Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060173
M. S. Sagyndykova, A. A. Imanbayeva, M. Yu. Ishmuratova, G. G. Gassanova
Abstract
This article presents the results of microscopic studies of the vegetative organs of natural species from Mangystau Region, Althaea officinalis L. and Malva thuringiaca (L.) Vis. (Malvaceae), which were introduced there under conditions of the Mangyshlak Experimental Botanical Garden (MEBG) (city of Aktau). The anatomical structures of the leaf, stem, and rhizome have been studied. Both species are characterized by a similar structure of the vegetative organs. The leaf, stem, and rhizome of A. officinalis are larger than the respective microstructures of M. thuringiaca, which can be explained by differences in the species ecology. The following diagnostic features have been proposed: arrangement of trichomes, mesophyll thickness, and placement of druses for the leaves; thickness of the cortical parenchyma and shape of the sclerenchyma areas for the stem; and thickness of the cortical parenchyma and presence of one- or two-row core rays for the rhizome. Species differences have been established in the number of layers of the palisade leaf tissue; the size and arrangement of star-shaped trichomes and the shape and arrangement of calcium oxalate druses; and the ratio of the spongy and palisade mesophyll. Differences in the structure of the transverse sections of the stem have been revealed in the thickness of the cortical parenchyma and shape of the sclerenchyma areas.
{"title":"Comparative Anatomical Analysis of the Vegetative Organs of Althaea officinalis and Malva thuringiaca (Malvaceae) Introduced in the Mangyshlak Region","authors":"M. S. Sagyndykova, A. A. Imanbayeva, M. Yu. Ishmuratova, G. G. Gassanova","doi":"10.1134/s1995425523060173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425523060173","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This article presents the results of microscopic studies of the vegetative organs of natural species from Mangystau Region, <i>Althaea officinalis</i> L. and <i>Malva thuringiaca</i> (L.) Vis. (Malvaceae), which were introduced there under conditions of the Mangyshlak Experimental Botanical Garden (MEBG) (city of Aktau). The anatomical structures of the leaf, stem, and rhizome have been studied. Both species are characterized by a similar structure of the vegetative organs. The leaf, stem, and rhizome of <i>A. officinalis</i> are larger than the respective microstructures of <i>M. thuringiaca,</i> which can be explained by differences in the species ecology. The following diagnostic features have been proposed: arrangement of trichomes, mesophyll thickness, and placement of druses for the leaves; thickness of the cortical parenchyma and shape of the sclerenchyma areas for the stem; and thickness of the cortical parenchyma and presence of one- or two-row core rays for the rhizome. Species differences have been established in the number of layers of the palisade leaf tissue; the size and arrangement of star-shaped trichomes and the shape and arrangement of calcium oxalate druses; and the ratio of the spongy and palisade mesophyll. Differences in the structure of the transverse sections of the stem have been revealed in the thickness of the cortical parenchyma and shape of the sclerenchyma areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":"315 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060070
E. S. Fomin, T. I. Fomina
Abstract
The results of a phenology study of 78 species of perennial plants over a 20-year period (1996–2015) in the Western Siberia forest steppe are discussed. Against the background of the detected meteorological trends of the warm season in Novosibirsk, the timing shift in phenological events of individual species and their ecological groups have been analyzed using linear trends. It is found that the start of vegetation in the vast majority of perennials was delayed (+3 to +7 days), and the terms of vegetation end changed differently (within –4 to +1 days), while the duration of vegetation decreased in all groups. The duration of the prefloral period significantly decreased (–6 to –9 days) due to the later vegetation start and an earlier start of flowering (–1 to –2 days). Fruiting trends are different in direction and magnitude. The rate of seasonal development of the species generally accelerated over the observation period. The trends describe 6–32% of phenological changes in ecological groups.
{"title":"Phenological Reactions of Perennial Plants to Climate Change in Western Siberia","authors":"E. S. Fomin, T. I. Fomina","doi":"10.1134/s1995425523060070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425523060070","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The results of a phenology study of 78 species of perennial plants over a 20-year period (1996–2015) in the Western Siberia forest steppe are discussed. Against the background of the detected meteorological trends of the warm season in Novosibirsk, the timing shift in phenological events of individual species and their ecological groups have been analyzed using linear trends. It is found that the start of vegetation in the vast majority of perennials was delayed (+3 to +7 days), and the terms of vegetation end changed differently (within –4 to +1 days), while the duration of vegetation decreased in all groups. The duration of the prefloral period significantly decreased (–6 to –9 days) due to the later vegetation start and an earlier start of flowering (–1 to –2 days). Fruiting trends are different in direction and magnitude. The rate of seasonal development of the species generally accelerated over the observation period. The trends describe 6–32% of phenological changes in ecological groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":"291 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060033
İ. Bolat, H. Şensoy
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine microbiological soil properties under three different land-use types within the borders of the Ulus Forestry Operations Directorate in the Bartın Stream Basin of Northwestern Türkiye. Samples of topsoil were taken to determine soil microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and basal respiration (microbial respiration). Cmic contents of the topsoils belonging to the different land-use types ranged between 219.87 and 777.09 µg g–1. The highest average Cmic, basal respiration, and metabolic coefficient (qCO2) values of the soils were noted in the black pine forest site, whereas the average Cmic/Corg percentage was the highest in the agricultural site. Moreover, these characteristics were found to be statistically different (p < 0.05) among the black pine, rangeland, and agricultural site topsoils. This demonstrated that microbial properties, in particular, are potential biological indicators for assessing ecological changes brought about by management practices and usage of the land.
{"title":"Changes in Soil Microbial Biomass and Activity under Different Land-Use Types in Bartın, Northwestern Türkiye","authors":"İ. Bolat, H. Şensoy","doi":"10.1134/s1995425523060033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425523060033","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The aim of this study was to examine microbiological soil properties under three different land-use types within the borders of the Ulus Forestry Operations Directorate in the Bartın Stream Basin of Northwestern Türkiye. Samples of topsoil were taken to determine soil microbial biomass carbon (C<sub>mic</sub>) and basal respiration (microbial respiration). C<sub>mic</sub> contents of the topsoils belonging to the different land-use types ranged between 219.87 and 777.09 µg g<sup>–1</sup>. The highest average C<sub>mic</sub>, basal respiration, and metabolic coefficient (qCO<sub>2</sub>) values of the soils were noted in the black pine forest site, whereas the average C<sub>mic</sub>/C<sub>org</sub> percentage was the highest in the agricultural site. Moreover, these characteristics were found to be statistically different (<i>p</i> < 0.05) among the black pine, rangeland, and agricultural site topsoils. This demonstrated that microbial properties, in particular, are potential biological indicators for assessing ecological changes brought about by management practices and usage of the land.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":"270 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060112
Md. Ziaul Islam
Abstract
Considered a unique biodiversity hotspot of the world, the Sundarbans mangrove harbours a wide variety of wild and plant species. This popular tiger land is now under threat to tiger survival. In this study, I venture to assess the tiger status, population, trends, extent, threats, and conservation process in the Sundarbans. My study finds that there were nearly 693 Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in the Sundarbans mangrove forest in 2004. Ten years later, the tiger population reached 182 individuals. However, a slight increase in the tiger number was noticed in 2018 when the tiger constituted 202 individuals. Due to data deficiency, TX2 goal of doubling the tiger population by 2022 was not considered. This study finds that there are numerous factors work behind the extinction of the tiger population in the Sundarbans, such as habitat loss, deforestation, land cover change, human interventions into the forests, poaching, hunting, illegal wildlife trade, climate change, and natural disasters, salinity, scarcity of prey species, lack of capability of the forest staff and personnel, poor and weak legal frameworks are prominent. Therefore, this paper endeavours to assess the efforts of Bangladesh and the Indian government to double the Bengal tiger population by 2022 and analyse the factors and threats to eliminate tiger numbers in the world’s largest mangrove forest Sundarbans.
{"title":"A Reality Check of the Global TX2 Goals of Doubling the Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) Population by 2022 in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest","authors":"Md. Ziaul Islam","doi":"10.1134/s1995425523060112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425523060112","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Considered a unique biodiversity hotspot of the world, the Sundarbans mangrove harbours a wide variety of wild and plant species. This popular tiger land is now under threat to tiger survival. In this study, I venture to assess the tiger status, population, trends, extent, threats, and conservation process in the Sundarbans. My study finds that there were nearly 693 Bengal tigers (<i>Panthera tigris tigris</i>) in the Sundarbans mangrove forest in 2004. Ten years later, the tiger population reached 182 individuals. However, a slight increase in the tiger number was noticed in 2018 when the tiger constituted 202 individuals. Due to data deficiency, TX2 goal of doubling the tiger population by 2022 was not considered. This study finds that there are numerous factors work behind the extinction of the tiger population in the Sundarbans, such as habitat loss, deforestation, land cover change, human interventions into the forests, poaching, hunting, illegal wildlife trade, climate change, and natural disasters, salinity, scarcity of prey species, lack of capability of the forest staff and personnel, poor and weak legal frameworks are prominent. Therefore, this paper endeavours to assess the efforts of Bangladesh and the Indian government to double the Bengal tiger population by 2022 and analyse the factors and threats to eliminate tiger numbers in the world’s largest mangrove forest Sundarbans.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060094
V. A. Golubtsov, A. A. Cherkashina, Yu. V. Vanteeva, N. N. Voropay, S. M. Turchinskaya
Abstract
Depth-profile and spatial variations of the stable carbon isotopic composition of soil organic matter is analyzed to identify the main factors that determine the dynamics of organic carbon in the mountain-depression environments of the Baikal Region. Soil organic matter is characterized by δ13С values from –29.6 to –24.9‰. Variations in δ13C in the altitudinal profile correlate well with changes in landscapes and reflect the influence of climatic factors on 13C discrimination during photosynthesis of C3 plants. Soils of subalpine and steppe landscapes are characterized by the heaviest stable carbon isotopic composition. Taiga soils are depleted of the isotopic composition by 13C. To compare the soil carbon turnover intensity, δ13C values were linearly regressed against log-transformed carbon contents yielding absolute values of these slopes (β). The distribution of β values in the altitudinal profile suggests a reduced intensity of carbon turnover in the soils of steppes and the subalpine belt due to insufficient moisture and temperature, respectively. Under the taiga conditions characterized by a more favorable ratio of temperatures and humidity, the dynamics of soil organic matter is mainly controlled by the litter quality and the nitrogen availability.
{"title":"Variations in the Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition of Soil Organic Matter in Mountain Depressions of the Cis-Baikal Region","authors":"V. A. Golubtsov, A. A. Cherkashina, Yu. V. Vanteeva, N. N. Voropay, S. M. Turchinskaya","doi":"10.1134/s1995425523060094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425523060094","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Depth-profile and spatial variations of the stable carbon isotopic composition of soil organic matter is analyzed to identify the main factors that determine the dynamics of organic carbon in the mountain-depression environments of the Baikal Region. Soil organic matter is characterized by δ<sup>13</sup>С values from –29.6 to –24.9‰. Variations in δ<sup>13</sup>C in the altitudinal profile correlate well with changes in landscapes and reflect the influence of climatic factors on <sup>13</sup>C discrimination during photosynthesis of C3 plants. Soils of subalpine and steppe landscapes are characterized by the heaviest stable carbon isotopic composition. Taiga soils are depleted of the isotopic composition by <sup>13</sup>C. To compare the soil carbon turnover intensity, δ<sup>13</sup>C values were linearly regressed against log-transformed carbon contents yielding absolute values of these slopes (β). The distribution of β values in the altitudinal profile suggests a reduced intensity of carbon turnover in the soils of steppes and the subalpine belt due to insufficient moisture and temperature, respectively. Under the taiga conditions characterized by a more favorable ratio of temperatures and humidity, the dynamics of soil organic matter is mainly controlled by the litter quality and the nitrogen availability.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":"312 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060045
V. M. Efimov, V. Yu. Kovaleva, A. A. Pozdnyakov, Yu. N. Litvinov
Abstract
The bilateral asymmetry of the morphotypes m1 of the root vole Alexandromys oeconomus Pallas, 1776 from different parts of the range has been analyzed from morphogenetic positions. The material from the collection of the Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk), is used. A total of 2314 pairs of morphotypes m1 have been studied on the left and right rami of the mandible of voles. Seventeen different morphotypes and 70 different combinations of them are identified, of which 13 are symmetrical and 57 are asymmetrical. The data of bilateral asymmetry of morphotypes for each sample is presented in the form of square contingency tables. Based on these tables, the information-entropy parameters of the samples are calculated, in accordance with which the eco-geographic factors of the habitat are put. The 2B–PLS method is applied to the matrices after standardization. Two significant directions of contingency variability of the information-entropy parameters of the samples and eco-geographic factors of the environment have been identified. The first direction, latitudinal, is associated with a decrease in the Shannon entropy and fluctuating asymmetry in the northern samples of the root vole. Thus, the northern samples have a higher degree of morphogenetic stability compared to the southern ones. The second—the longitude direction—is highly correlated with the increase in altitude above sea level from west to east and is accompanied by a decrease in the values of the Cohen coefficient, Shannon information, and an increase in fluctuating asymmetry. This indicates a lower degree of morphogenetic stability of the eastern samples compared to the western ones. The approach we use complements the classical concept of the “epigenetic landscape” with the ability to take into account the influence of the environment. This is important in the practical use of asymmetry indicators for assessing the “health of the environment,” especially when determining the natural background for populations of the “ecological periphery” of the areal.
{"title":"Contingency Variability of Morphogenetic Stability Indicators in Root Vole Populations with Ecogeographic Environmental Factors","authors":"V. M. Efimov, V. Yu. Kovaleva, A. A. Pozdnyakov, Yu. N. Litvinov","doi":"10.1134/s1995425523060045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425523060045","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The bilateral asymmetry of the morphotypes m1 of the root vole <i>Alexandromys oeconomus</i> Pallas, 1776 from different parts of the range has been analyzed from morphogenetic positions. The material from the collection of the Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk), is used. A total of 2314 pairs of morphotypes m1 have been studied on the left and right rami of the mandible of voles. Seventeen different morphotypes and 70 different combinations of them are identified, of which 13 are symmetrical and 57 are asymmetrical. The data of bilateral asymmetry of morphotypes for each sample is presented in the form of square contingency tables. Based on these tables, the information-entropy parameters of the samples are calculated, in accordance with which the eco-geographic factors of the habitat are put. The 2B–PLS method is applied to the matrices after standardization. Two significant directions of contingency variability of the information-entropy parameters of the samples and eco-geographic factors of the environment have been identified. The first direction, latitudinal, is associated with a decrease in the Shannon entropy and fluctuating asymmetry in the northern samples of the root vole. Thus, the northern samples have a higher degree of morphogenetic stability compared to the southern ones. The second—the longitude direction—is highly correlated with the increase in altitude above sea level from west to east and is accompanied by a decrease in the values of the Cohen coefficient, Shannon information, and an increase in fluctuating asymmetry. This indicates a lower degree of morphogenetic stability of the eastern samples compared to the western ones. The approach we use complements the classical concept of the “epigenetic landscape” with the ability to take into account the influence of the environment. This is important in the practical use of asymmetry indicators for assessing the “health of the environment,” especially when determining the natural background for populations of the “ecological periphery” of the areal.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":"269 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1134/s199542552306015x
Yue Luo, Yuejing Rong, Lifu Zheng, Yunjun Zhan, Yan Yan, Jiawei Guo, Zetong Wang
Abstract
Quantitative assessments of ecosystem stability are critical to properly understand the internal state of ecosystems and to implement scientific ecosystem management. Historically, ecosystem stability assessments have remained limited in their consideration of ecosystem services. This paper presents a new method for assessing ecosystem stability that combines ecosystem quality and function. We used this method to assess ecosystem stability in the upper Baiyangdian watershed and compared it to a single-indicator approach. Our results showed that the coupled approach was more accurate, especially when assessing ecosystems with low carrying capacity. This new method provides a feasible way to quantify ecosystem stability and inform regional ecosystem management.
{"title":"Ecosystem Stability Assessment with Coupled Quality and Function Characteristics: A Case of Upper Baiyangdian Watershed","authors":"Yue Luo, Yuejing Rong, Lifu Zheng, Yunjun Zhan, Yan Yan, Jiawei Guo, Zetong Wang","doi":"10.1134/s199542552306015x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s199542552306015x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Quantitative assessments of ecosystem stability are critical to properly understand the internal state of ecosystems and to implement scientific ecosystem management. Historically, ecosystem stability assessments have remained limited in their consideration of ecosystem services. This paper presents a new method for assessing ecosystem stability that combines ecosystem quality and function. We used this method to assess ecosystem stability in the upper Baiyangdian watershed and compared it to a single-indicator approach. Our results showed that the coupled approach was more accurate, especially when assessing ecosystems with low carrying capacity. This new method provides a feasible way to quantify ecosystem stability and inform regional ecosystem management.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":"268 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060161
M. V. Maslov, M. N. Litvinov, E. A. Litvinova, T. O. Markova
Abstract
Forty-five-year-long observations of variations in the musk deer abundance in the Ussurisky Nature Reserve are summarized. An analysis of winter route censuses (WRC) has made it possible to assume that these variations are related to the emergence of a new predator, the sable. The decrease in the musk deer abundance in the reserve occurred simultaneously with an increase in the sable abundance and a decrease in abundance of alternative food supplies for medium-sized and small predators. From the early 2000s to the present, the musk deer abundance in the reserve has remained at a level of only “presence” of the species in the fauna.
{"title":"Possible Reasons for the Decrease in the Abundance of the Musk Deer Moschus moschiferus L. (Cetartiodactyla, Moschidae) in the Ussuriysky Nature Reserve","authors":"M. V. Maslov, M. N. Litvinov, E. A. Litvinova, T. O. Markova","doi":"10.1134/s1995425523060161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425523060161","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Forty-five-year-long observations of variations in the musk deer abundance in the Ussurisky Nature Reserve are summarized. An analysis of winter route censuses (WRC) has made it possible to assume that these variations are related to the emergence of a new predator, the sable. The decrease in the musk deer abundance in the reserve occurred simultaneously with an increase in the sable abundance and a decrease in abundance of alternative food supplies for medium-sized and small predators. From the early 2000s to the present, the musk deer abundance in the reserve has remained at a level of only “presence” of the species in the fauna.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":"292 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060227
L. A. Zhivotovsky
Abstract
According to the scheme of age periodization of plant ontogenesis proposed by T.A. Rabotnov and A.A. Uranov, about a dozen of main age (ontogenetic) states are distinguished. Each population sample represents an ordered series of frequencies of occurrence of plants at these states: the so-called ontogenetic spectrum (OS). Different OS statistics are available according to the form of the OS, reflecting a greater or lesser representation of young, mature, or old plants in the population and making it possible to represent the temporal dynamics of the population. The Excel Ontogenetic Spectrum (ExOS) package allows their automatic computation and analysis. Input data are the numbers or frequencies of ontogenetic states in the sample. Output data are the classifications of OS and cenopopulation types according to various criteria; population–ontogenetic indices; and, for multiple population samples, similarity (or distance) between them and their ordination on delta–omega axes. The corresponding diagrams are captured automatically.
{"title":"ExOS: Excel Package for the Analysis of Ontogenetic Spectra of Plant Populations","authors":"L. A. Zhivotovsky","doi":"10.1134/s1995425523060227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425523060227","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>According to the scheme of age periodization of plant ontogenesis proposed by T.A. Rabotnov and A.A. Uranov, about a dozen of main age (ontogenetic) states are distinguished. Each population sample represents an ordered series of frequencies of occurrence of plants at these states: the so-called ontogenetic spectrum (OS). Different OS statistics are available according to the form of the OS, reflecting a greater or lesser representation of young, mature, or old plants in the population and making it possible to represent the temporal dynamics of the population. The Excel Ontogenetic Spectrum (ExOS) package allows their automatic computation and analysis. Input data are the numbers or frequencies of ontogenetic states in the sample. Output data are the classifications of OS and cenopopulation types according to various criteria; population–ontogenetic indices; and, for multiple population samples, similarity (or distance) between them and their ordination on delta–omega axes. The corresponding diagrams are captured automatically.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":"304 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1134/s1995425523060069
E. V. Fedoseeva, Y. D. Sergeeva, V. D. Volkova, D. I. Stom, V. A. Terekhova
Abstract
The increase in the proportion of phytopathogenic micromycetes in soils contaminated with heavy metals (HMs) make it relevant to study the mechanisms of their resistance. It is important for choosing effective phytopathogen control methods. The issues of interaction between metal-resistant phytopathogens and nonpathogenic species against the background of pollution remain no less relevant and need to be studied. In laboratory experiments with pure cultures of four fungal species (phytopathogenic strains Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum and nonpathogenic strains Trichoderma harzianum and Clonostachys rosea), the resistance to Cu, Zn, and Pb cations, separately added to a nutrient medium with different contents of available carbon (sucrose), was studied. Colony growth, sporulation activity, and biomass accumulation were measured. The effective concentrations, resulting in the 50% inhibition of growth parameters (EC50), were calculated. The fungi under study showed different resistances to HMs. T. harzianum and C. rosea are more resistant to Zn and Pb at any available carbon content. The pairs A. alternata–C. rosea and T. harzianum–C. rosea were the most resistant to Cu on media with lower and higher carbon contents, respectively. At the same time, Zn and Pb turn out to be less toxic than Cu for all fungi. The antagonistic activity, assessed by the dual culture method on media supplemented with HM cations, depends both on the growth characteristics and on the resistance to HMs that is revealed. The activity of fast-growing T. harzianum as a territorial antagonist is stimulated by the addition of Zn and Pb. The slow-growing C. rosea shows competitiveness due to its high resistance to HMs. It is concluded that it is necessary to take into account species resistance to HMs in order to predict the development of relationships between pathogenic and nonpathogenic species in fungal communities against the background of soil pollution.
{"title":"Resistance and Activity of Phytopathogenic and Potential Antagonistic Soil Filamentous Fungi under the Action of Heavy Metals","authors":"E. V. Fedoseeva, Y. D. Sergeeva, V. D. Volkova, D. I. Stom, V. A. Terekhova","doi":"10.1134/s1995425523060069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425523060069","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The increase in the proportion of phytopathogenic micromycetes in soils contaminated with heavy metals (HMs) make it relevant to study the mechanisms of their resistance. It is important for choosing effective phytopathogen control methods. The issues of interaction between metal-resistant phytopathogens and nonpathogenic species against the background of pollution remain no less relevant and need to be studied. In laboratory experiments with pure cultures of four fungal species (phytopathogenic strains <i>Alternaria alternata</i> and <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> and nonpathogenic strains <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and <i>Clonostachys rosea</i>), the resistance to Cu, Zn, and Pb cations, separately added to a nutrient medium with different contents of available carbon (sucrose), was studied. Colony growth, sporulation activity, and biomass accumulation were measured. The effective concentrations, resulting in the 50% inhibition of growth parameters (EC<sub>50</sub>), were calculated. The fungi under study showed different resistances to HMs. T<i>. harzianum</i> and <i>C. rosea</i> are more resistant to Zn and Pb at any available carbon content. The pairs <i>A. alternata</i>–<i>C. rosea</i> and <i>T. harzianum</i>–<i>C. rosea</i> were the most resistant to Cu on media with lower and higher carbon contents, respectively. At the same time, Zn and Pb turn out to be less toxic than Cu for all fungi. The antagonistic activity, assessed by the dual culture method on media supplemented with HM cations, depends both on the growth characteristics and on the resistance to HMs that is revealed. The activity of fast-growing <i>T. harzianum</i> as a territorial antagonist is stimulated by the addition of Zn and Pb. The slow-growing <i>C. rosea</i> shows competitiveness due to its high resistance to HMs. It is concluded that it is necessary to take into account species resistance to HMs in order to predict the development of relationships between pathogenic and nonpathogenic species in fungal communities against the background of soil pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":"43 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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