the reaction. An activation energy of 74 KJ/mol and frequency factor of 2.9 was also obtained. Findings from the studyshows that soyabeansoapstock is a viable feedstock for the production of biodiesel and n-hexane was a suitable co-solvent in the transesterification of low quality lipids (soyabean soap stock). A rate constant of 0.0008 min-1 and reaction order of 2 was obtained for the transesterification reaction.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90796234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20211004.15
Costantino Gaetano, Dalle Mura Ilaria, De Gioia Michele, Strippoli Giuseppe, Ungaro Nicola, G. Domenico
ARPA Puglia (Italy), the Regional Agency for the Environmental Prevention and Protection, has chosen to use the Scientific Diving Operator figure (ESD) in order to meet some of the environmental monitoring activities foreseen by European Directives, such as WFD-Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and the MSFD-Marine Strategy Framework Directive 2008/56/EC. Regarding the environmental monitoring obligations of the aforementioned Directives, many of them involve underwater operations. For example, both Directives (MSFD and WFD) require Posidonia oceanica monitoring in situ, by collecting data on shoot density and other eco-biometric parameters, also describing the main ecological aspect of seagrass meadows; about Pinna nobilis, the visual census of its distribution and abundance is carried out underwater; the non-indigenous species census provided by MSFD requires the qualitative and quantitative sampling of the benthic communities of hard bottoms in harbors performed by a scratching technique. All the described activities need operations by ESDs, so ARPA Puglia developed a path for the implementation of good practices on the subject: adopting the national Guide Lines "Good practices for the safe performance of the underwater activities” (ISPRA manual n. 94/2013; D.D.G. n.229/2016); identifying the diving equipment as Personal Protective Equipment (PPE); allowing the acquisition or renewal of ESD scientific license for the operational staff; allowing the annual medical check-up for the ESD operational staff; opening of a national call in order to acquire specialized figures, selected according to ESD Panel standards. Details of environmental monitoring activities carried out by ARPA Puglia ESDs are described in this document.
{"title":"ESD Operators: Roles and Duties for the Environmental Monitoring Activities of ARPA Puglia","authors":"Costantino Gaetano, Dalle Mura Ilaria, De Gioia Michele, Strippoli Giuseppe, Ungaro Nicola, G. Domenico","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20211004.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211004.15","url":null,"abstract":"ARPA Puglia (Italy), the Regional Agency for the Environmental Prevention and Protection, has chosen to use the Scientific Diving Operator figure (ESD) in order to meet some of the environmental monitoring activities foreseen by European Directives, such as WFD-Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and the MSFD-Marine Strategy Framework Directive 2008/56/EC. Regarding the environmental monitoring obligations of the aforementioned Directives, many of them involve underwater operations. For example, both Directives (MSFD and WFD) require Posidonia oceanica monitoring in situ, by collecting data on shoot density and other eco-biometric parameters, also describing the main ecological aspect of seagrass meadows; about Pinna nobilis, the visual census of its distribution and abundance is carried out underwater; the non-indigenous species census provided by MSFD requires the qualitative and quantitative sampling of the benthic communities of hard bottoms in harbors performed by a scratching technique. All the described activities need operations by ESDs, so ARPA Puglia developed a path for the implementation of good practices on the subject: adopting the national Guide Lines \"Good practices for the safe performance of the underwater activities” (ISPRA manual n. 94/2013; D.D.G. n.229/2016); identifying the diving equipment as Personal Protective Equipment (PPE); allowing the acquisition or renewal of ESD scientific license for the operational staff; allowing the annual medical check-up for the ESD operational staff; opening of a national call in order to acquire specialized figures, selected according to ESD Panel standards. Details of environmental monitoring activities carried out by ARPA Puglia ESDs are described in this document.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88745917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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