Anilines and phenols are recognized as challenging organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. Herein, the coupled treatment of aniline and phenol in water was achieved through electrochemical oxidation-induced copolymerization. After the electrolysis (1,300 mA for 10 h) in the solution of aniline and phenol (200 ml, each at a concentration of 5 g/L), the organic compounds were efficiently precipitated from their mixed solution by copolymerization. These insoluble copolymers could be easily separated by filtration and collected as brown powders, and the average removal rate of aniline and phenol was calculated as 0.6 mol/h m2 in this coupled electrolysis. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) test of the filtrates showed that it reached up to 98% of the COD removal ratio. Moreover, mixed solutions containing multiple aniline and phenol derivatives were also applicable for this coupled treatment strategy, and they were efficiently removed together after electrolysis.
{"title":"Coupled treatment of aniline and phenol in water by electrochemical copolymerization","authors":"Xiuyun Li, Yue Tian, Hongxiang Di, Wenzhong Yang, Yahui Wang, Lifang Tian","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.228","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Anilines and phenols are recognized as challenging organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. Herein, the coupled treatment of aniline and phenol in water was achieved through electrochemical oxidation-induced copolymerization. After the electrolysis (1,300 mA for 10 h) in the solution of aniline and phenol (200 ml, each at a concentration of 5 g/L), the organic compounds were efficiently precipitated from their mixed solution by copolymerization. These insoluble copolymers could be easily separated by filtration and collected as brown powders, and the average removal rate of aniline and phenol was calculated as 0.6 mol/h m2 in this coupled electrolysis. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) test of the filtrates showed that it reached up to 98% of the COD removal ratio. Moreover, mixed solutions containing multiple aniline and phenol derivatives were also applicable for this coupled treatment strategy, and they were efficiently removed together after electrolysis.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141679549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oil refinery sludge (ORS) management is a global concern, yet information on its low-cost biotransformation possibility is fairly limited. We present a novel approach for ORS mitigation by Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae and aerobic composting (AC) in producing clean aqueous extracts (compost teas). Detailed physicochemical characterization, phytotoxicity assays, economic feasibility comparisons, and mathematical equation-based environmental and human health hazard prediction studies were done for all the earthworm and non-earthworm processed compost teas. The E. eugeniae-compost tea reduced Cr, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn contents by 52.7, 61.2, 41.8, 80, and 93.8%, respectively. The earthworm-sourced teas showed lower ecological risk (<300) than their aerobic counterparts. Seed germination in Pisum sativum and Cicer arietinum was 2–2.5 folds higher with vermi-derived tea application. Economic assessments illustrated the superiority of E. eugeniae-based biotransformation with higher cash flow and a lower payback time of 1.53 years. The mathematical predictions on human health showed no alarming status for any of the vermi/aerobic compost teas. Overall results implied that vermicomposting is safer and more beneficial than AC in the ORS bioconversion. However, this study warrants further research in exploring the efficiency of other earthworm species, feedstock selection, or seasonal variability in ORS management.
{"title":"Aqueous extracts of composted oil refinery sludge and their possible environmental impacts","authors":"Snigdha Nath, Subhasish Das","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.229","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Oil refinery sludge (ORS) management is a global concern, yet information on its low-cost biotransformation possibility is fairly limited. We present a novel approach for ORS mitigation by Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae and aerobic composting (AC) in producing clean aqueous extracts (compost teas). Detailed physicochemical characterization, phytotoxicity assays, economic feasibility comparisons, and mathematical equation-based environmental and human health hazard prediction studies were done for all the earthworm and non-earthworm processed compost teas. The E. eugeniae-compost tea reduced Cr, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn contents by 52.7, 61.2, 41.8, 80, and 93.8%, respectively. The earthworm-sourced teas showed lower ecological risk (<300) than their aerobic counterparts. Seed germination in Pisum sativum and Cicer arietinum was 2–2.5 folds higher with vermi-derived tea application. Economic assessments illustrated the superiority of E. eugeniae-based biotransformation with higher cash flow and a lower payback time of 1.53 years. The mathematical predictions on human health showed no alarming status for any of the vermi/aerobic compost teas. Overall results implied that vermicomposting is safer and more beneficial than AC in the ORS bioconversion. However, this study warrants further research in exploring the efficiency of other earthworm species, feedstock selection, or seasonal variability in ORS management.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":" 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141677749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study compared an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) with a multi-staged UASB (MS-UASB) to investigate the effects of loading shocks on the anaerobic digestion in both reactors. Both reactors were subjected to five hydraulic/organic loading shocks, each lasting 3 days. During the hydraulic shock with the highest organic loading rate (OLR) (OLR of 24 g COD L−1 d−1), MS-UASB and ABR exhibited minimum effluent COD removal efficiency of 90.9 and 73.0%, with average methane concentrations decreasing to 62.4 ± 0.9% and 59.8 ± 3.0%. Under the highest organic shock (OLR of 12 g COD L−1 d−1), the minimum effluent COD removal efficiency of MS-UASB and ABR was 81.5 and 73.4%, with average methane concentrations decreasing to 60.4 ± 1.1% and 58.6 ± 0.8%. After the hydraulic and organic shock phase, the biomass concentration in the MS-UASB reached 159 and 130% of the ABR, respectively. The reason for the improved operational stability of the MS-UASB is due to the presence of the solid/liquid/gas separator, which promotes the formation of granular sludge and reduces biomass washout. In addition, MS-UASB exhibited a higher abundance of the syntrophic bacterium Candidatus cloacamonas, which plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of anaerobic digestion systems.
{"title":"Performance of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and multi-staged UASB in anaerobic digestion process for treating leachate from refuse transfer stations under loading shocks","authors":"Cong Jin, Xiongwei Wu, Li Ping, Jinhua Wu","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.227","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This study compared an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) with a multi-staged UASB (MS-UASB) to investigate the effects of loading shocks on the anaerobic digestion in both reactors. Both reactors were subjected to five hydraulic/organic loading shocks, each lasting 3 days. During the hydraulic shock with the highest organic loading rate (OLR) (OLR of 24 g COD L−1 d−1), MS-UASB and ABR exhibited minimum effluent COD removal efficiency of 90.9 and 73.0%, with average methane concentrations decreasing to 62.4 ± 0.9% and 59.8 ± 3.0%. Under the highest organic shock (OLR of 12 g COD L−1 d−1), the minimum effluent COD removal efficiency of MS-UASB and ABR was 81.5 and 73.4%, with average methane concentrations decreasing to 60.4 ± 1.1% and 58.6 ± 0.8%. After the hydraulic and organic shock phase, the biomass concentration in the MS-UASB reached 159 and 130% of the ABR, respectively. The reason for the improved operational stability of the MS-UASB is due to the presence of the solid/liquid/gas separator, which promotes the formation of granular sludge and reduces biomass washout. In addition, MS-UASB exhibited a higher abundance of the syntrophic bacterium Candidatus cloacamonas, which plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of anaerobic digestion systems.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141679274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enas Ali, Bilel Zerouali, Aqil Tariq, O. Katipoğlu, N. Bailek, Celso Augusto Guimarães Santos, Sherif S. M. Ghoneim, Abueza Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam
This research explores machine learning algorithms for reservoir inflow prediction, including long short-term memory (LSTM), random forest (RF), and metaheuristic-optimized models. The impact of feature engineering techniques such as discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and XGBoost feature selection is investigated. LSTM shows promise, with LSTM-XGBoost exhibiting strong generalization from 179.81 m3/s RMSE (root mean square error) in training to 49.42 m3/s in testing. The RF-XGBoost and models incorporating DWT, like LSTM-DWT and RF-DWT, also perform well, underscoring the significance of feature engineering. Comparisons illustrate enhancements with DWT: LSTM and RF reduce training and testing RMSE substantially when using DWT. Metaheuristic models like MLP-ABC and LSSVR-PSO benefit from DWT as well, with the LSSVR-PSO-DWT model demonstrating excellent predictive accuracy, showing 133.97 m3/s RMSE in training and 47.08 m3/s RMSE in testing. This model synergistically combines LSSVR, PSO, and DWT, emerging as the top performers by effectively capturing intricate reservoir inflow patterns.
{"title":"Fine-tuning inflow prediction models: integrating optimization algorithms and TRMM data for enhanced accuracy","authors":"Enas Ali, Bilel Zerouali, Aqil Tariq, O. Katipoğlu, N. Bailek, Celso Augusto Guimarães Santos, Sherif S. M. Ghoneim, Abueza Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.222","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This research explores machine learning algorithms for reservoir inflow prediction, including long short-term memory (LSTM), random forest (RF), and metaheuristic-optimized models. The impact of feature engineering techniques such as discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and XGBoost feature selection is investigated. LSTM shows promise, with LSTM-XGBoost exhibiting strong generalization from 179.81 m3/s RMSE (root mean square error) in training to 49.42 m3/s in testing. The RF-XGBoost and models incorporating DWT, like LSTM-DWT and RF-DWT, also perform well, underscoring the significance of feature engineering. Comparisons illustrate enhancements with DWT: LSTM and RF reduce training and testing RMSE substantially when using DWT. Metaheuristic models like MLP-ABC and LSSVR-PSO benefit from DWT as well, with the LSSVR-PSO-DWT model demonstrating excellent predictive accuracy, showing 133.97 m3/s RMSE in training and 47.08 m3/s RMSE in testing. This model synergistically combines LSSVR, PSO, and DWT, emerging as the top performers by effectively capturing intricate reservoir inflow patterns.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"60 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141838119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhongpu Yu, Weichao Yu, Xianjun Sun, Rumin Xu, Mengdi Liang, Jun Wang, Yuan Liang, Feiyue Li
The Standards, Measurements, and Testing (SMT) phosphorus fractionation approach was used to measure the amounts of total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (OP), inorganic phosphorus (IP), apatite inorganic phosphorus (AP), and non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) in sludge biochar. Sludge biochar was characterized using methods such as X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The findings showed that IP content increased significantly after pyrolysis, reaching up to 97% of TP content at the optimal temperature of 350 °C. Furthermore, when the pyrolysis temperature increased, the AP/IP ratio showed fluctuations between decreases and increases, maximum at 60%. The results of the correlation analysis indicate that IP has a positive correlation with yield, pH, and S elements (p < 0.05) and a negative correlation with N, C, and H elements (p < 0.01). OP, on the other hand, has a positive correlation with H elements (p < 0.05) and a negative correlation with yield (p < 0.01). Furthermore, TP, NAIP, and AP all show negative correlations with N, C, and H elements (p < 0.01), with TP and NAIP also displaying negative correlations with pH and S elements (p < 0.05).
采用标准、测量和测试（SMT）磷分馏法测量污泥生物炭中的总磷（TP）、有机磷（OP）、无机磷（IP）、磷灰石无机磷（AP）和非磷灰石无机磷（NAIP）的含量。利用 X 射线衍射、元素分析和傅立叶变换红外光谱等方法对污泥生物炭进行了表征。研究结果表明，热解后 IP 含量显著增加，在 350 °C 的最佳温度下，IP 含量高达 TP 含量的 97%。此外，当热解温度升高时，AP/IP 比值在下降和上升之间波动，最大值为 60%。相关分析结果表明，IP 与产量、pH 值和 S 元素呈正相关（p < 0.05），与 N、C 和 H 元素呈负相关（p < 0.01）。而 OP 与 H 元素呈正相关（p < 0.05），与产量呈负相关（p < 0.01）。此外，TP、NAIP 和 AP 均与 N、C 和 H 元素呈负相关（p < 0.01），TP 和 NAIP 还与 pH 和 S 元素呈负相关（p < 0.05）。
{"title":"Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the transformation of phosphorus forms in sludge biochar","authors":"Zhongpu Yu, Weichao Yu, Xianjun Sun, Rumin Xu, Mengdi Liang, Jun Wang, Yuan Liang, Feiyue Li","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.224","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The Standards, Measurements, and Testing (SMT) phosphorus fractionation approach was used to measure the amounts of total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (OP), inorganic phosphorus (IP), apatite inorganic phosphorus (AP), and non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) in sludge biochar. Sludge biochar was characterized using methods such as X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The findings showed that IP content increased significantly after pyrolysis, reaching up to 97% of TP content at the optimal temperature of 350 °C. Furthermore, when the pyrolysis temperature increased, the AP/IP ratio showed fluctuations between decreases and increases, maximum at 60%. The results of the correlation analysis indicate that IP has a positive correlation with yield, pH, and S elements (p < 0.05) and a negative correlation with N, C, and H elements (p < 0.01). OP, on the other hand, has a positive correlation with H elements (p < 0.05) and a negative correlation with yield (p < 0.01). Furthermore, TP, NAIP, and AP all show negative correlations with N, C, and H elements (p < 0.01), with TP and NAIP also displaying negative correlations with pH and S elements (p < 0.05).","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"2 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141684298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fuel oil is widely used within Eskom, a power generation company in South Africa. Eskom's coal-fired power stations use up to 30,000 L of fuel oil per hour during a cold start-up, a consequence of which results in oil leaks to the dams. Oil contamination in water treatment plants causes irreversible membrane fouling, requiring costly replacement. This research work focused on the development of a rapid method for the identification of low concentrations of the water-soluble oil component fraction of crude fuel oil. For the developed method, known volumes of the water-soluble fraction of crude oil were spiked into various matrices of process water. FEEMs were collected using the patented HORIBA Aqualog spectrometer and data were modelled with PARAFAC. The results were well described with a four-component model, which included an oil component and three natural organic matter components, with a split-half validation match of 90%. The oil component was verified using linear regression of the PARAFAC component scores yielding an R2 value of 0.98. From the scores, a qualitative pass/fail test was developed such that process water can be analysed and subjected to the model to indicate the presence of oil contamination beyond a damaging threshold.
{"title":"Identification of oil contamination in process water using fluorescence excitation emission matrix (FEEM) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC)","authors":"Heena Madhav, Adam Gilmore","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.223","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Fuel oil is widely used within Eskom, a power generation company in South Africa. Eskom's coal-fired power stations use up to 30,000 L of fuel oil per hour during a cold start-up, a consequence of which results in oil leaks to the dams. Oil contamination in water treatment plants causes irreversible membrane fouling, requiring costly replacement. This research work focused on the development of a rapid method for the identification of low concentrations of the water-soluble oil component fraction of crude fuel oil. For the developed method, known volumes of the water-soluble fraction of crude oil were spiked into various matrices of process water. FEEMs were collected using the patented HORIBA Aqualog spectrometer and data were modelled with PARAFAC. The results were well described with a four-component model, which included an oil component and three natural organic matter components, with a split-half validation match of 90%. The oil component was verified using linear regression of the PARAFAC component scores yielding an R2 value of 0.98. From the scores, a qualitative pass/fail test was developed such that process water can be analysed and subjected to the model to indicate the presence of oil contamination beyond a damaging threshold.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141687102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Real-time and model-predictive control promises to make urban drainage systems (UDS) adaptive, coordinated, and dynamically optimal. Though early implementations are promising, existing control algorithms have drawbacks in computational expense, trust, system-level coordination, and labor cost. Linear feedback control has distinct advantages in computational expense, interpretation, and coordination. However, current methods for building linear feedback controllers require calibrated software models. Here we present an automated method for generating tunable linear feedback controllers that require only system response data. The controller design consists of three main steps: (1) estimating the network connectivity using tools for causal inference, (2) identifying a linear, time-invariant (LTI) dynamical system which approximates the network, and (3) designing and tuning a feedback controller based on the LTI urban drainage system approximation. The flooding safety, erosion prevention, and water treatment performance of the method are evaluated across 190 design storms on a separated sewer model. Strong results suggest that the system knowledge required for generating effective, safe, and tunable controllers for UDS is surprisingly basic. This method allows near-turnkey synthesis of controllers solely from sensor data or reduction of process-based models.
{"title":"Tunable linear feedback control of urban drainage systems using models defined purely from data","authors":"Travis Dantzer, B. Kerkez","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.195","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Real-time and model-predictive control promises to make urban drainage systems (UDS) adaptive, coordinated, and dynamically optimal. Though early implementations are promising, existing control algorithms have drawbacks in computational expense, trust, system-level coordination, and labor cost. Linear feedback control has distinct advantages in computational expense, interpretation, and coordination. However, current methods for building linear feedback controllers require calibrated software models. Here we present an automated method for generating tunable linear feedback controllers that require only system response data. The controller design consists of three main steps: (1) estimating the network connectivity using tools for causal inference, (2) identifying a linear, time-invariant (LTI) dynamical system which approximates the network, and (3) designing and tuning a feedback controller based on the LTI urban drainage system approximation. The flooding safety, erosion prevention, and water treatment performance of the method are evaluated across 190 design storms on a separated sewer model. Strong results suggest that the system knowledge required for generating effective, safe, and tunable controllers for UDS is surprisingly basic. This method allows near-turnkey synthesis of controllers solely from sensor data or reduction of process-based models.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"21 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Pons, Merethe Strømberg, G. Blecken, Franz Tscheikner-Gratl, M. Viklander, T. Muthanna
In this study, we show that pollutants of emerging concern are, by nature, prone to the emergence of epistemic uncertainty. We also show that the current uncertainty quantification methods used for pollutant modelling rely almost exclusively on parameter uncertainty, which is not adequate to tackle epistemic uncertainty affecting the model structure. We, therefore, suggest a paradigm shift in the current pollutant modelling approaches by adding a term explicitly accounting for epistemic uncertainties. In a proof-of-concept, we use this approach to investigate the impact of epistemic uncertainty in the fluctuation of pollutants during wet-weather discharge (input information) on the distribution of mass of pollutants (output distributions). We found that the range of variability negatively impacts the tail of output distributions. The fluctuation time, associated with high covariance between discharge and concentration, is a major driver for the output distributions. Adapting to different levels of epistemic uncertainty, our approach helps to identify critical unknown information in the fluctuation of pollutant's concentration. Such information can be used in a risk management context and to design smart monitoring campaigns.
{"title":"Embracing epistemic uncertainty: a risk evaluation method for pollutants in stormwater","authors":"V. Pons, Merethe Strømberg, G. Blecken, Franz Tscheikner-Gratl, M. Viklander, T. Muthanna","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.194","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 In this study, we show that pollutants of emerging concern are, by nature, prone to the emergence of epistemic uncertainty. We also show that the current uncertainty quantification methods used for pollutant modelling rely almost exclusively on parameter uncertainty, which is not adequate to tackle epistemic uncertainty affecting the model structure. We, therefore, suggest a paradigm shift in the current pollutant modelling approaches by adding a term explicitly accounting for epistemic uncertainties. In a proof-of-concept, we use this approach to investigate the impact of epistemic uncertainty in the fluctuation of pollutants during wet-weather discharge (input information) on the distribution of mass of pollutants (output distributions). We found that the range of variability negatively impacts the tail of output distributions. The fluctuation time, associated with high covariance between discharge and concentration, is a major driver for the output distributions. Adapting to different levels of epistemic uncertainty, our approach helps to identify critical unknown information in the fluctuation of pollutant's concentration. Such information can be used in a risk management context and to design smart monitoring campaigns.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"24 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141272069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyacrylamide (PAM) in environmental water has become a major problem in water pollution management due to its high molecular mass, high viscosity and non-absorption by soil. CoFe2O4 with strong magnetic properties was prepared by solvent-thermal synthesis method and used as the catalyst for the removal on PAM in heterogeneous Electro-Fenton (EF) system. It showed that the removal efficiency of PAM by the heterogeneous EF system using CoFe2O4 catalyst was 92.01% at pH 3 after 120 min. Further studies indicated that ·OH was the most significant active species for the removal of PAM, and the contribution of ·O2− and SO4·− for the removal of PAM was less than 15%. The reusability test and XRD, XPS, FTIR analyses proved that the catalyst had good stability. After a repeated use for 5 times, the catalyst still had a high PAM removal rate and stable structure. The valence distribution and functional groups of the phase components of the catalyst did not change significantly before and after the reaction. The possible mechanism of catalyst activation of H2O2 was deduced by mechanism investigation. The CoFe2O4 is an efficient and promising catalyst for the removal of PAM wastewater.
{"title":"Heterogeneous electro-Fenton removal of polyacrylamide in aqueous solution over CoFe2O4 catalyst","authors":"Shanshan Xu, Yi Yang, Fanxiu Li","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.180","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Polyacrylamide (PAM) in environmental water has become a major problem in water pollution management due to its high molecular mass, high viscosity and non-absorption by soil. CoFe2O4 with strong magnetic properties was prepared by solvent-thermal synthesis method and used as the catalyst for the removal on PAM in heterogeneous Electro-Fenton (EF) system. It showed that the removal efficiency of PAM by the heterogeneous EF system using CoFe2O4 catalyst was 92.01% at pH 3 after 120 min. Further studies indicated that ·OH was the most significant active species for the removal of PAM, and the contribution of ·O2− and SO4·− for the removal of PAM was less than 15%. The reusability test and XRD, XPS, FTIR analyses proved that the catalyst had good stability. After a repeated use for 5 times, the catalyst still had a high PAM removal rate and stable structure. The valence distribution and functional groups of the phase components of the catalyst did not change significantly before and after the reaction. The possible mechanism of catalyst activation of H2O2 was deduced by mechanism investigation. The CoFe2O4 is an efficient and promising catalyst for the removal of PAM wastewater.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"20 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141269058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the current status of photovoltaic water pumping systems (PVWPSs) in Iran, a country endowed with significant solar irradiation potential, notably in its southern and central regions. Despite this potential, there is a scarcity of comprehensive studies on solar water pumping systems within the country. This purpose of this study is to conduct a thorough review of the existing literature to assess the state of solar water pumping in Iran. The adoption of PVWPS across various provinces demonstrates the system's versatility, proving effective in both highly sunny and less irradiated regions. Iran's widespread utilization of PVWPS is attributed to its ample irradiations, even in its northern areas, which possess lower solar irradiance levels. There are limited comprehensive studies encompassing technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects of solar PV water pumping projects in Iran. Most of the research has been conducted during the last few years, indicating an increased recognition of the possible advantages of this technology. Finally, this review provides valuable insights for researchers and farmers, showcasing the benefits of solar PVWPS. It sets the stage for further innovation and implementation in the country's agricultural landscape, emphasizing the need for continued exploration and adoption of this sustainable approach.
{"title":"Status of photovoltaic water pumping systems In Iran: A comprehensive review","authors":"Misagh Irandoostshahrestani, Daniel R. Rousse","doi":"10.2166/wst.2024.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.149","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigates the current status of photovoltaic water pumping systems (PVWPSs) in Iran, a country endowed with significant solar irradiation potential, notably in its southern and central regions. Despite this potential, there is a scarcity of comprehensive studies on solar water pumping systems within the country. This purpose of this study is to conduct a thorough review of the existing literature to assess the state of solar water pumping in Iran. The adoption of PVWPS across various provinces demonstrates the system's versatility, proving effective in both highly sunny and less irradiated regions. Iran's widespread utilization of PVWPS is attributed to its ample irradiations, even in its northern areas, which possess lower solar irradiance levels. There are limited comprehensive studies encompassing technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects of solar PV water pumping projects in Iran. Most of the research has been conducted during the last few years, indicating an increased recognition of the possible advantages of this technology. Finally, this review provides valuable insights for researchers and farmers, showcasing the benefits of solar PVWPS. It sets the stage for further innovation and implementation in the country's agricultural landscape, emphasizing the need for continued exploration and adoption of this sustainable approach.","PeriodicalId":505935,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology","volume":"19 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141271821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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