Contemporary Problems of Ecology最新文献

英文中文

Mass Reproduction Outbreaks of Phyllophagous Insects in Forests of the Northwest of European Russia 欧洲俄罗斯西北部森林中植食性昆虫的大规模繁殖爆发

IF 0.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 Environmental Science

Contemporary Problems of Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-12-27 DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523070090

A. V. Selikhovkin, Yu. I. Gninenko

Abstract

Data on the species composition and dynamics of outbreaks of needle- and leaf-eating pests that pose a danger to forest stands in Arkhangelsk, Leningrad, and Murmansk oblasts, as well as in the republics of Karelia and Komi, have been summarized and analyzed. A significant decrease in the frequency of reproduction outbreaks of certain types of needle- and leaf-eating pests is shown, which corresponds to the trends for some other regions. For the pine looper (Bupalus piniaria (L.)), the pine beauty (Pannolis flammea), the buff-tip (Phalera bucephala (L.)), the rusty tussock moth (Orgyia antiqua (L.)), and the white satin moth (Leucoma salicis (L.)), which have had a few mass reproduction outbreaks in the aforementioned regions, no significant increase in population density has been observed for 25 years or more. An increase in outbreak activity and expansion of the damage area to the north is likely for the winter moth (Operophtera brumata (L.)) and the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata). The larch tortrix (Zeiraphera griseana) and the spruce sawfly (Gilpinia hercynia) are in the list of potential dangers as well. These species have had only one reproduction outbreak, but it was extremely extensive. The red pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr.) and possibly the common pine sawfly (Diprion pini (L.)) will continue playing a significant role as pests of young stands. The dynamics of their outbreaks, apparently, is determined by climatic changes and, to no lesser extent, by the presence of large areas of conifer regeneration. An increase in the fluctuation amplitude of the population density of the pests in urban plantations is likely to occur, especially for miner moths (Phyllonorycter isskii, Ph. populifoliella and Ph. apparella), for which the current climate warming is a fundamentally important factor.

摘要总结并分析了对阿尔汉格尔斯克州、列宁格勒州、摩尔曼斯克州以及卡累利阿共和国和科米共和国林木造成危害的食针害虫的种类组成和爆发动态数据。结果显示，某些类型的食针害虫和食叶害虫的繁殖爆发频率明显下降，这与其他一些地区的趋势一致。在上述地区曾爆发过几次大规模繁殖的松材线虫（Bupalus piniaria (L.)）、松美人（Pannolis flammea）、水尖蛾（Phalera bucephala (L.)）、锈壁虱（Orgyia antiqua (L.)）和白缎蛾（Leucoma salicis (L.)），其种群密度在 25 年或更长的时间里都没有明显增加。冬蛾（Operophtera brumata (L.)）和秋蛾（Epirrita autumnata）的爆发活动可能会增加，危害区域可能会向北扩展。落叶松蓟马（Zeiraphera griseana）和云杉锯蝇（Gilpinia hercynia）也在潜在危险之列。这些物种只爆发过一次繁殖，但范围极广。红松锯蝇（Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr.它们的爆发动态显然取决于气候变化，其次也取决于针叶树的大面积再生。城市人工林中害虫种群密度的波动幅度可能会增大，尤其是小蠹蛾（Phyllonorycter isskii、Ph. populifoliella 和 Ph. apparella），目前的气候变暖对它们来说是一个至关重要的因素。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative Anatomical Analysis of the Vegetative Organs of Althaea officinalis and Malva thuringiaca (Malvaceae) Introduced in the Mangyshlak Region 芒竹地区引种的杜鹃花和苏云金Malva的营养器官比较解剖学分析

IF 0.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 Environmental Science

Contemporary Problems of Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060173

M. S. Sagyndykova, A. A. Imanbayeva, M. Yu. Ishmuratova, G. G. Gassanova

Abstract

This article presents the results of microscopic studies of the vegetative organs of natural species from Mangystau Region, Althaea officinalis L. and Malva thuringiaca (L.) Vis. (Malvaceae), which were introduced there under conditions of the Mangyshlak Experimental Botanical Garden (MEBG) (city of Aktau). The anatomical structures of the leaf, stem, and rhizome have been studied. Both species are characterized by a similar structure of the vegetative organs. The leaf, stem, and rhizome of A. officinalis are larger than the respective microstructures of M. thuringiaca, which can be explained by differences in the species ecology. The following diagnostic features have been proposed: arrangement of trichomes, mesophyll thickness, and placement of druses for the leaves; thickness of the cortical parenchyma and shape of the sclerenchyma areas for the stem; and thickness of the cortical parenchyma and presence of one- or two-row core rays for the rhizome. Species differences have been established in the number of layers of the palisade leaf tissue; the size and arrangement of star-shaped trichomes and the shape and arrangement of calcium oxalate druses; and the ratio of the spongy and palisade mesophyll. Differences in the structure of the transverse sections of the stem have been revealed in the thickness of the cortical parenchyma and shape of the sclerenchyma areas.

摘要本文介绍了芒吉斯州地区天然植物Althaea officinalis L.和Malva thuringiaca (L.)营养器官的显微研究结果。在Mangyshlak实验植物园(MEBG)(阿克套市)的条件下引进的Vis. (Malvaceae)。对其叶、茎和根茎的解剖结构进行了研究。两种植物的特点是营养器官的结构相似。officinalis的叶片、茎和根茎的微观结构均大于thuringiaca，这可能与物种生态学的差异有关。提出了下列诊断特征:毛状体的排列、叶肉的厚度和叶片的结节的位置;茎皮层薄壁组织的厚度和厚壁组织的形状;根茎皮层薄壁的厚度和一排或两排核心射线的存在。栅栏叶组织的层数已经确定了种间的差异;星形毛状体的大小和排列以及草酸钙药物的形状和排列;海绵状叶肉与栅栏状叶肉的比例。茎横切面结构的差异体现在皮层薄壁组织的厚度和厚壁组织区域的形状上。

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引用次数: 0

Phenological Reactions of Perennial Plants to Climate Change in Western Siberia 西伯利亚西部多年生植物对气候变化的物候反应

IF 0.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 Environmental Science

Contemporary Problems of Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060070

E. S. Fomin, T. I. Fomina

Abstract

The results of a phenology study of 78 species of perennial plants over a 20-year period (1996–2015) in the Western Siberia forest steppe are discussed. Against the background of the detected meteorological trends of the warm season in Novosibirsk, the timing shift in phenological events of individual species and their ecological groups have been analyzed using linear trends. It is found that the start of vegetation in the vast majority of perennials was delayed (+3 to +7 days), and the terms of vegetation end changed differently (within –4 to +1 days), while the duration of vegetation decreased in all groups. The duration of the prefloral period significantly decreased (–6 to –9 days) due to the later vegetation start and an earlier start of flowering (–1 to –2 days). Fruiting trends are different in direction and magnitude. The rate of seasonal development of the species generally accelerated over the observation period. The trends describe 6–32% of phenological changes in ecological groups.

摘要本文对西西伯利亚森林草原20年(1996-2015)78种多年生植物物候研究结果进行了讨论。以新西伯利亚地区暖季气象变化趋势为背景，采用线性趋势分析了各物种及其生态类群物候事件的时间变化。结果发现，绝大多数多年生植物的植被开始时间都推迟了(+3 ~ +7 d)，植被结束期也有不同的变化(-4 ~ +1 d)，但各类群的植被持续时间都有所减少。由于植被开始较晚，开花开始较早(-1 ~ -2天)，花前期的持续时间显著缩短(-6 ~ -9天)。结果趋势在方向和大小上不同。在观察期间，该物种的季节性发育速度普遍加快。这些趋势描述了6-32%的生态类群物候变化。

引用次数: 0

Changes in Soil Microbial Biomass and Activity under Different Land-Use Types in Bartın, Northwestern Türkiye 西北地区Bartın不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物生物量和活性的变化

IF 0.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 Environmental Science

Contemporary Problems of Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060033

İ. Bolat, H. Şensoy

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine microbiological soil properties under three different land-use types within the borders of the Ulus Forestry Operations Directorate in the Bartın Stream Basin of Northwestern Türkiye. Samples of topsoil were taken to determine soil microbial biomass carbon (C_mic) and basal respiration (microbial respiration). C_mic contents of the topsoils belonging to the different land-use types ranged between 219.87 and 777.09 µg g^–1. The highest average C_mic, basal respiration, and metabolic coefficient (qCO₂) values of the soils were noted in the black pine forest site, whereas the average C_mic/C_org percentage was the highest in the agricultural site. Moreover, these characteristics were found to be statistically different (p < 0.05) among the black pine, rangeland, and agricultural site topsoils. This demonstrated that microbial properties, in particular, are potential biological indicators for assessing ecological changes brought about by management practices and usage of the land.

摘要本研究旨在研究西北河流域Bartın乌勒斯林业业务局边界内3种不同土地利用类型下土壤微生物特性。采集表层土壤样品，测定土壤微生物生物量碳(Cmic)和基础呼吸(微生物呼吸)。不同土地利用类型的表层土壤Cmic含量在219.87 ~ 777.09µg - 1之间。黑松林样地土壤的平均Cmic、基础呼吸和代谢系数(qCO2)值最高，而农业样地土壤的平均Cmic/ co2百分比最高。此外，这些特征被发现具有统计学差异(p <0.05)，分布在黑松地、牧场和农田表层土壤中。这表明，微生物特性是评估土地管理实践和利用所带来的生态变化的潜在生物指标。

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引用次数: 0

A Reality Check of the Global TX2 Goals of Doubling the Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) Population by 2022 in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest 到 2022 年使孟加拉虎（Panthera tigris tigris）数量在孙德尔本斯红树林中翻一番的全球 TX2 目标的现实检验

IF 0.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 Environmental Science

Contemporary Problems of Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060112

Md. Ziaul Islam

Abstract

Considered a unique biodiversity hotspot of the world, the Sundarbans mangrove harbours a wide variety of wild and plant species. This popular tiger land is now under threat to tiger survival. In this study, I venture to assess the tiger status, population, trends, extent, threats, and conservation process in the Sundarbans. My study finds that there were nearly 693 Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in the Sundarbans mangrove forest in 2004. Ten years later, the tiger population reached 182 individuals. However, a slight increase in the tiger number was noticed in 2018 when the tiger constituted 202 individuals. Due to data deficiency, TX2 goal of doubling the tiger population by 2022 was not considered. This study finds that there are numerous factors work behind the extinction of the tiger population in the Sundarbans, such as habitat loss, deforestation, land cover change, human interventions into the forests, poaching, hunting, illegal wildlife trade, climate change, and natural disasters, salinity, scarcity of prey species, lack of capability of the forest staff and personnel, poor and weak legal frameworks are prominent. Therefore, this paper endeavours to assess the efforts of Bangladesh and the Indian government to double the Bengal tiger population by 2022 and analyse the factors and threats to eliminate tiger numbers in the world’s largest mangrove forest Sundarbans.

摘要孙德尔本斯红树林被认为是世界上独一无二的生物多样性热点地区，栖息着种类繁多的野生动植物。这片广受欢迎的虎地目前正面临着老虎生存的威胁。在这项研究中，我大胆地评估了孙德尔本斯的老虎状况、数量、趋势、范围、威胁和保护进程。我的研究发现，2004 年，孙德尔本斯红树林中有近 693 只孟加拉虎（Panthera tigris tigris）。十年后，老虎数量达到 182 只。但在 2018 年，老虎数量略有增加，达到 202 只。由于数据不足，TX2 未考虑到 2022 年将老虎数量翻一番的目标。本研究发现，造成孙德尔本斯老虎种群灭绝的因素有很多，如栖息地丧失、森林砍伐、土地植被变化、人类对森林的干预、偷猎、狩猎、非法野生动物贸易、气候变化、自然灾害、盐碱化、猎物物种稀少、森林工作人员能力不足、法律框架薄弱等。因此，本文试图评估孟加拉国和印度政府为到 2022 年使孟加拉虎数量翻一番所做的努力，并分析在世界上最大的红树林孙德尔本斯消除老虎数量的因素和威胁。

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引用次数: 0

Variations in the Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition of Soil Organic Matter in Mountain Depressions of the Cis-Baikal Region 顺贝加尔湖地区山地洼地土壤有机质稳定碳同位素组成的变化

IF 0.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 Environmental Science

Contemporary Problems of Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060094

V. A. Golubtsov, A. A. Cherkashina, Yu. V. Vanteeva, N. N. Voropay, S. M. Turchinskaya

Abstract

Depth-profile and spatial variations of the stable carbon isotopic composition of soil organic matter is analyzed to identify the main factors that determine the dynamics of organic carbon in the mountain-depression environments of the Baikal Region. Soil organic matter is characterized by δ¹³С values from –29.6 to –24.9‰. Variations in δ¹³C in the altitudinal profile correlate well with changes in landscapes and reflect the influence of climatic factors on ¹³C discrimination during photosynthesis of C3 plants. Soils of subalpine and steppe landscapes are characterized by the heaviest stable carbon isotopic composition. Taiga soils are depleted of the isotopic composition by ¹³C. To compare the soil carbon turnover intensity, δ¹³C values were linearly regressed against log-transformed carbon contents yielding absolute values of these slopes (β). The distribution of β values in the altitudinal profile suggests a reduced intensity of carbon turnover in the soils of steppes and the subalpine belt due to insufficient moisture and temperature, respectively. Under the taiga conditions characterized by a more favorable ratio of temperatures and humidity, the dynamics of soil organic matter is mainly controlled by the litter quality and the nitrogen availability.

摘要分析了贝加尔湖地区丘陵洼地土壤有机质稳定碳同位素组成的深度剖面和空间变化特征，探讨了影响土壤有机碳动态的主要因素。土壤有机质的δ13С值为-29.6 ~ -24.9‰。海拔剖面δ13C的变化与景观变化具有较好的相关性，反映了气候因子对C3植物光合作用过程中13C辨别的影响。亚高山和草原土壤的稳定碳同位素组成最重。针叶林土壤的同位素组成在13C时耗尽。为了比较土壤碳周转强度，δ13C值与对数变换碳含量线性回归，得到这些斜坡的绝对值(β)。β值在海拔剖面上的分布表明，由于湿度不足和温度不足，草原和亚高山带土壤的碳周转强度降低。在温湿度比更为有利的针叶林条件下，土壤有机质动态主要受凋落物质量和氮素有效性的控制。

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引用次数: 0

Contingency Variability of Morphogenetic Stability Indicators in Root Vole Populations with Ecogeographic Environmental Factors 根田鼠种群形态发生稳定性指标随生态地理环境因子的变异性

IF 0.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 Environmental Science

Contemporary Problems of Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060045

V. M. Efimov, V. Yu. Kovaleva, A. A. Pozdnyakov, Yu. N. Litvinov

Abstract

The bilateral asymmetry of the morphotypes m1 of the root vole Alexandromys oeconomus Pallas, 1776 from different parts of the range has been analyzed from morphogenetic positions. The material from the collection of the Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk), is used. A total of 2314 pairs of morphotypes m1 have been studied on the left and right rami of the mandible of voles. Seventeen different morphotypes and 70 different combinations of them are identified, of which 13 are symmetrical and 57 are asymmetrical. The data of bilateral asymmetry of morphotypes for each sample is presented in the form of square contingency tables. Based on these tables, the information-entropy parameters of the samples are calculated, in accordance with which the eco-geographic factors of the habitat are put. The 2B–PLS method is applied to the matrices after standardization. Two significant directions of contingency variability of the information-entropy parameters of the samples and eco-geographic factors of the environment have been identified. The first direction, latitudinal, is associated with a decrease in the Shannon entropy and fluctuating asymmetry in the northern samples of the root vole. Thus, the northern samples have a higher degree of morphogenetic stability compared to the southern ones. The second—the longitude direction—is highly correlated with the increase in altitude above sea level from west to east and is accompanied by a decrease in the values of the Cohen coefficient, Shannon information, and an increase in fluctuating asymmetry. This indicates a lower degree of morphogenetic stability of the eastern samples compared to the western ones. The approach we use complements the classical concept of the “epigenetic landscape” with the ability to take into account the influence of the environment. This is important in the practical use of asymmetry indicators for assessing the “health of the environment,” especially when determining the natural background for populations of the “ecological periphery” of the areal.

摘要从形态发生位置分析了不同产地的根田鼠Alexandromys oeconomus Pallas, 1776 m1形态型的双侧不对称性。使用的材料来自俄罗斯科学院西伯利亚分院动物系统学和生态学研究所。在田鼠下颌骨左支和右支共研究了2314对m1形态型。鉴定出17种不同的形态和70种不同的组合，其中13种是对称的，57种是不对称的。每个样品的双边形态不对称数据以方形列联表的形式呈现。在此基础上，计算了样本的信息熵参数，并据此确定了生境的生态地理因子。标准化后的矩阵采用2B-PLS方法。在此基础上，确定了样本信息熵参数和环境生态地理因子的两个重要变率方向。第一个方向，纬度方向，与香农熵的减少和根田鼠北部样本的波动不对称性有关。因此，与南方样品相比，北方样品具有更高程度的形态发生稳定性。第二个经度方向与海拔高度从西向东增加高度相关，并伴随着科恩系数、香农信息值的降低和波动不对称性的增加。这表明东部样品的形态发生稳定性低于西部样品。我们使用的方法补充了“表观遗传景观”的经典概念，能够考虑到环境的影响。这对于实际使用不对称指标来评估“环境健康”很重要，特别是在确定该地区“生态边缘”人口的自然背景时。

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引用次数: 0

Ecosystem Stability Assessment with Coupled Quality and Function Characteristics: A Case of Upper Baiyangdian Watershed 质量与功能耦合特征的生态系统稳定性评价——以白洋淀上游流域为例

IF 0.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 Environmental Science

Contemporary Problems of Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1134/s199542552306015x

Yue Luo, Yuejing Rong, Lifu Zheng, Yunjun Zhan, Yan Yan, Jiawei Guo, Zetong Wang

Abstract

Quantitative assessments of ecosystem stability are critical to properly understand the internal state of ecosystems and to implement scientific ecosystem management. Historically, ecosystem stability assessments have remained limited in their consideration of ecosystem services. This paper presents a new method for assessing ecosystem stability that combines ecosystem quality and function. We used this method to assess ecosystem stability in the upper Baiyangdian watershed and compared it to a single-indicator approach. Our results showed that the coupled approach was more accurate, especially when assessing ecosystems with low carrying capacity. This new method provides a feasible way to quantify ecosystem stability and inform regional ecosystem management.

摘要定量评价生态系统的稳定性对于正确认识生态系统的内部状态和实施科学的生态系统管理至关重要。从历史上看，生态系统稳定性评估在考虑生态系统服务方面仍然有限。本文提出了一种结合生态系统质量和功能评价生态系统稳定性的新方法。利用该方法对白洋淀上游流域生态系统稳定性进行了评价，并与单指标法进行了比较。结果表明，耦合方法更准确，特别是在评估承载力低的生态系统时。该方法为量化生态系统稳定性和区域生态系统管理提供了可行的方法。

引用次数: 0

Possible Reasons for the Decrease in the Abundance of the Musk Deer Moschus moschiferus L. (Cetartiodactyla, Moschidae) in the Ussuriysky Nature Reserve 乌苏里自然保护区麝Moschus moschiferus L.(鲸足目，麝科)数量减少的可能原因

IF 0.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 Environmental Science

Contemporary Problems of Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060161

M. V. Maslov, M. N. Litvinov, E. A. Litvinova, T. O. Markova

Abstract

Forty-five-year-long observations of variations in the musk deer abundance in the Ussurisky Nature Reserve are summarized. An analysis of winter route censuses (WRC) has made it possible to assume that these variations are related to the emergence of a new predator, the sable. The decrease in the musk deer abundance in the reserve occurred simultaneously with an increase in the sable abundance and a decrease in abundance of alternative food supplies for medium-sized and small predators. From the early 2000s to the present, the musk deer abundance in the reserve has remained at a level of only “presence” of the species in the fauna.

摘要总结了乌苏里江自然保护区45年来麝丰度变化的观测结果。对冬季路线普查(WRC)的分析使人们有可能假设这些变化与一种新的捕食者——黑貂的出现有关。保护区麝丰度的减少与貂丰度的增加和中小型食肉动物替代食物供应丰度的减少同时发生。从21世纪初到现在，保护区的麝丰度一直保持在动物群中只有“存在”的水平。

引用次数: 0

ExOS: Excel Package for the Analysis of Ontogenetic Spectra of Plant Populations ExOS:用于植物群体个体发生光谱分析的Excel软件包

IF 0.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 Environmental Science

Contemporary Problems of Ecology

Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060227

L. A. Zhivotovsky

Abstract

According to the scheme of age periodization of plant ontogenesis proposed by T.A. Rabotnov and A.A. Uranov, about a dozen of main age (ontogenetic) states are distinguished. Each population sample represents an ordered series of frequencies of occurrence of plants at these states: the so-called ontogenetic spectrum (OS). Different OS statistics are available according to the form of the OS, reflecting a greater or lesser representation of young, mature, or old plants in the population and making it possible to represent the temporal dynamics of the population. The Excel Ontogenetic Spectrum (ExOS) package allows their automatic computation and analysis. Input data are the numbers or frequencies of ontogenetic states in the sample. Output data are the classifications of OS and cenopopulation types according to various criteria; population–ontogenetic indices; and, for multiple population samples, similarity (or distance) between them and their ordination on delta–omega axes. The corresponding diagrams are captured automatically.

摘要根据T.A. Rabotnov和A.A. Uranov提出的植物个体发生的年龄分期方案，区分了十几种主要的年龄(个体发生)状态。每个种群样本代表了植物在这些状态下出现频率的有序序列:即所谓的个体发生谱(OS)。根据OS的形式，可以获得不同的OS统计数据，这些统计数据或多或少地反映了种群中年轻、成熟或年老植物的代表性，并使其有可能表示种群的时间动态。Excel的个体发生谱(ExOS)包允许他们的自动计算和分析。输入数据是样本中个体发生状态的数量或频率。输出数据是根据各种标准对OS和人口类型的分类;population-ontogenetic指数;对于多个总体样本，它们之间的相似性(或距离)以及它们在-轴上的排序。相应的图被自动捕获。

引用次数: 0

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