Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being applied to wastewater treatment to enhance efficiency, improve processes, and optimize resource utilization. This review focuses on objectives, advantages, outputs, and major findings of various AI models in the three key aspects: the prediction of removal efficiency for both organic and inorganic pollutants, real-time monitoring of essential water quality parameters (such as pH, COD, BOD, turbidity, TDS, and conductivity), and fault detection in the processes and equipment integral to wastewater treatment. The prediction accuracy (R2 value) of AI technologies for pollutant removal has been reported to vary between 0.64 and 1.00. A critical aspect explored in this review is the cost-effectiveness of implementing AI systems in wastewater treatment. Numerous countries and municipalities are actively engaging in pilot projects and demonstrations to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of AI applications in wastewater treatment. Notably, the review highlights successful outcomes from these initiatives across diverse geographical contexts, showcasing the adaptability and positive impact of AI in revolutionizing wastewater treatment on a global scale. Further, insights on the ethical considerations and potential future directions for the use of AI in wastewater treatment plants have also been provided.
{"title":"Optimizing wastewater treatment through artificial intelligence: recent advances and future prospects","authors":"Mudita Nagpal, Miran Ahmad Siddique, Khushi Sharma, Nidhi Sharma, Ankit Mittal","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.259","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being applied to wastewater treatment to enhance efficiency, improve processes, and optimize resource utilization. This review focuses on objectives, advantages, outputs, and major findings of various AI models in the three key aspects: the prediction of removal efficiency for both organic and inorganic pollutants, real-time monitoring of essential water quality parameters (such as pH, COD, BOD, turbidity, TDS, and conductivity), and fault detection in the processes and equipment integral to wastewater treatment. The prediction accuracy (R2 value) of AI technologies for pollutant removal has been reported to vary between 0.64 and 1.00. A critical aspect explored in this review is the cost-effectiveness of implementing AI systems in wastewater treatment. Numerous countries and municipalities are actively engaging in pilot projects and demonstrations to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of AI applications in wastewater treatment. Notably, the review highlights successful outcomes from these initiatives across diverse geographical contexts, showcasing the adaptability and positive impact of AI in revolutionizing wastewater treatment on a global scale. Further, insights on the ethical considerations and potential future directions for the use of AI in wastewater treatment plants have also been provided.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"34 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spyros Pritsis, Vincent Pons, M. Rokstad, F. Clemens-Meyer, M. Kleidorfer, F. Tscheikner-Gratl
Even though it has been established that a hyetograph's shape affects the results of hydrological simulations, common engineering practice does not always account for this fact. Instead, a single design storm is often considered sufficient for designing a urban drainage system. This study examines the impact that this design paradigm, combined with the uncertainty introduced by subjective choices made during the design process, has on the robustness of a designed system. To do so, we evaluated a set of individual designs created by engineering students using the same Chicago hyetograph as a design storm. We then created ensembles of hyetographs with the same precipitation volume and duration as the Chicago hyetograph and evaluated the designs' hydrological responses. The results showed that designs, which performed equally well for the initial design storm, triggered varying responses for the storms in the ensembles and, consequently, showed different levels of robustness, hinting at a need to adapt the current design approach.
{"title":"The role of hyetograph shape and designer subjectivity in the design of a urban drainage system","authors":"Spyros Pritsis, Vincent Pons, M. Rokstad, F. Clemens-Meyer, M. Kleidorfer, F. Tscheikner-Gratl","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.261","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Even though it has been established that a hyetograph's shape affects the results of hydrological simulations, common engineering practice does not always account for this fact. Instead, a single design storm is often considered sufficient for designing a urban drainage system. This study examines the impact that this design paradigm, combined with the uncertainty introduced by subjective choices made during the design process, has on the robustness of a designed system. To do so, we evaluated a set of individual designs created by engineering students using the same Chicago hyetograph as a design storm. We then created ensembles of hyetographs with the same precipitation volume and duration as the Chicago hyetograph and evaluated the designs' hydrological responses. The results showed that designs, which performed equally well for the initial design storm, triggered varying responses for the storms in the ensembles and, consequently, showed different levels of robustness, hinting at a need to adapt the current design approach.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"29 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faizah Mohammed Bashir, Emmanuel Falude, I. Alsadun, Haifa Youssef Hamdoun, Mohamed Ahmed Said Mohamed, N. M. Shannan, Ahmad Usman Naibi
This study presents a novel approach to integrating combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems with water desalination for enhanced energy and water management in educational buildings. Two distinct layouts for CCHP and desalination systems are introduced: one prioritizing efficient power generation to meet electricity demands while providing waste heat for desalination, and the other focusing on balancing cooling and heating loads alongside water desalination. Both layouts are tailored to meet the building's energy and water demands while considering operational efficiency. Optimization of these layouts against traditional systems using the bat search algorithm emphasizes economic viability and the gas engine's operational flexibility, which are crucial for partial load operation. In addition, an environmental assessment compares the proposed CCHP-desalination systems with conventional setups, assessing CO2 emission reductions and overall sustainability. The evaluation encompasses key environmental metrics, such as resource consumption and the integration of renewable energy sources. Results highlight significant CO2 emission reductions across various gas engine capacities, with notable enhancements in economic and environmental performance achieved by selecting a 3,250 kW gas engine within the CCHP-desalination system. This choice not only maximizes the annual profit but also reduces CO2 emissions by 57% compared to conventional systems, underscoring the system's sustainability benefits.
{"title":"A novel approach to integrate CCHP systems with desalination for sustainable energy and water solutions in educational buildings","authors":"Faizah Mohammed Bashir, Emmanuel Falude, I. Alsadun, Haifa Youssef Hamdoun, Mohamed Ahmed Said Mohamed, N. M. Shannan, Ahmad Usman Naibi","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.257","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This study presents a novel approach to integrating combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems with water desalination for enhanced energy and water management in educational buildings. Two distinct layouts for CCHP and desalination systems are introduced: one prioritizing efficient power generation to meet electricity demands while providing waste heat for desalination, and the other focusing on balancing cooling and heating loads alongside water desalination. Both layouts are tailored to meet the building's energy and water demands while considering operational efficiency. Optimization of these layouts against traditional systems using the bat search algorithm emphasizes economic viability and the gas engine's operational flexibility, which are crucial for partial load operation. In addition, an environmental assessment compares the proposed CCHP-desalination systems with conventional setups, assessing CO2 emission reductions and overall sustainability. The evaluation encompasses key environmental metrics, such as resource consumption and the integration of renewable energy sources. Results highlight significant CO2 emission reductions across various gas engine capacities, with notable enhancements in economic and environmental performance achieved by selecting a 3,250 kW gas engine within the CCHP-desalination system. This choice not only maximizes the annual profit but also reduces CO2 emissions by 57% compared to conventional systems, underscoring the system's sustainability benefits.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yasheng Wang, Lei Huang, Yawen Zhou, Bing Yang, Zhixuan Yu, Zhuoyang Zhang, Chenmin Xu, Shaogui Yang
Interfacial solar distillation (ISD) can markedly improve the efficiency of photothermal seawater desalination, but the migration of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), such as phenolic pollutants, during the distillation process is a serious threat to the safety of water quality. A sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process is introduced into ISD for SVOCs removal due to low cost, strong anti-interference capability, and high degradation efficiency. In this work, MOF-derived Fe@C evaporators with high Fenton-like catalytic performance were prepared by calcination of Fe-MOFs on metasequoia wood blocks. The results showed that Fe@C-700 possessed abundant active sites, and the phenol removal rate reached 95% under 5 sun. Free radical trapping experiment and EPR measurements confirmed the presence of both radical and non-radical pathways in the system with 1O2 and O2·- being the main active species. This work provides a feasible solution for the design and application of iron-based catalysts based on MOFs to the ISD process, and also discusses the synergistic effect between ISD and persulfate activation for achieving high quality distilled water.
{"title":"Metal–organic framework-derived carbon-based evaporator for activating persulfate to remove phenol in interfacial solar distillation","authors":"Yasheng Wang, Lei Huang, Yawen Zhou, Bing Yang, Zhixuan Yu, Zhuoyang Zhang, Chenmin Xu, Shaogui Yang","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.260","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Interfacial solar distillation (ISD) can markedly improve the efficiency of photothermal seawater desalination, but the migration of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), such as phenolic pollutants, during the distillation process is a serious threat to the safety of water quality. A sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process is introduced into ISD for SVOCs removal due to low cost, strong anti-interference capability, and high degradation efficiency. In this work, MOF-derived Fe@C evaporators with high Fenton-like catalytic performance were prepared by calcination of Fe-MOFs on metasequoia wood blocks. The results showed that Fe@C-700 possessed abundant active sites, and the phenol removal rate reached 95% under 5 sun. Free radical trapping experiment and EPR measurements confirmed the presence of both radical and non-radical pathways in the system with 1O2 and O2·- being the main active species. This work provides a feasible solution for the design and application of iron-based catalysts based on MOFs to the ISD process, and also discusses the synergistic effect between ISD and persulfate activation for achieving high quality distilled water.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"35 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tianhong Zhou, Chao Shi, Yangyang Wang, Xiaoshu Wang, Zhenle Lei, Xunjie Liu, Jinyu Wu, Fengxiang Luo, Lei Wang
In recent years, studies on the degradation of emerging organic contaminants by sulfate radical (SO4−·) based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have triggered increasing attention. Metal-loaded biochar (Me-BC) can effectively prevent the agglomeration and leaching of transition metals, and its good physicochemical properties and abundant active sites induce outstanding in activating persulfate (PS) for pollutant degradation, which is of great significance in the field of advanced oxidation. In this paper, we reviewed the preparation method and stability of Me-BC, the effect of metal loading on the physicochemical properties of biochar, the pathways of pollutant degradation by Me-BC-activated PS (including free radical pathways: SO4−·, hydroxyl radical (·OH), superoxide radicals (O2–·); non-free radical pathways: singlet oxygen (1O2), direct electron transfer), and discussed the activation of different active sites (including metal ions, persistent free radicals, oxygen-containing functional groups, defective structures, etc.) in the SR-AOPs system. Finally, the prospect was presented for the current research progress of Me-BC in SR-AOPs technology.
{"title":"Progress of metal-loaded biochar-activated persulfate for degradation of emerging organic contaminants","authors":"Tianhong Zhou, Chao Shi, Yangyang Wang, Xiaoshu Wang, Zhenle Lei, Xunjie Liu, Jinyu Wu, Fengxiang Luo, Lei Wang","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.256","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In recent years, studies on the degradation of emerging organic contaminants by sulfate radical (SO4−·) based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have triggered increasing attention. Metal-loaded biochar (Me-BC) can effectively prevent the agglomeration and leaching of transition metals, and its good physicochemical properties and abundant active sites induce outstanding in activating persulfate (PS) for pollutant degradation, which is of great significance in the field of advanced oxidation. In this paper, we reviewed the preparation method and stability of Me-BC, the effect of metal loading on the physicochemical properties of biochar, the pathways of pollutant degradation by Me-BC-activated PS (including free radical pathways: SO4−·, hydroxyl radical (·OH), superoxide radicals (O2–·); non-free radical pathways: singlet oxygen (1O2), direct electron transfer), and discussed the activation of different active sites (including metal ions, persistent free radicals, oxygen-containing functional groups, defective structures, etc.) in the SR-AOPs system. Finally, the prospect was presented for the current research progress of Me-BC in SR-AOPs technology.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"33 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141805257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinbo Zhao, Jiacheng Feng, Yifan Du, Zhiyang Yan, Xiaoguang Li, Jinyi Qin, Ming Su, Min Yang
The utilization of Bacillus sp. for the production of bio-CaCO3 in concrete crack repair and pore filling has garnered attention. However, microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has yet to be explored as a precedent with activated sludge. Calcium sourced from concrete slurry waste (CSW) and carbon from sludge microbial β-oxidation under alkaline were successfully used to generate micro-/nano-CaCO3. The sphere precipitate was identified as the calcite crystal of 0.7–10 μm, the minimal heavy metals were found in the supernatant, and the trace metals could be removed by sludge discharge. At the optimum pH of 8.5–9, carbon capture reached 743 mg L−1, and CaCO3 production reached 1,191 mg L−1. Alkali promotes proteins as a carbon source, and a decrease in their relative content indicates that they are β-oxidized to produce CO2 and facilitate storage. Here, the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota, with Thauera being a prevalent genus adept in β-oxidation. Thus, the alkaline regulation of metabolism between microbe and CSW provides a novel way for sludge to generate bio-CaCO3 and initiate MICP.
{"title":"Alkalinity control in sludge propels the conversion of concrete slurry waste into micro- and nano-sized biogenic CaCO3","authors":"Jinbo Zhao, Jiacheng Feng, Yifan Du, Zhiyang Yan, Xiaoguang Li, Jinyi Qin, Ming Su, Min Yang","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.255","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The utilization of Bacillus sp. for the production of bio-CaCO3 in concrete crack repair and pore filling has garnered attention. However, microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has yet to be explored as a precedent with activated sludge. Calcium sourced from concrete slurry waste (CSW) and carbon from sludge microbial β-oxidation under alkaline were successfully used to generate micro-/nano-CaCO3. The sphere precipitate was identified as the calcite crystal of 0.7–10 μm, the minimal heavy metals were found in the supernatant, and the trace metals could be removed by sludge discharge. At the optimum pH of 8.5–9, carbon capture reached 743 mg L−1, and CaCO3 production reached 1,191 mg L−1. Alkali promotes proteins as a carbon source, and a decrease in their relative content indicates that they are β-oxidized to produce CO2 and facilitate storage. Here, the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota, with Thauera being a prevalent genus adept in β-oxidation. Thus, the alkaline regulation of metabolism between microbe and CSW provides a novel way for sludge to generate bio-CaCO3 and initiate MICP.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"98 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concrete industry is a significant consumer of drinking water and natural aggregates, such as sand and gravel. However, the scarcity of water and aggregate resources and the challenges associated with the disposal of construction and demolition waste prompted the exploration of alternative materials. This study investigates the feasibility of incorporating secondary treated wastewater from UASB reactors followed by trickling filters and mixed recycled aggregates as potential alternatives. To assess the viability of these alternatives, the study considered the replacement of 100% potable water with treated wastewater, as well as varying proportions of recycled gravel (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) and recycled sand (10, 20, 30, 40, and 100%). Physical and mechanical properties were negatively affected, but it was possible to reach compressive results over 40 MPa and splitting tensile strength over 4 MPa for almost all mixes. Regarding physical properties, the use of alternative materials caused poorer outcomes for density, water absorption, and air-void ratio. The limited magnitude of these detrimental effects indicates the potential of manufacturing concrete with the addition of combined treated wastewater and recycled aggregate as a viable strategy while enhancing reuse practices.
{"title":"Eco-friendly concrete: combining treated wastewater and recycled aggregates","authors":"Maria Eduarda Pereira Almeida, A. L. Tonetti","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.253","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The concrete industry is a significant consumer of drinking water and natural aggregates, such as sand and gravel. However, the scarcity of water and aggregate resources and the challenges associated with the disposal of construction and demolition waste prompted the exploration of alternative materials. This study investigates the feasibility of incorporating secondary treated wastewater from UASB reactors followed by trickling filters and mixed recycled aggregates as potential alternatives. To assess the viability of these alternatives, the study considered the replacement of 100% potable water with treated wastewater, as well as varying proportions of recycled gravel (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) and recycled sand (10, 20, 30, 40, and 100%). Physical and mechanical properties were negatively affected, but it was possible to reach compressive results over 40 MPa and splitting tensile strength over 4 MPa for almost all mixes. Regarding physical properties, the use of alternative materials caused poorer outcomes for density, water absorption, and air-void ratio. The limited magnitude of these detrimental effects indicates the potential of manufacturing concrete with the addition of combined treated wastewater and recycled aggregate as a viable strategy while enhancing reuse practices.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"91 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Baryshev, Evgeny Savosin, Sergey Fedorovich Komulainen
An assessment of the ecological state of the lake–river system of Eastern Fennoscandia in the European North of Russia has been carried out. It was found that in conditions of ultra-fresh waters with a high humus content, biotic indicators may indicate pollution of water bodies that do not actually experience significant anthropogenic impacts. Based on the indicators of macrozoobenthos and phytoperiphyton (indices such as FBI, EBI, BMVP, ASPT, BBI, IBGN, SI, GV, EPT, IB, IM, and TDI), a comprehensive assessment of water quality was given. Ratings ranging from ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’ were obtained for different stations, reflecting the influence of natural features of different sections of the river. ‘Good’ water quality was noted at the river rapids. For river reaches and lake biotopes, ‘mediocre’ water quality was revealed. The low anthropogenic load on the river catchment allows us to conclude that most indices for assessing water quality significantly underestimate the results in the natural conditions of Eastern Fennoscandia. The relatively poor natural fauna, low water salinity and high humus content can make it difficult to determine the level of anthropogenic pollution using biotic indicators. The most error-prone indices are GW and IBGN, of which the former overestimates and the latter underestimates.
{"title":"Assessment of the ecological status of the river water system in European North under conditions of ultra-fresh humus waters using biotic indices (Suna River, Lake Onega Basin, Russia)","authors":"I. Baryshev, Evgeny Savosin, Sergey Fedorovich Komulainen","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.254","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An assessment of the ecological state of the lake–river system of Eastern Fennoscandia in the European North of Russia has been carried out. It was found that in conditions of ultra-fresh waters with a high humus content, biotic indicators may indicate pollution of water bodies that do not actually experience significant anthropogenic impacts. Based on the indicators of macrozoobenthos and phytoperiphyton (indices such as FBI, EBI, BMVP, ASPT, BBI, IBGN, SI, GV, EPT, IB, IM, and TDI), a comprehensive assessment of water quality was given. Ratings ranging from ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’ were obtained for different stations, reflecting the influence of natural features of different sections of the river. ‘Good’ water quality was noted at the river rapids. For river reaches and lake biotopes, ‘mediocre’ water quality was revealed. The low anthropogenic load on the river catchment allows us to conclude that most indices for assessing water quality significantly underestimate the results in the natural conditions of Eastern Fennoscandia. The relatively poor natural fauna, low water salinity and high humus content can make it difficult to determine the level of anthropogenic pollution using biotic indicators. The most error-prone indices are GW and IBGN, of which the former overestimates and the latter underestimates.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"135 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141811235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Development of low-cost and reliable reactors that need minimal supervision is a need-of-the-hour for sewage treatment in rural areas. This study explores the performance of a multi-stage sponge-filled trickling filter (SPTF) for sewage treatment, employing polyethylene (PE) and polyurethane (PU) media. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen removal/transformation were evaluated at hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) ranging from 2 to 6 m/d using synthetic sewage as an influent. At influent COD of ∼350 mg/L, PU-SPTF and PE-SPTF achieved a COD removal of 97% across all HLRs with most of the COD removal occurring in the first segments. Operation of PE-SPTF at an HLR of 6 m/d resulted in a substantial wash-out of biomass, while PU-SPTF retained biomass and achieved effluent COD < 10 mg/L even at an HLR of 8–10 m/d. The maximum total nitrogen (TN) removal by PE-SPTF and PU-SPTF reactors was 93.56 ± 1.36 and 92.24 ± 0.66%, respectively, at an HLR of 6 m/d. Simultaneous removal of ammonia (NH4-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) was observed at all the HLRs in the first segment of both SPTFs indicating ANAMMOX activity. The COD removal data, packed media depth, and HLRs were fitted (R2 > 0.99) to a first-order kinetic relationship. For a comparable COD removal, CO2 emission by PU-SPTF was 3.5% of that of an activated sludge system.
{"title":"Low-cost, reliable, and highly efficient removal of COD and total nitrogen from sewage using a sponge-filled trickling filter","authors":"Navneet Kachhadiya, Upendra D. Patel","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.252","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Development of low-cost and reliable reactors that need minimal supervision is a need-of-the-hour for sewage treatment in rural areas. This study explores the performance of a multi-stage sponge-filled trickling filter (SPTF) for sewage treatment, employing polyethylene (PE) and polyurethane (PU) media. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen removal/transformation were evaluated at hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) ranging from 2 to 6 m/d using synthetic sewage as an influent. At influent COD of ∼350 mg/L, PU-SPTF and PE-SPTF achieved a COD removal of 97% across all HLRs with most of the COD removal occurring in the first segments. Operation of PE-SPTF at an HLR of 6 m/d resulted in a substantial wash-out of biomass, while PU-SPTF retained biomass and achieved effluent COD < 10 mg/L even at an HLR of 8–10 m/d. The maximum total nitrogen (TN) removal by PE-SPTF and PU-SPTF reactors was 93.56 ± 1.36 and 92.24 ± 0.66%, respectively, at an HLR of 6 m/d. Simultaneous removal of ammonia (NH4-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) was observed at all the HLRs in the first segment of both SPTFs indicating ANAMMOX activity. The COD removal data, packed media depth, and HLRs were fitted (R2 > 0.99) to a first-order kinetic relationship. For a comparable COD removal, CO2 emission by PU-SPTF was 3.5% of that of an activated sludge system.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"80 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dengming Yan, Liu Su, Simin Liu, Hong Lv, Jin Lin, Zhilei Yu, Lucong Cao
Increasingly severe flooding seriously threatens urban safety. A scientific urban flood-bearing vulnerability assessment model is significant to improve urban risk management capacity. The gray target model (GTM) has advantages in urban flood-bearing vulnerability assessment. However, indicator correlation and single bull's-eye are commonly neglected, leading to defective evaluation results. By integrating the four base weights, an improved weighting method based on the moment estimate was proposed. Then, the marginal distance was used to quantify the indicator correlation, and the TOPSIS model was introduced to define the relative bull's-eye distance. Thus, an improved gray target evaluation method was established. Finally, an urban flood-bearing vulnerability evaluation model was presented based on the moment estimate weighting-improved GTM. In this study, Zhengzhou City, China, was taken as an example. The spatial and temporal changing characteristics of the flood-bearing vulnerability of Zhengzhou from 2006 to 2020 were investigated. The results show that: (1) On the temporal scale, the disaster-bearing vulnerability of Zhengzhou City showed an upward trend during the 15 years; (2) On the spatial scale, Guancheng District of Zhengzhou City had the relatively highest vulnerability to urban flooding. This study is expected to provide a scientific reference for urban flood prevention and resilient construction.
{"title":"Urban flood-bearing vulnerability evaluation based on the moment estimate weighting and improved gray target model","authors":"Dengming Yan, Liu Su, Simin Liu, Hong Lv, Jin Lin, Zhilei Yu, Lucong Cao","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.250","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Increasingly severe flooding seriously threatens urban safety. A scientific urban flood-bearing vulnerability assessment model is significant to improve urban risk management capacity. The gray target model (GTM) has advantages in urban flood-bearing vulnerability assessment. However, indicator correlation and single bull's-eye are commonly neglected, leading to defective evaluation results. By integrating the four base weights, an improved weighting method based on the moment estimate was proposed. Then, the marginal distance was used to quantify the indicator correlation, and the TOPSIS model was introduced to define the relative bull's-eye distance. Thus, an improved gray target evaluation method was established. Finally, an urban flood-bearing vulnerability evaluation model was presented based on the moment estimate weighting-improved GTM. In this study, Zhengzhou City, China, was taken as an example. The spatial and temporal changing characteristics of the flood-bearing vulnerability of Zhengzhou from 2006 to 2020 were investigated. The results show that: (1) On the temporal scale, the disaster-bearing vulnerability of Zhengzhou City showed an upward trend during the 15 years; (2) On the spatial scale, Guancheng District of Zhengzhou City had the relatively highest vulnerability to urban flooding. This study is expected to provide a scientific reference for urban flood prevention and resilient construction.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"81 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141817352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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