首页 > 最新文献

Earth Sciences History最新文献

英文 中文
The Geological Characteristics and Its Mining Evaluation of Xincheng Gold Deposit in Jiaodong 胶东新城金矿地质特征及找矿评价
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-08-24 DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20211004.13
Zhu Suizhou, Wang Zhihao, Jin Zhigang, Li Jianwei, Liu Yun, Zhou Yu, Zhang Qiuhu
Xincheng gold deposit is located in Xincheng Village of Jiaodong, Laizhou Jincheng, near Bohai Bay, and is one of the largest mines in China. The orebodies of Xincheng gold deposit located in Jiaojia fault zone are mainly located in the pyrite sericite-quartzized cataclasite belt and the pyrite-sericite-quartzized granodioritic cataclasite belt under the main fault plane (Fault Gouge). Based on the exploration data and test data, the occurrence characteristics of I and V major orebodies in the deposit are analyzed, and the mining evaluation is made on the basis of the hydrologic and environmental characteristics of the deposit. The results show that the rock of the Orebody, roof and floor is mainly massive igneous rock and Metamorphic Rock, which has high mechanical strength and is hard and semi-hard rock with simple engineering geological conditions The Ore and waste rock are not easy to decompose harmful substances, have no heat harm, the possibility of local surface deformation caused by mining is not big, the circulation of groundwater is bad, the evaporation is big, the water quality is bad, the mined-out area formed by mining has little influence on the stability of rock mass in the mining area. The main ore body in the study area is of good geological environment.
新城金矿位于渤海湾附近的莱州金城胶东新城村,是中国最大的金矿之一。焦家断裂带新城金矿的矿体主要位于主断裂面(断泥)下的黄铁矿绢云母-石英碎裂岩带和黄铁矿绢云母-石英花岗闪长碎裂岩带。在勘查资料和试验资料的基础上,分析了矿床中I、V主矿体的赋存特征,并根据矿床的水文环境特征进行了开采评价。结果表明,岩石的矿体,屋顶和地板主要是大规模的火成岩和变质岩,机械强度高,很难用简单的工程地质条件和半硬质岩矿石和废石不容易分解有害物质,没有热伤害,当地开采引起的表面变形的可能性不大,地下水的循环不好,蒸发大,水质不好,开采形成的采空区对矿区岩体稳定性影响不大。研究区内主要矿体地质环境良好。
{"title":"The Geological Characteristics and Its Mining Evaluation of Xincheng Gold Deposit in Jiaodong","authors":"Zhu Suizhou, Wang Zhihao, Jin Zhigang, Li Jianwei, Liu Yun, Zhou Yu, Zhang Qiuhu","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20211004.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20211004.13","url":null,"abstract":"Xincheng gold deposit is located in Xincheng Village of Jiaodong, Laizhou Jincheng, near Bohai Bay, and is one of the largest mines in China. The orebodies of Xincheng gold deposit located in Jiaojia fault zone are mainly located in the pyrite sericite-quartzized cataclasite belt and the pyrite-sericite-quartzized granodioritic cataclasite belt under the main fault plane (Fault Gouge). Based on the exploration data and test data, the occurrence characteristics of I and V major orebodies in the deposit are analyzed, and the mining evaluation is made on the basis of the hydrologic and environmental characteristics of the deposit. The results show that the rock of the Orebody, roof and floor is mainly massive igneous rock and Metamorphic Rock, which has high mechanical strength and is hard and semi-hard rock with simple engineering geological conditions The Ore and waste rock are not easy to decompose harmful substances, have no heat harm, the possibility of local surface deformation caused by mining is not big, the circulation of groundwater is bad, the evaporation is big, the water quality is bad, the mined-out area formed by mining has little influence on the stability of rock mass in the mining area. The main ore body in the study area is of good geological environment.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91334825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nature of the Features of Kimberlite Placement 金伯利岩位置特征的性质
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-08-18 DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211004.12
V. Shkodzinsky
The obtained evidence of hot heterogeneous accretion of the Earth leads to a fundamentally new solution to genetic problems. According to these data, the kimberlites were formed as a result of the rise of the last residual melts of the bottom peridotite layer of the magmatic ocean, which arose as a result of impact heat release during accretion. The diamond crystallized due to the accumulation of carbon in the residual melts during fractionation. The absence of kimberlites in oceanic and collision regions is due to the expansion of the fractionation products of the magmatic ocean by surfaced mantle plumes during the formation of these regions. The all-earth distribution of the magmatic ocean explains the presence of kimberlites on all the studied ancient platforms. A very high degree of crystallization of the peridotite layer is the reason for the small volume of kimberlite residual melts and the bodies formed by them. The low temperature of kimberlite magmas caused their decompression solidification after boiling at the shallow stage of ascent and explosion under the influence of the high pressure of the fluid phase preserved by solidification. This is the reason for the formation of kimberlite pipes and the absence of kimberlite lavas.
获得的地球热非均质吸积的证据为遗传问题提供了一个根本的新解决方案。根据这些数据,金伯利岩是由于岩浆海洋底部橄榄岩层最后残余熔体的上升而形成的,这些熔体是在吸积过程中撞击释放热量的结果。由于分馏过程中残余熔体中碳的积累,金刚石结晶。在大洋区和碰撞区没有金伯利岩是由于在这些区域的形成过程中,岩浆海洋的分选产物被表面地幔柱扩展。岩浆海洋的全地球分布解释了金伯利岩在所有研究的古台地上的存在。橄榄岩层的高度结晶是金伯利岩残余熔体及其形成的体体积小的原因。金伯利岩岩浆的低温使其在上升和爆炸的浅阶段沸腾后,在凝固保存的流体相高压的影响下减压凝固。这就是形成金伯利岩管而没有金伯利岩熔岩的原因。
{"title":"Nature of the Features of Kimberlite Placement","authors":"V. Shkodzinsky","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211004.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211004.12","url":null,"abstract":"The obtained evidence of hot heterogeneous accretion of the Earth leads to a fundamentally new solution to genetic problems. According to these data, the kimberlites were formed as a result of the rise of the last residual melts of the bottom peridotite layer of the magmatic ocean, which arose as a result of impact heat release during accretion. The diamond crystallized due to the accumulation of carbon in the residual melts during fractionation. The absence of kimberlites in oceanic and collision regions is due to the expansion of the fractionation products of the magmatic ocean by surfaced mantle plumes during the formation of these regions. The all-earth distribution of the magmatic ocean explains the presence of kimberlites on all the studied ancient platforms. A very high degree of crystallization of the peridotite layer is the reason for the small volume of kimberlite residual melts and the bodies formed by them. The low temperature of kimberlite magmas caused their decompression solidification after boiling at the shallow stage of ascent and explosion under the influence of the high pressure of the fluid phase preserved by solidification. This is the reason for the formation of kimberlite pipes and the absence of kimberlite lavas.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77452941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Return Location of Migrant Workers: A Case Study of 14 Sample Villages in Henan Province, China 农民工返乡区位研究——以河南省14个样本村为例
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-27 DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211004.11
Genghe Gao, Yali Deng, Yidan Yuan, Weili Zhang, Jiaqi Zhang, Menghan Jin
The return of migrant workers is an important trend in labor mobility in China. The location of the return determines the direction of the flow and affects the choice of settlement. Based on first-hand data from a field survey, statistical analysis and binary logistic analysis methods are used to analyze the location characteristics and influencing factors of the return flow. The study found that (1) returning to the county is the basic spatial feature of the return of migrant workers. Most workers return to villages and counties outside the township. Before returning, most worked in other cities and counties. Counties and small towns near the village have become the main sites for migrant workers’ return to employment. Although the general trend of rural-urban migration has not changed, the intensity has declined to a certain extent. (2) The main reason for return is to take care of the family, followed by old age, difficulty finding a job, low wages and high costs, poor health, etc. In addition, hometown employment conditions have an impact. The push from other places and the local pull work together on migrant workers, eventually producing a return pattern. (3) Most return flow has occurred in the last 5 years, and it has been intensifying. Return flow and outflow are the two basic forms of labor mobility. Under normal circumstances, migrant workers choose to return when they cannot obtain a higher income or cannot find a job. It is foreseeable that as the county-level economy continues to develop, the trend of return will continue to strengthen. (4) Factors such as years of education, skills, working years, number of work sites, family generation, distance from the city, and relative position in the village reached significance in the regression model for the choice to return to the county. Only the family generation coefficient was negative, and the other coefficients were positive. Employment and income and taking care of the family are the main mechanisms influencing migrant workers' return location selection.
农民工回流是中国劳动力流动的一个重要趋势。回流的位置决定了水流的方向,影响沉降的选择。在实地调查的一手资料基础上,运用统计分析和二元logistic分析方法,分析了回流的区位特征及其影响因素。研究发现:(1)归县是农民工返乡的基本空间特征。大多数工人回到乡外的村庄和县。回国前,大多数人在其他市县工作。村庄附近的县城和小城镇成为农民工返乡的主要场所。虽然农村人口向城市迁移的总体趋势没有改变,但强度有所下降。(2)回国的主要原因是照顾家庭,其次是年龄大、找工作难、工资低成本高、身体不好等。此外,对家乡的就业状况也有影响。外地的推动和本地的拉动共同作用于农民工,最终形成了一种回流模式。(3)回流主要发生在近5年,且愈演愈烈。回流和流出是劳动力流动的两种基本形式。一般情况下,农民工在无法获得较高收入或找不到工作的情况下,会选择返乡。可以预见,随着县域经济的不断发展,回流的趋势将继续加强。(4)受教育年限、技能、工作年限、工作地点数量、家庭代际、离城市的距离、在农村的相对位置等因素在回归模型中对返乡的选择达到显著性。只有家庭代际系数为负,其他系数均为正。就业、收入和家庭照顾是影响农民工返乡地点选择的主要机制。
{"title":"Return Location of Migrant Workers: A Case Study of 14 Sample Villages in Henan Province, China","authors":"Genghe Gao, Yali Deng, Yidan Yuan, Weili Zhang, Jiaqi Zhang, Menghan Jin","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211004.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211004.11","url":null,"abstract":"The return of migrant workers is an important trend in labor mobility in China. The location of the return determines the direction of the flow and affects the choice of settlement. Based on first-hand data from a field survey, statistical analysis and binary logistic analysis methods are used to analyze the location characteristics and influencing factors of the return flow. The study found that (1) returning to the county is the basic spatial feature of the return of migrant workers. Most workers return to villages and counties outside the township. Before returning, most worked in other cities and counties. Counties and small towns near the village have become the main sites for migrant workers’ return to employment. Although the general trend of rural-urban migration has not changed, the intensity has declined to a certain extent. (2) The main reason for return is to take care of the family, followed by old age, difficulty finding a job, low wages and high costs, poor health, etc. In addition, hometown employment conditions have an impact. The push from other places and the local pull work together on migrant workers, eventually producing a return pattern. (3) Most return flow has occurred in the last 5 years, and it has been intensifying. Return flow and outflow are the two basic forms of labor mobility. Under normal circumstances, migrant workers choose to return when they cannot obtain a higher income or cannot find a job. It is foreseeable that as the county-level economy continues to develop, the trend of return will continue to strengthen. (4) Factors such as years of education, skills, working years, number of work sites, family generation, distance from the city, and relative position in the village reached significance in the regression model for the choice to return to the county. Only the family generation coefficient was negative, and the other coefficients were positive. Employment and income and taking care of the family are the main mechanisms influencing migrant workers' return location selection.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79679711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MUSEUM IN ANTEBELLUM U.S. WESTERN TERRITORIAL EXPLORATION: PART 2. THE ROLES OF HAYDEN AND MEEK IN A PARADIGM SHIFT IN GEOLOGIC AND PALEONTOLOGIC STUDIES 博物馆在南北战争前美国西部领土勘探中的重要性:第二部分。海登和米克在地质学和古生物学研究范式转变中的作用
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.365
J. Hartman
Established under the antebellum leadership of Joseph Henry and Spencer Baird, the respect given the Smithsonian Institution had far-reaching effects on budding geological careers and the conservation and curation of fossils at national and state levels. Specifically, F. V. Hayden received sufficient perceived encouragement in his geological and natural history endeavors to prevail under no less than hardship conditions. Consequently, Hayden triumphed on his return from the field in 1856, with specimens that would quickly alter his immediate destiny and that of F. B. Meek. The five documents accepted for publication in 1856 by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia produced not only a large number of new species, but Hayden’s northern Great Plains stratigraphy and a biostratigraphic/biochronologic catalog of species original to western studies. Others were now also repeatedly citing Hayden with Meek for non-molluscan specimens based on his collections, with new species named in his honor. The nature of western geological exploration changed because of Hayden’s successful employment as geologist and naturalist to the G. K. Warren and W. F. Raynolds Missouri and Yellowstone expeditions. Onsite, ‘fact-based’ mapping with fossils in stratigraphic sections were arguably now required. No more qualified or experienced individual left the western territories as the Civil War commenced. Meek’s deathbed monograph provided a redescription and the first figures of Meek and Hayden 1856 taxa. Although there are reasons suggested herein, a conundrum exists as to why Meek replaced many 1856 ‘types’ with different specimens, sometimes from different localities. The specimens used in the 1856 Meek and Hayden papers were first unpacked for study by Meek and Hayden in Albany. Shipment of fossils from field to museum, however, was not without peril. The presumption is that the specimens accompanied Meek when he moved to Washington in 1858. A National Museum sponsored and implemented program fostered an ever-expanding ‘duplicate’ distribution of specimens to national and international institutions. Henry and Baird were dedicated to this program. Starting in 1861, surplus fossil invertebrates were removed from National Museum holdings. Many thousands of specimens were transferred, with nearly one thousand specimens documented in a single shipment to one institution. How much of the Hayden collection was affected and how many types were redistributed is as of yet unknown. The remaining Hayden collection in the National Museum is pared-down to type and figured specimens. Hayden’s ‘buckets’ of specimens are being, in some cases, slowly virtually repatriated.
史密森学会是在南北战争前约瑟夫·亨利和斯宾塞·贝尔德的领导下建立的,人们对它的尊重对萌芽中的地质学事业以及国家和州一级的化石保护和管理产生了深远的影响。具体来说,海登在地质和自然历史方面的努力得到了足够的鼓励,他在艰苦的条件下取得了胜利。因此,海登在1856年从野外归来时取得了胜利,他的标本很快改变了他和F. B. Meek的命运。1856年费城自然科学院接受出版的五份文件不仅产生了大量的新物种,而且还产生了海登的北部大平原地层学和生物地层学/生物年代学的物种目录,这些物种是西方研究的原始物种。其他人现在也反复引用海登和米克的非软体动物标本,并以他的名字命名新物种。由于海登作为地质学家和博物学家成功地加入了g·k·沃伦和w·f·雷诺兹的密苏里和黄石探险队,西部地质勘探的性质发生了变化。在现场,“基于事实”的地层剖面化石测绘可以说是现在需要的。内战开始时,没有更多有资格或有经验的人离开西部领土。Meek的临终专著提供了Meek和Hayden 1856分类群的重新描述和第一个数字。虽然这里提出了一些原因,但一个难题仍然存在,即为什么Meek用不同的标本替换了许多1856年的“类型”,有时来自不同的地区。1856年米克和海登论文中使用的标本首先由米克和海登在奥尔巴尼拆箱研究。然而,把化石从野外运到博物馆并非没有危险。据推测,这些标本是米克1858年搬到华盛顿时随身携带的。一个由国家博物馆赞助并实施的项目促进了不断扩大的标本“复制”分布到国家和国际机构。亨利和贝尔德致力于这个项目。从1861年开始,多余的无脊椎动物化石从国家博物馆馆藏中移走。成千上万的标本被转移,其中近1000个标本被记录在一次运往一个机构的货物中。海登的藏品中有多少受到了影响,又有多少被重新分配,目前还不得而知。海登在国家博物馆的剩余藏品被削减为打字和图形标本。海登的“一桶桶”标本,在某些情况下,实际上正在慢慢地遣返回国。
{"title":"THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MUSEUM IN ANTEBELLUM U.S. WESTERN TERRITORIAL EXPLORATION: PART 2. THE ROLES OF HAYDEN AND MEEK IN A PARADIGM SHIFT IN GEOLOGIC AND PALEONTOLOGIC STUDIES","authors":"J. Hartman","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.365","url":null,"abstract":"Established under the antebellum leadership of Joseph Henry and Spencer Baird, the respect given the Smithsonian Institution had far-reaching effects on budding geological careers and the conservation and curation of fossils at national and state levels. Specifically, F. V. Hayden received sufficient perceived encouragement in his geological and natural history endeavors to prevail under no less than hardship conditions. Consequently, Hayden triumphed on his return from the field in 1856, with specimens that would quickly alter his immediate destiny and that of F. B. Meek. The five documents accepted for publication in 1856 by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia produced not only a large number of new species, but Hayden’s northern Great Plains stratigraphy and a biostratigraphic/biochronologic catalog of species original to western studies. Others were now also repeatedly citing Hayden with Meek for non-molluscan specimens based on his collections, with new species named in his honor. The nature of western geological exploration changed because of Hayden’s successful employment as geologist and naturalist to the G. K. Warren and W. F. Raynolds Missouri and Yellowstone expeditions. Onsite, ‘fact-based’ mapping with fossils in stratigraphic sections were arguably now required. No more qualified or experienced individual left the western territories as the Civil War commenced.\u0000 Meek’s deathbed monograph provided a redescription and the first figures of Meek and Hayden 1856 taxa. Although there are reasons suggested herein, a conundrum exists as to why Meek replaced many 1856 ‘types’ with different specimens, sometimes from different localities. The specimens used in the 1856 Meek and Hayden papers were first unpacked for study by Meek and Hayden in Albany. Shipment of fossils from field to museum, however, was not without peril. The presumption is that the specimens accompanied Meek when he moved to Washington in 1858.\u0000 A National Museum sponsored and implemented program fostered an ever-expanding ‘duplicate’ distribution of specimens to national and international institutions. Henry and Baird were dedicated to this program. Starting in 1861, surplus fossil invertebrates were removed from National Museum holdings. Many thousands of specimens were transferred, with nearly one thousand specimens documented in a single shipment to one institution. How much of the Hayden collection was affected and how many types were redistributed is as of yet unknown. The remaining Hayden collection in the National Museum is pared-down to type and figured specimens. Hayden’s ‘buckets’ of specimens are being, in some cases, slowly virtually repatriated.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44192033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
EDUARD SUESS AND PALAEONTOLOGY: HIS ILLUSTRATIONS 爱德华·苏伊斯与古生物学:他的插图
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.461
A. Şengör
The very first scientific paper by the great Austrian geologist Eduard Suess (1831–1914), the dean of geologists internationally during his lifetime, treats the graptolites of Bohemia (the ‘Barrandian’). This paper and most of his subsequent papers on palaeontology are accompanied by superb drawings of his observations in which Suess took great care not to insert himself between Nature as he perceived it in the framework of the knowledge of his day and his readers. In his drawings, he exercised what the great German geologist Hans Cloos later called ‘the art of leaving out’. This meant that in the drawings, the parts not relevant to the discussion are left only in outline, whereas parts he wished to highlight are brought to the fore by careful shading; but even the parts left only in outline are not schematic, instead they are careful reconstructions true to Nature as much as the material allowed it. This characteristic of Suess’ illustrations is seen also in his later field sketches concerning stratigraphy and structural geology and also in his depiction of the large tectonic features of our globe representing a guide to his manner of thinking. His illustrations in his early palaeontological work foreshadowed the later global geologist’s approach to our planet (and the Moon!) as a whole.
伟大的奥地利地质学家爱德华·苏斯(Eduard Suess,1831–1914)是他一生中国际地质学家的院长,他的第一篇科学论文研究了波西米亚的笔石(“Barrandian”)。这篇论文和他随后发表的大多数关于古生物学的论文都附有他观察到的极好的图画,在这些图画中,苏斯非常小心地不把自己插入他在当时和读者的知识框架中所感知的自然之间。在他的绘画中,他运用了伟大的德国地质学家汉斯·克洛斯后来所说的“遗漏的艺术”。这意味着,在图纸中,与讨论无关的部分只留有轮廓,而他希望强调的部分则通过仔细的阴影突出;但即使是只留下轮廓的部分也不是示意性的,相反,它们是在材料允许的范围内对真实自然的仔细重建。苏斯插图的这一特点也体现在他后来关于地层学和结构地质学的野外素描中,也体现在对地球大型构造特征的描绘中,这为他的思维方式提供了指导。他早期古生物学作品中的插图预示着后来的全球地质学家对我们的星球(以及月球!)的整体研究。
{"title":"EDUARD SUESS AND PALAEONTOLOGY: HIS ILLUSTRATIONS","authors":"A. Şengör","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.461","url":null,"abstract":"The very first scientific paper by the great Austrian geologist Eduard Suess (1831–1914), the dean of geologists internationally during his lifetime, treats the graptolites of Bohemia (the ‘Barrandian’). This paper and most of his subsequent papers on palaeontology are accompanied by superb drawings of his observations in which Suess took great care not to insert himself between Nature as he perceived it in the framework of the knowledge of his day and his readers. In his drawings, he exercised what the great German geologist Hans Cloos later called ‘the art of leaving out’. This meant that in the drawings, the parts not relevant to the discussion are left only in outline, whereas parts he wished to highlight are brought to the fore by careful shading; but even the parts left only in outline are not schematic, instead they are careful reconstructions true to Nature as much as the material allowed it. This characteristic of Suess’ illustrations is seen also in his later field sketches concerning stratigraphy and structural geology and also in his depiction of the large tectonic features of our globe representing a guide to his manner of thinking. His illustrations in his early palaeontological work foreshadowed the later global geologist’s approach to our planet (and the Moon!) as a whole.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43793639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
LEONARDO DA VINCI’S AND NICOLAUS STENO’S GEOLOGY 达与斯丹诺的地质学
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.293
G. B. Vai
Anniversaries for the two founding fathers of geology occurring in the same year prompted a comparative evaluation of how the two contributed to establishing the basic principles of the discipline. To do so, passages from their publications, codices and manuscripts have been quoted directly. The Stenonian principles (‘original horizontality’, ‘original continuity’, and ‘superposition of individual strata’) are present in Leonardo’s notebooks amazingly formulated, using similar wording when studying the same area more than 150 years earlier. Also, Stenonian priority in naming and explaining geological concepts and processes (e.g., faulting, folding, angular unconformity, relative chronology) are mirrored in Leonardo’s writings and pictorial works. While Steno enjoys priority in stepwise restoration of the geological history of a given region, Leonardo was the first to construct a 3D geological profile representation and geomorphologic maps. Lastly, the paper focuses on diverging stances of the two savants about the Noachian Deluge and the age of the Earth. Already 500 years ago, Leonardo had solved the question of marine fossil remains of organic origin found in the mountains implying the possibility of deep geologic time in a statement of ‘eternalism’. 350 years ago, Steno solved the same question in a different way in which he retained a basic role for the Deluge and assumed a short age for the Earth by focusing mainly on short-lived sedimentary and geomorphologic processes.
同年,两位地质学创始人的周年纪念活动促使人们对两人如何为建立该学科的基本原则做出贡献进行了比较评估。为了做到这一点,他们的出版物、汇编和手稿中的段落被直接引用。史丹农原理(“原始水平性”、“原始连续性”和“单个地层的叠加”)出现在莱昂纳多的笔记本中,令人惊讶地制定了这些原则,150多年前在研究同一地区时使用了类似的措辞。此外,在命名和解释地质概念和过程(如断层、褶皱、角度不整合、相对年代)方面,史坦农学派的优先地位反映在莱昂纳多的著作和绘画作品中。虽然Steno在逐步恢复特定地区的地质历史方面享有优先权,但Leonardo是第一个构建3D地质剖面图和地貌图的人。最后,本文着重分析了两位学者对挪亚洪水和地球时代的不同立场。早在500年前,莱昂纳多就解决了在山区发现的有机起源的海洋化石遗骸的问题,这意味着深层地质时代的可能性,并发表了“永恒主义”的声明。350年前,斯坦诺以一种不同的方式解决了同样的问题,他保留了洪水的基本作用,并通过主要关注短暂的沉积和地貌过程,假设地球的年龄很短。
{"title":"LEONARDO DA VINCI’S AND NICOLAUS STENO’S GEOLOGY","authors":"G. B. Vai","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.293","url":null,"abstract":"Anniversaries for the two founding fathers of geology occurring in the same year prompted a comparative evaluation of how the two contributed to establishing the basic principles of the discipline. To do so, passages from their publications, codices and manuscripts have been quoted directly. The Stenonian principles (‘original horizontality’, ‘original continuity’, and ‘superposition of individual strata’) are present in Leonardo’s notebooks amazingly formulated, using similar wording when studying the same area more than 150 years earlier. Also, Stenonian priority in naming and explaining geological concepts and processes (e.g., faulting, folding, angular unconformity, relative chronology) are mirrored in Leonardo’s writings and pictorial works. While Steno enjoys priority in stepwise restoration of the geological history of a given region, Leonardo was the first to construct a 3D geological profile representation and geomorphologic maps. Lastly, the paper focuses on diverging stances of the two savants about the Noachian Deluge and the age of the Earth. Already 500 years ago, Leonardo had solved the question of marine fossil remains of organic origin found in the mountains implying the possibility of deep geologic time in a statement of ‘eternalism’. 350 years ago, Steno solved the same question in a different way in which he retained a basic role for the Deluge and assumed a short age for the Earth by focusing mainly on short-lived sedimentary and geomorphologic processes.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44093950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
PLATE TECTONICS IN PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS: FROM THE 1960s TO THE 1980s 葡萄牙语和西班牙语科学教科书中的板块构造:从1960年代到1980年代
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.538
Bento Cavadas
Plate tectonics caused a revolution within earth sciences which then was transposed into science textbooks. The main objective of this paper is to explore how plate tectonics influenced Portuguese and Spanish science textbooks published from the 1960s through the 1980s. For this purpose, a qualitative method based on the concept of didactic transposition is used. The didactic transposition of seafloor spreading evidence such as ridges, rifts and trenches, transform faults, seafloor sediments, the age of seafloor basaltic rocks, the magnetic anomalies on the seafloor, the Benioff zones and the subduction process, and also the didactic transposition of the formation of mountains ranges and island arcs, convection currents, plate tectonics concepts, boundaries and motion, and plate tectonics acceptance are studied in a comprehensive sample of science textbooks. The analysis of textbooks shows that the didactic transposition of seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics started mainly in 1970s Portuguese and Spanish textbooks and had a strong development in 1980s textbooks. No major differences were found between the approaches to plate tectonics in similar age Portuguese and Spanish textbooks. At the beginning of the 1970s, textbooks presented partial evidence for seafloor spreading, such as magnetic anomalies and the characteristics of ridges, rifts and trenches. They also addressed convection currents but only those that were related to geosynclines. In the mid 1970s and in the 1980s, textbooks presented more comprehensive evidence of seafloor spreading, by adding didactical transpositions of transform faults, seafloor sediments and the age of seafloor rocks. They also presented in more detail topics such as magnetic anomalies, the Benioff zones, orogenic processes and the tectonic significance of ridges, rifts and trenches. Plate tectonic theory was presented in major textbooks as widely accepted, and discussions about speculative facts or processes were rare.
板块构造论引起了地球科学领域的一场革命,随后被纳入科学教科书。本文的主要目的是探讨板块构造如何影响葡萄牙和西班牙科学教科书出版从20世纪60年代到80年代。为了达到这个目的,我们使用了一种基于教学换位概念的定性方法。海底扩张证据,如山脊、裂谷和海沟、转换断层、海底沉积物、海底玄武岩的年龄、海底磁异常、贝尼奥夫带和俯冲过程,以及山脉和岛弧的形成、对流、板块构造概念、边界和运动的教诲性转置,并在科学教科书的综合样本中研究了板块构造的接受性。对教科书的分析表明,海底扩张和板块构造的教学转换主要开始于20世纪70年代的葡萄牙语和西班牙语教科书,并在20世纪80年代的教科书中得到了强烈的发展。在类似时代的葡萄牙语和西班牙语教科书中,没有发现板块构造论的方法有重大差异。20世纪70年代初,教科书提供了海底扩张的部分证据,如磁异常和脊、裂、沟的特征。他们也研究了对流,但仅限于与地槽有关的对流。在20世纪70年代中期和80年代,教科书通过增加转换断层、海底沉积物和海底岩石年龄的教学转换,提供了更全面的海底扩张证据。他们还详细介绍了磁异常、贝尼奥夫带、造山过程以及脊、裂、沟的构造意义等主题。板块构造理论在主要教科书中被广泛接受,关于推测事实或过程的讨论很少。
{"title":"PLATE TECTONICS IN PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS: FROM THE 1960s TO THE 1980s","authors":"Bento Cavadas","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.538","url":null,"abstract":"Plate tectonics caused a revolution within earth sciences which then was transposed into science textbooks. The main objective of this paper is to explore how plate tectonics influenced Portuguese and Spanish science textbooks published from the 1960s through the 1980s. For this purpose, a qualitative method based on the concept of didactic transposition is used. The didactic transposition of seafloor spreading evidence such as ridges, rifts and trenches, transform faults, seafloor sediments, the age of seafloor basaltic rocks, the magnetic anomalies on the seafloor, the Benioff zones and the subduction process, and also the didactic transposition of the formation of mountains ranges and island arcs, convection currents, plate tectonics concepts, boundaries and motion, and plate tectonics acceptance are studied in a comprehensive sample of science textbooks. The analysis of textbooks shows that the didactic transposition of seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics started mainly in 1970s Portuguese and Spanish textbooks and had a strong development in 1980s textbooks. No major differences were found between the approaches to plate tectonics in similar age Portuguese and Spanish textbooks. At the beginning of the 1970s, textbooks presented partial evidence for seafloor spreading, such as magnetic anomalies and the characteristics of ridges, rifts and trenches. They also addressed convection currents but only those that were related to geosynclines. In the mid 1970s and in the 1980s, textbooks presented more comprehensive evidence of seafloor spreading, by adding didactical transpositions of transform faults, seafloor sediments and the age of seafloor rocks. They also presented in more detail topics such as magnetic anomalies, the Benioff zones, orogenic processes and the tectonic significance of ridges, rifts and trenches. Plate tectonic theory was presented in major textbooks as widely accepted, and discussions about speculative facts or processes were rare.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45214209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
BRITISH MILITARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF MALTA, PART 1: NINETEENTH CENTURY FOUNDATIONS 英国对马耳他地质学的军事贡献,第一部分:十九世纪的基础
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.503
E. Rose
Malta, an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, was fortified as a base for the Knights Hospitaller 1530–1798 and to provide major harbours for the British Royal Navy after 1813. Men with British military associations (all subsequently to attain some distinction in public and/or academic life) were amongst the many pioneers of Maltese geology who established the essence of its outcrop stratigraphy and structure: a circa 300-metre-thick sequence of near-horizontal mid-Cenozoic fossiliferous limestones punctuated by a ‘blue clay/marl’, cut by a series of major faults and penetrated by several caves and fissures whose infill contained significant remains of Pleistocene vertebrates. Between 1843 and 1856, Lieutenant (later Vice-Admiral) Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt (1811–1888) defined major units in the bedrock sequence, Colonel (later Major-General) Sir William Reid (1791–1858) promoted publication of a geological memoir, and a 1:31,680-scale geological map prepared by the 3rd Earl of Ducie on a Royal Engineers topographical base map was published under Royal Engineer auspices. Mostly between 1860 and 1866, Captain (later Professor) Frederick Wollaston Hutton (1836–1905) and Surgeon (later Deputy Surgeon-General and Professor) Andrew Leith Adams (1827–1882) made field observations that refined earlier interpretations of stratigraphy and structure and generated revised but small-scale maps. They also collected specimens that facilitated specialist identifications of Malta’s fossil faunas, including foraminifera by Thomas Rupert Jones (1819–1911), Professor of Geology at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Rock specimens were sent in 1888 by Surgeon-Captain David (later Surgeon-General Sir David) Bruce (1855–1931) and the former engineer Lieutenant (and later Professor) Osbert Chadwick (1844–1913) to the pioneer oceanographer John (later Sir John) Murray (1841–1914). They stimulated Murray’s benchmark study 1889–1890 of Malta’s sedimentary sequence and fossil foraminifera, and their palaeoenvironmental interpretation, plus his compilation of a 1:129,254-scale geological map. These prompted extensive local studies and collection of macrofossil specimens by schoolmaster (later Lieutenant-Colonel) John Henry Cooke (1862–1933). By the end of the century, representative Maltese fossils had been presented for specialist study and identification or description to major museums in England, Scotland and Italy, facilitating improved correlation of Maltese strata with Oligo-Miocene successions elsewhere.
马耳他是地中海中部的一个岛屿,1530年至1798年被加固为医院骑士团的基地,1813年后为英国皇家海军提供了主要港口。拥有英国军事协会的人(后来都在公共和/或学术生活中获得了一些成就)是马耳他地质学的许多先驱之一,他们确立了其露头地层和结构的本质:大约300米厚的近水平中新生代含化石石灰岩序列,中间点缀着“蓝色粘土/泥灰岩”,被一系列主要断层切割,并被几个洞穴和裂缝穿透,这些洞穴和裂缝的填充物中有更新世脊椎动物的重要遗迹。1843年至1856年间,中尉(后来的海军中将)Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt(1811–1888)定义了基岩序列中的主要单位,上校(后来的少将)William Reid爵士(1791–1858)推动出版了一本地质回忆录,在皇家工程师的主持下,第三代杜西伯爵在皇家工程师地形基准图上绘制了一幅1:31680比例尺的地质图。主要在1860年至1866年间,弗雷德里克·沃拉斯顿·赫顿上尉(后来的教授)(1836年至1905年)和外科医生(后来的副外科医生兼教授)安德鲁·莱思·亚当斯(1827年至1882年)进行了实地观察,完善了早期对地层学和结构的解释,并生成了经过修订但规模较小的地图。他们还收集了便于专家鉴定马耳他动物化石的标本,包括桑赫斯特皇家军事学院地质学教授托马斯·鲁珀特·琼斯(1819–1911)的有孔虫。岩石标本于1888年由外科医生David上尉(后来的外科医生David爵士)Bruce(1855–1931)和前工程师中尉(后来的教授)Osbert Chadwick(1844–1913)发送给先驱海洋学家John(后来的John爵士)Murray(1841–1914)。他们激发了Murray对1889–1890年马耳他沉积序列和有孔虫化石的基准研究,以及对其古环境的解释,以及他编制的1:129254比例的地质图。这些促使校长(后来的中校)约翰·亨利·库克(1862-1933)在当地进行了广泛的研究并收集了宏观化石标本。到本世纪末,代表性的马耳他化石已被提交给英格兰、苏格兰和意大利的主要博物馆进行专业研究、鉴定或描述,这有助于改善马耳他地层与其他地方渐新世-中新世序列的相关性。
{"title":"BRITISH MILITARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF MALTA, PART 1: NINETEENTH CENTURY FOUNDATIONS","authors":"E. Rose","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.503","url":null,"abstract":"Malta, an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, was fortified as a base for the Knights Hospitaller 1530–1798 and to provide major harbours for the British Royal Navy after 1813. Men with British military associations (all subsequently to attain some distinction in public and/or academic life) were amongst the many pioneers of Maltese geology who established the essence of its outcrop stratigraphy and structure: a circa 300-metre-thick sequence of near-horizontal mid-Cenozoic fossiliferous limestones punctuated by a ‘blue clay/marl’, cut by a series of major faults and penetrated by several caves and fissures whose infill contained significant remains of Pleistocene vertebrates. Between 1843 and 1856, Lieutenant (later Vice-Admiral) Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt (1811–1888) defined major units in the bedrock sequence, Colonel (later Major-General) Sir William Reid (1791–1858) promoted publication of a geological memoir, and a 1:31,680-scale geological map prepared by the 3rd Earl of Ducie on a Royal Engineers topographical base map was published under Royal Engineer auspices. Mostly between 1860 and 1866, Captain (later Professor) Frederick Wollaston Hutton (1836–1905) and Surgeon (later Deputy Surgeon-General and Professor) Andrew Leith Adams (1827–1882) made field observations that refined earlier interpretations of stratigraphy and structure and generated revised but small-scale maps. They also collected specimens that facilitated specialist identifications of Malta’s fossil faunas, including foraminifera by Thomas Rupert Jones (1819–1911), Professor of Geology at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Rock specimens were sent in 1888 by Surgeon-Captain David (later Surgeon-General Sir David) Bruce (1855–1931) and the former engineer Lieutenant (and later Professor) Osbert Chadwick (1844–1913) to the pioneer oceanographer John (later Sir John) Murray (1841–1914). They stimulated Murray’s benchmark study 1889–1890 of Malta’s sedimentary sequence and fossil foraminifera, and their palaeoenvironmental interpretation, plus his compilation of a 1:129,254-scale geological map. These prompted extensive local studies and collection of macrofossil specimens by schoolmaster (later Lieutenant-Colonel) John Henry Cooke (1862–1933). By the end of the century, representative Maltese fossils had been presented for specialist study and identification or description to major museums in England, Scotland and Italy, facilitating improved correlation of Maltese strata with Oligo-Miocene successions elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49518224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
THE FRENCH FOUNDATIONS OF HUTTON’S THEORY OF THE EARTH, PART TWO: HUTTON’S DEBTS TO ROUELLE 赫顿地球理论的法国基础,第二部分:赫顿欠鲁埃尔的债
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.332
Gregory Todd
This contribution, in two parts, addresses a long-standing problem in the history of geology: Was the geological theory of James Hutton derived inductively from observations and scientific knowledge, or was it derived a priori as a speculative system? Hutton’s own writings do little to clarify the question, and the conflict in interpretations has remained at an impasse. This contribution proposes to resolve that conflict by focusing on the two years Hutton spent as a young man studying chemistry in Paris. I argue that Hutton studied with one of the great chemistry teachers of the eighteenth century, Guillaume-François Rouelle, and that Rouelle’s teachings provided the foundations of Hutton’s geological theory. Part One of this contribution reviewed evidence that Hutton was a student of Rouelle’s, and concluded with a high degree of confidence, but less than certainty, that Hutton did study with Rouelle. In this Part Two, it is argued that Hutton adopted almost all the geological ideas found in Rouelle’s lectures. This Part Two also proposes a reconstruction of the development of Hutton’s cyclical model of Earth strata, taken as the starting point of his broader theory, to show that it developed from observations and inductions, and his study with Rouelle, and was not developed as an a priori system. That conclusion will require a new interpretation of Hutton’s theory, which should now be understood as part of a continuum of geological knowledge developing during the eighteenth century.
这一贡献分两部分,解决了地质学历史上一个长期存在的问题:詹姆斯·赫顿的地质理论是从观察和科学知识中归纳出来的,还是作为一个思辨系统先验地推导出来的?赫顿自己的作品几乎没有澄清这个问题,各种解释的冲突一直处于僵局。这篇文章建议通过关注赫顿年轻时在巴黎学习化学的两年时间来解决这一冲突。我认为赫顿师从18世纪一位伟大的化学老师纪尧姆-弗朗索瓦·鲁埃尔,而鲁埃尔的教导为赫顿的地质理论奠定了基础。这篇文章的第一部分回顾了赫顿是鲁埃尔学生的证据,并高度自信地得出结论,但不太确定,赫顿确实和鲁埃尔一起学习过。在第二部分中,我们认为赫顿几乎采纳了鲁埃尔讲座中发现的所有地质学观点。第二部分还提出重建赫顿的地球地层周期模型的发展,将其作为其更广泛理论的起点,以表明它是从观察和归纳以及他与Rouelle的研究中发展起来的,而不是作为一个先验系统发展起来的。这一结论需要对赫顿的理论进行新的解释,而赫顿的理论现在应该被理解为18世纪发展起来的地质知识统一体的一部分。
{"title":"THE FRENCH FOUNDATIONS OF HUTTON’S THEORY OF THE EARTH, PART TWO: HUTTON’S DEBTS TO ROUELLE","authors":"Gregory Todd","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.332","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution, in two parts, addresses a long-standing problem in the history of geology: Was the geological theory of James Hutton derived inductively from observations and scientific knowledge, or was it derived a priori as a speculative system? Hutton’s own writings do little to clarify the question, and the conflict in interpretations has remained at an impasse. This contribution proposes to resolve that conflict by focusing on the two years Hutton spent as a young man studying chemistry in Paris. I argue that Hutton studied with one of the great chemistry teachers of the eighteenth century, Guillaume-François Rouelle, and that Rouelle’s teachings provided the foundations of Hutton’s geological theory.\u0000 Part One of this contribution reviewed evidence that Hutton was a student of Rouelle’s, and concluded with a high degree of confidence, but less than certainty, that Hutton did study with Rouelle. In this Part Two, it is argued that Hutton adopted almost all the geological ideas found in Rouelle’s lectures. This Part Two also proposes a reconstruction of the development of Hutton’s cyclical model of Earth strata, taken as the starting point of his broader theory, to show that it developed from observations and inductions, and his study with Rouelle, and was not developed as an a priori system. That conclusion will require a new interpretation of Hutton’s theory, which should now be understood as part of a continuum of geological knowledge developing during the eighteenth century.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44005433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CONTENTS, LETTERS FROM THE PRESIDENT, TREASURER, SECRETARY AND EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION 内容、总裁、财务主管、秘书和编辑的介绍信
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.i
R. Clary, David I. Spanagel, Michael S. Smith, J. Diemer
{"title":"CONTENTS, LETTERS FROM THE PRESIDENT, TREASURER, SECRETARY AND EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION","authors":"R. Clary, David I. Spanagel, Michael S. Smith, J. Diemer","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.i","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45167791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Earth Sciences History
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1