Pub Date : 2024-07-27DOI: 10.1134/s1995425524700288
E. G. Shvetsov
Abstract
Here, the effect of the energy characteristics of fires, their seasonality, and duration on the number of fires causing the death of forest stands in Siberia in 2002–2022 was studied. The energy characteristics of fires were assessed using an indicator, such as the fire radiative power (FRP), measured using data from the MODIS radiometer. To assess the degree of disturbance of forest stands and to identify those fires that led to the death of the forest stand, a product of changes in global forest cover, generated from Landsat satellite data, was used. Over the period from 2002 to 2022, the region experienced an increase in both the total burned area and the area of fires resulting in the death of the forest stand. At the same time, an increase in the recorded fire radiative power was observed. The total values of the fire radiative power released during the duration of the fire in the case of fires that caused the death of forest stands (390.2 (σ = 80.5) MW/km2) turned out to be significantly higher (p < 0.01) than the values of fire radiative power for fires that did not lead to the death of forest stands (291.8 (σ = 74.7) MW/km2). The fire radiative power in dark coniferous forests and larch forests was on average 20–25% higher than that for fires in mixed forests dominated by deciduous stands. Fires that were accompanied by the death of forests were commonly recorded in the second half of summer, with a maximum occurring from July to the first decade of August, while fires that did not lead to the death of the forest stand were observed throughout the entire fire season. Moreover, stand-replacement fires were characterized by a longer duration (average duration, 4.8 (σ = 1.0) days) compared to non-stand-replacement fires (3.9 (σ = 0.7) days).
{"title":"Assessment of Post-Fire Forest Loss in Siberia Using Satellite Data and Its Relationship with Characteristics of Fires","authors":"E. G. Shvetsov","doi":"10.1134/s1995425524700288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425524700288","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Here, the effect of the energy characteristics of fires, their seasonality, and duration on the number of fires causing the death of forest stands in Siberia in 2002–2022 was studied. The energy characteristics of fires were assessed using an indicator, such as the fire radiative power (FRP), measured using data from the MODIS radiometer. To assess the degree of disturbance of forest stands and to identify those fires that led to the death of the forest stand, a product of changes in global forest cover, generated from Landsat satellite data, was used. Over the period from 2002 to 2022, the region experienced an increase in both the total burned area and the area of fires resulting in the death of the forest stand. At the same time, an increase in the recorded fire radiative power was observed. The total values of the fire radiative power released during the duration of the fire in the case of fires that caused the death of forest stands (390.2 (σ = 80.5) MW/km<sup>2</sup>) turned out to be significantly higher (<i>p</i> < 0.01) than the values of fire radiative power for fires that did not lead to the death of forest stands (291.8 (σ = 74.7) MW/km<sup>2</sup>). The fire radiative power in dark coniferous forests and larch forests was on average 20–25% higher than that for fires in mixed forests dominated by deciduous stands. Fires that were accompanied by the death of forests were commonly recorded in the second half of summer, with a maximum occurring from July to the first decade of August, while fires that did not lead to the death of the forest stand were observed throughout the entire fire season. Moreover, stand-replacement fires were characterized by a longer duration (average duration, 4.8 (σ = 1.0) days) compared to non-stand-replacement fires (3.9 (σ = 0.7) days).</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141780706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-27DOI: 10.1134/s1995425524700318
D. S. Kalinkina, A. A. Sushchuk, E. M. Matveeva
Abstract
This study is focused on soil nematode communities in undercrown areas of tree plants introduced to and cultivated for a long time in the botanical garden on Bolshoy Solovetsky Island (Arkhangelsk oblast, Russia). Soil nematode communities of natural forests (pine-, spruce-, and birch stands) are studied as the control. The study has demonstrated that the taxonomic diversity and abundance of nematodes, as well as the proportion of plant parasites in the trophic structure of nematode communities in the soil under introduced trees, are higher compared to natural forests. The ecological indices (structure index SI and enrichment index EI) change nonuniformly and so have poor performance as tools for evaluating the consequences of the plant introductions for the soil ecosystem. Correlation analysis reveals a significant positive relationship between the content of carbon and nitrogen in soil and the absolute and relative abundance and the taxonomic diversity of plant parasites, as well as significant negative relationships between C : N and fungal feeders, as well as between the soil pH and the taxonomic diversity of nematodes and the relative abundance of bacterial feeders and EI. The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema affine Bovien revealed on the island has been reported for the first time in Russia.
摘要 本研究的重点是 Bolshoy Solovetsky 岛（俄罗斯阿尔汉格尔斯克州）植物园引进并长期栽培的树木冠下区域的土壤线虫群落。天然林（松树林、云杉林和桦树林）的土壤线虫群落作为对照进行研究。研究表明，与天然林相比，引进树木下的土壤线虫群落中线虫的分类多样性和丰度以及植物寄生虫在营养结构中的比例都较高。生态指数（结构指数 SI 和富集指数 EI）的变化不均匀，因此作为评估植物引种对土壤生态系统影响的工具性能较差。相关性分析表明，土壤中的碳和氮含量与植物寄生虫的绝对丰度、相对丰度和分类多样性之间存在显著的正相关关系，C : N 与真菌食料之间存在显著的负相关关系，土壤 pH 值与线虫的分类多样性、细菌食料的相对丰度和 EI 之间也存在显著的负相关关系。岛上发现的昆虫病原线虫 Steinernema affine Bovien 在俄罗斯尚属首次报道。
{"title":"Are Soil Nematode Communities Altered by Tree Introduction and Prolonged Cultivation in the Subarctic Region?","authors":"D. S. Kalinkina, A. A. Sushchuk, E. M. Matveeva","doi":"10.1134/s1995425524700318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425524700318","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This study is focused on soil nematode communities in undercrown areas of tree plants introduced to and cultivated for a long time in the botanical garden on Bolshoy Solovetsky Island (Arkhangelsk oblast, Russia). Soil nematode communities of natural forests (pine-, spruce-, and birch stands) are studied as the control. The study has demonstrated that the taxonomic diversity and abundance of nematodes, as well as the proportion of plant parasites in the trophic structure of nematode communities in the soil under introduced trees, are higher compared to natural forests. The ecological indices (structure index SI and enrichment index EI) change nonuniformly and so have poor performance as tools for evaluating the consequences of the plant introductions for the soil ecosystem. Correlation analysis reveals a significant positive relationship between the content of carbon and nitrogen in soil and the absolute and relative abundance and the taxonomic diversity of plant parasites, as well as significant negative relationships between C : N and fungal feeders, as well as between the soil pH and the taxonomic diversity of nematodes and the relative abundance of bacterial feeders and EI. The entomopathogenic nematode <i>Steinernema affine</i> Bovien revealed on the island has been reported for the first time in Russia.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141780614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1134/s1995425524700240
E. A. Dubinin
Abstract
In 2010–2023, the dynamics of the population abundance and changes in the proportion of species in the community of small mammals (insectivores and rodents) inhabiting a slope larch forest in the vicinity of the city of Magadan (northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk) was traced. The census of animals was carried out using Gero traps and cone traps (trap-line methods). In total, we analyzed 4700 trap-nights and 15 720 cone-nights. Altogether, 3384 individuals of 9 species belonging to the families of shrews (Soricidae), squirrels (Sciuridae), mice (Muridae), and hamsters (Cricetidae) were trapped. During the considered period, the relative abundance and the amplitude of its interannual fluctuations decreased in the populations of even-toothed shrews (Sorex isodon) and grey red-backed voles (Craseomys rufocanus). The proportion of Laxmann’s shrews (S. caecutiens) and Korean field mice (Apodemus peninsulae) in the community increased 2.6 and 2.5 times, respectively, while the proportion of even-toothed shrew and grey red-backed vole decreased 2.8 times and 3 times, respectively. As a result, about 50% of the individuals in the samples were Laxmann’s shrews and about 30% were northern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys rutilus). This, in turn, led to an increase in the dominance (the Simpson index increased from 0.21 to 0.34), a decrease in evenness (the Pielou index decreased from 0.87 to 0.61), and a significant decrease in the species diversity of the small mammal community (the Shannon index decreased from 1.7 to 1.3; t = 10.90, p < 0.001).
{"title":"Dynamics of Species Diversity in Small Mammal Communities in Slope Larch Forests on the Northern Coast of the Sea of Okhotsk","authors":"E. A. Dubinin","doi":"10.1134/s1995425524700240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425524700240","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>In 2010–2023, the dynamics of the population abundance and changes in the proportion of species in the community of small mammals (insectivores and rodents) inhabiting a slope larch forest in the vicinity of the city of Magadan (northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk) was traced. The census of animals was carried out using Gero traps and cone traps (trap-line methods). In total, we analyzed 4700 trap-nights and 15 720 cone-nights. Altogether, 3384 individuals of 9 species belonging to the families of shrews (Soricidae), squirrels (Sciuridae), mice (Muridae), and hamsters (Cricetidae) were trapped. During the considered period, the relative abundance and the amplitude of its interannual fluctuations decreased in the populations of even-toothed shrews (<i>Sorex isodon</i>) and grey red-backed voles (<i>Craseomys rufocanus</i>). The proportion of Laxmann’s shrews (<i>S. caecutiens</i>) and Korean field mice (<i>Apodemus peninsulae</i>) in the community increased 2.6 and 2.5 times, respectively, while the proportion of even-toothed shrew and grey red-backed vole decreased 2.8 times and 3 times, respectively. As a result, about 50% of the individuals in the samples were Laxmann’s shrews and about 30% were northern red-backed voles (<i>Clethrionomys rutilus</i>). This, in turn, led to an increase in the dominance (the Simpson index increased from 0.21 to 0.34), a decrease in evenness (the Pielou index decreased from 0.87 to 0.61), and a significant decrease in the species diversity of the small mammal community (the Shannon index decreased from 1.7 to 1.3; <i>t</i> = 10.90, <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141255801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1134/s1995425524700203
O. I. Yudakova, E. I. Kaybeleva, E. A. Nyushchenko, T. M. Lysenko, M. Yu. Voronin
Abstract
A geobotanical analysis of 160 steppe and ecotone plant communities with the participation of cereals in the north of the Lower Volga region (within Saratov oblast) has been carried out. The species diversity of apomictic cereals is significantly inferior to the diversity of their amphimictic relatives in the flora of the region and in the studied phytocenoses (24 apomictic and 109 amphimictic species in the flora; 17 and 34 species in the phytocenoses, respectively). At the same time, the dominants of the studied communities are equally represented by both amphimictic (14 species) and apomictic cereals (9 species). It is established that cereals with an amphimictic mode of reproduction dominate in 64 phytocenoses and apomictic cereals dominate in 48 ones. The number of phytocenoses in which apomicts are codominants significantly exceeds the number of plant communities with amphimicts codominance (46 and 22, respectively). The studied plant communities are similar in species richness and evenness. The data indicate successful competition between apomictic cereals and amphimicts and their significant contribution to the composition of steppe and ecotone phytocenoses in the northern Lower Volga region.
{"title":"Participation of Apomictic Cereals in the Composition of Steppe and Ecotone Phytocenoses in the North of the Lower Volga Region","authors":"O. I. Yudakova, E. I. Kaybeleva, E. A. Nyushchenko, T. M. Lysenko, M. Yu. Voronin","doi":"10.1134/s1995425524700203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425524700203","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>A geobotanical analysis of 160 steppe and ecotone plant communities with the participation of cereals in the north of the Lower Volga region (within Saratov oblast) has been carried out. The species diversity of apomictic cereals is significantly inferior to the diversity of their amphimictic relatives in the flora of the region and in the studied phytocenoses (24 apomictic and 109 amphimictic species in the flora; 17 and 34 species in the phytocenoses, respectively). At the same time, the dominants of the studied communities are equally represented by both amphimictic (14 species) and apomictic cereals (9 species). It is established that cereals with an amphimictic mode of reproduction dominate in 64 phytocenoses and apomictic cereals dominate in 48 ones. The number of phytocenoses in which apomicts are codominants significantly exceeds the number of plant communities with amphimicts codominance (46 and 22, respectively). The studied plant communities are similar in species richness and evenness. The data indicate successful competition between apomictic cereals and amphimicts and their significant contribution to the composition of steppe and ecotone phytocenoses in the northern Lower Volga region.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141255882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1134/s1995425524030016
Syeeda Tanjin Ahmed, S. M. Kamran Ashraf, Md Tanbheer Rana, Saleha Khatun Ripta, Mst. Sohela Afroz, S. M. Sanjida Tasnim Urmi, Sumaiya Binte Rahman Asha, Shoumika Binte Shafiqe, Al Rahat, Kazi Kamrul Islam
Abstract
Forested areas provide various services, including crucial carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation. The Madhupur Sal Forest (MSF) in Bangladesh was studied extensively for its ecosystem services and carbon sequestration potential. Research conducted from February to August 2023 in Gaira and Dokhola villages assessed local community benefits and biodiversity. Interviews with 50 respondents and analysis of 20 plots were conducted to study carbon sequestration in the MSF. Twenty identified ecosystem services range from fuel and wood to cultural and economic advantages. Eight tree species, totaling 401 trees, were identified, with Ficus hispida being the most effective in annual carbon sequestration. Shorea robusta showed less efficacy in carbon sequestration, resulting in a total forest capture of 12 004 657.8 pounds per year. The study highlights the MSF’s significant contribution to global climate change mitigation. Emphasis is placed on the need for enhanced carbon sequestration through forest management, reforestation, and afforestation projects in deforested areas. Despite diverse ecosystem services, the MSF faces threats, necessitating collaborative conservation efforts, sustainable management practices, and community involvement for its vitality.
{"title":"Valuation of Madhupur Sal Forest Ecosystem Services and Carbon Sequestration Potency in Bangladesh: an Avenue for Mitigating Climate Change Impact","authors":"Syeeda Tanjin Ahmed, S. M. Kamran Ashraf, Md Tanbheer Rana, Saleha Khatun Ripta, Mst. Sohela Afroz, S. M. Sanjida Tasnim Urmi, Sumaiya Binte Rahman Asha, Shoumika Binte Shafiqe, Al Rahat, Kazi Kamrul Islam","doi":"10.1134/s1995425524030016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425524030016","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Forested areas provide various services, including crucial carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation. The Madhupur Sal Forest (MSF) in Bangladesh was studied extensively for its ecosystem services and carbon sequestration potential. Research conducted from February to August 2023 in Gaira and Dokhola villages assessed local community benefits and biodiversity. Interviews with 50 respondents and analysis of 20 plots were conducted to study carbon sequestration in the MSF. Twenty identified ecosystem services range from fuel and wood to cultural and economic advantages. Eight tree species, totaling 401 trees, were identified, with <i>Ficus hispida</i> being the most effective in annual carbon sequestration. <i>Shorea robusta</i> showed less efficacy in carbon sequestration, resulting in a total forest capture of 12 004 657.8 pounds per year. The study highlights the MSF’s significant contribution to global climate change mitigation. Emphasis is placed on the need for enhanced carbon sequestration through forest management, reforestation, and afforestation projects in deforested areas. Despite diverse ecosystem services, the MSF faces threats, necessitating collaborative conservation efforts, sustainable management practices, and community involvement for its vitality.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141255886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1134/s1995425524700185
A. O. Bulkhin, V. V. Zykov, D. N. Marchenko, I. A. Kalugin, D. Y. Rogozin
Abstract
Long-chain alkenones are produced exclusively by certain species of microalgae Isochrysidales of the order of haptophytes (Haptophyta). These are polyunsaturated methyl and ethyl ketones C35–C42 with 2–4 trans double bonds in the aliphatic chain. The length of the hydrocarbon chain and the degree of unsaturation of double bonds of a given class of lipids can vary depending on the environmental conditions of their producers. This class of substances is well preserved in the bottom sediments (BSs) of seas and lakes and therefore can serve as a paleoindicator of climate change. Currently, studies are being conducted to identify the functional dependences of the composition of long-chain alkenones on the temperature and salinity of water in continental water bodies. In arid regions, saline closed-basin lakes sensitively react by changing the volume of water and its salinity to variations in the “precipitation–evaporation” balance, and, consequently, the sediments of such lakes are sources of information about climate humidity variations in the past. In this work, we analyzed the vertical profile of long-chain alkenones in the upper part of the BSs of the Utichye-3 salt lake located in the steppe region of southern Siberia and compared it with changes in the surface level and salinity of the lake water recorded over a period of about 100 years. It has been shown that the content of long-chain alkenones in sediments can increase during periods of high salinity. Consequently, the composition of alkenones can be used to reconstruct changes in salinity from BSs of closed-basin lakes, and, therefore, to reconstruct dry periods in the history of the climate of the steppe zone of southern Siberia.
{"title":"Long-Chain Alkenones in Sediments of Lake Utichye-3 (Southern Siberia, Khakassia) as a Paleo-Indicator of Climate Change","authors":"A. O. Bulkhin, V. V. Zykov, D. N. Marchenko, I. A. Kalugin, D. Y. Rogozin","doi":"10.1134/s1995425524700185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425524700185","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Long-chain alkenones are produced exclusively by certain species of microalgae Isochrysidales of the order of haptophytes (Haptophyta). These are polyunsaturated methyl and ethyl ketones C35–C42 with 2–4 trans double bonds in the aliphatic chain. The length of the hydrocarbon chain and the degree of unsaturation of double bonds of a given class of lipids can vary depending on the environmental conditions of their producers. This class of substances is well preserved in the bottom sediments (BSs) of seas and lakes and therefore can serve as a paleoindicator of climate change. Currently, studies are being conducted to identify the functional dependences of the composition of long-chain alkenones on the temperature and salinity of water in continental water bodies. In arid regions, saline closed-basin lakes sensitively react by changing the volume of water and its salinity to variations in the “precipitation–evaporation” balance, and, consequently, the sediments of such lakes are sources of information about climate humidity variations in the past. In this work, we analyzed the vertical profile of long-chain alkenones in the upper part of the BSs of the Utichye-3 salt lake located in the steppe region of southern Siberia and compared it with changes in the surface level and salinity of the lake water recorded over a period of about 100 years. It has been shown that the content of long-chain alkenones in sediments can increase during periods of high salinity. Consequently, the composition of alkenones can be used to reconstruct changes in salinity from BSs of closed-basin lakes, and, therefore, to reconstruct dry periods in the history of the climate of the steppe zone of southern Siberia.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141255888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1134/s1995425524700173
V. S. Artamonova, A. Y. Rolskii, M. V. Vinarski, A. A. Makhrov
Abstract
The problem of differences in the rate of evolution among different animal or plant species has been intensely discussed in recent years, so the question of the validity of a so-called molecular clock hypothesis is very relevant. We have performed a search for publications describing median networks, which include haplotypes of mitochondrial genes for closely related boreal and arctic fish species (or those who settled through the Arctic). In all seven cases included into our analysis, the rate of nucleotide substitutions in Arctic taxa or taxa that settled through the Arctic during their evolutionary history was higher, and this difference was statistically significant. Therefore, the formation of new fish taxa in polar latitudes is accompanied by a rapid evolution of mitochondrial DNA that apparently reflects their adaptation to the new environment. In addition, speciation in Arctic fishes is usually accompanied by multiple chromosome fusions. Therefore, both our data and the data of other researchers provide solid reasons to doubt in the validity of the molecular clock hypothesis.
摘要近年来，关于不同动物或植物物种之间进化速度差异的问题引起了激烈的讨论，因此所谓的分子钟假说的有效性问题非常重要。我们对描述中位网络的出版物进行了搜索，这些中位网络包括了密切相关的北方和北极鱼类物种（或在北极定居的鱼类）的线粒体基因单倍型。在我们分析的所有七个案例中，北极类群或在进化史上经过北极定居的类群的核苷酸替换率都较高，而且这种差异在统计学上具有显著性。因此，极地新鱼类类群的形成伴随着线粒体 DNA 的快速进化，这显然反映了它们对新环境的适应。此外，北极鱼类的物种分化通常伴随着多染色体融合。因此，我们的数据和其他研究人员的数据都为怀疑分子钟假说的正确性提供了可靠的理由。
{"title":"Increased Rate of Fixation of Nucleotide Substitutions in the Mitochondrial DNA of Bony Fish Species (Osteichthyes) That Originated from the Arctic or Settled through It","authors":"V. S. Artamonova, A. Y. Rolskii, M. V. Vinarski, A. A. Makhrov","doi":"10.1134/s1995425524700173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425524700173","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The problem of differences in the rate of evolution among different animal or plant species has been intensely discussed in recent years, so the question of the validity of a so-called molecular clock hypothesis is very relevant. We have performed a search for publications describing median networks, which include haplotypes of mitochondrial genes for closely related boreal and arctic fish species (or those who settled through the Arctic). In all seven cases included into our analysis, the rate of nucleotide substitutions in Arctic taxa or taxa that settled through the Arctic during their evolutionary history was higher, and this difference was statistically significant. Therefore, the formation of new fish taxa in polar latitudes is accompanied by a rapid evolution of mitochondrial DNA that apparently reflects their adaptation to the new environment. In addition, speciation in Arctic fishes is usually accompanied by multiple chromosome fusions. Therefore, both our data and the data of other researchers provide solid reasons to doubt in the validity of the molecular clock hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141255889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1134/s1995425524700215
D. A. Demidko, A. A. Goroshko, S. M. Sultson, N. N. Kulakova, P. V. Mikhaylov
Abstract
Outbreak prediction is a crucial component of forest pest management. Weather plays a substantial role in outbreaks of leaf-eating insects. Weather-based prediction models in this field are numerous and more or less precise. We have attempted to create such a model for the Siberian moth (SM) Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetv., one of the most harmful defoliators in the southern taiga of Siberia. For the territory of interest (the southern taiga and hemiboreal forests of Tomsk oblast, Kemerovo oblast, and Krasnoyarsk krai), the gradient boosting (XBGoost) model was created with an accuracy of 0.952. Temperatures of the vegetation period in the fourth and fifth years before the onset of outbreak are better predictors.
{"title":"Weather Data-Based Prediction of the Siberian Moth Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetv.: A Case Study","authors":"D. A. Demidko, A. A. Goroshko, S. M. Sultson, N. N. Kulakova, P. V. Mikhaylov","doi":"10.1134/s1995425524700215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425524700215","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Outbreak prediction is a crucial component of forest pest management. Weather plays a substantial role in outbreaks of leaf-eating insects. Weather-based prediction models in this field are numerous and more or less precise. We have attempted to create such a model for the Siberian moth (SM) <i>Dendrolimus sibiricus</i> Tschetv., one of the most harmful defoliators in the southern taiga of Siberia. For the territory of interest (the southern taiga and hemiboreal forests of Tomsk oblast, Kemerovo oblast, and Krasnoyarsk krai), the gradient boosting (XBGoost) model was created with an accuracy of 0.952. Temperatures of the vegetation period in the fourth and fifth years before the onset of outbreak are better predictors.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141255890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1134/s1995425524700227
M. G. Opekunova, A. R. Nikulina, A. Yu. Opekunov, I. Yu. Arestova, V. V. Somov, S. Yu. Kukushkin, S. A. Lisenkov
Abstract
The modern typological structure of vegetation inhabiting the southern Kuril Islands has been identified on the basis of computed Bravais correlation coefficients. This structure is represented by eight pleiades: fir forests with Abies sachalinensis; spruce forests with Picea ajanensis; Sasa senanensis thickets (Shikotan Island); elm–maple forests with Acer ukurunduense and Acer mayrii (Kunashir Island); maple–oak forests with Acer mayrii and Quercus crispula (Iturup Island); Juniperus sargentii thickets (Shikotan Island) and communities with Pinus pumila (Iturup and Kunashir Islands); and alder–birch phytocoenoses, reed–tall-grass and coastal meadows, and ruderal vegetation. The species diversity of plants is determined by local species of East Asian origin. The amphipacific group manifested along the coastline demonstrates the affinity of local species and the North American flora. The proportion of foreign species increases on disturbed sites. Indigenous phytocoenoses are represented by fir and spruce forests, as well as Pinus pumila and Juniperussargentii thickets in the mountains and on the rocks. Under the impact of unfavorable factors, indigenous groups are replaced by birch forests with Betula ermanii and secondary meadows, including ruderal–forb–gramineous coenoses; felling and fire sites are overgrowing with bamboo thickets with Sasa senanensis. Preliminary estimates indicate that the share of disturbed lands on Shikotan reaches 40%, including 30% disturbed by anthropogenic impacts and 10% due to natural factors. On Kunashir, proportions of these lands amount to 16 and 17%, respectively, and, on Iturup, 23 and 16%. It is shown that Sasa senanensis thickets, despite their secondary nature, play a key role in preventing the further degradation of natural complexes, soil erosion, and exogenous geological processes.
{"title":"Transformations of the Vegetation Cover on the Southern Kuril Islands under the Impact of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors","authors":"M. G. Opekunova, A. R. Nikulina, A. Yu. Opekunov, I. Yu. Arestova, V. V. Somov, S. Yu. Kukushkin, S. A. Lisenkov","doi":"10.1134/s1995425524700227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425524700227","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The modern typological structure of vegetation inhabiting the southern Kuril Islands has been identified on the basis of computed Bravais correlation coefficients. This structure is represented by eight pleiades: fir forests with <i>Abies sachalinensis;</i> spruce forests with <i>Picea ajanensis; Sasa senanensi</i>s thickets (Shikotan Island); elm–maple forests with <i>Acer ukurunduense</i> and <i>Acer mayrii</i> (Kunashir Island); maple–oak forests with <i>Acer mayrii</i> and <i>Quercus crispula</i> (Iturup Island); <i>Juniperus sargentii</i> thickets (Shikotan Island) and communities with <i>Pinus pumila</i> (Iturup and Kunashir Islands); and alder–birch phytocoenoses, reed–tall-grass and coastal meadows, and ruderal vegetation. The species diversity of plants is determined by local species of East Asian origin. The amphipacific group manifested along the coastline demonstrates the affinity of local species and the North American flora. The proportion of foreign species increases on disturbed sites. Indigenous phytocoenoses are represented by fir and spruce forests, as well as <i>Pinus pumila</i> and <i>Juniperus</i> <i>sargentii</i> thickets in the mountains and on the rocks. Under the impact of unfavorable factors, indigenous groups are replaced by birch forests with <i>Betula ermanii</i> and secondary meadows, including ruderal–forb–gramineous coenoses; felling and fire sites are overgrowing with bamboo thickets with <i>Sasa senanensis</i>. Preliminary estimates indicate that the share of disturbed lands on Shikotan reaches 40%, including 30% disturbed by anthropogenic impacts and 10% due to natural factors. On Kunashir, proportions of these lands amount to 16 and 17%, respectively, and, on Iturup, 23 and 16%. It is shown that <i>Sasa senanensis</i> thickets, despite their secondary nature, play a key role in preventing the further degradation of natural complexes, soil erosion, and exogenous geological processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141255884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1134/s1995425524700252
S. G. Kopysov, A. O. Eliseev
Abstract
The spatial divergence of climatic changes necessitates the creation of predictive models of the state of vegetation cover. Our proposed solution for the spatial modeling of the biological productivity of natural ecosystems creates the basis for a further quantitative assessment of the potential absorption of CO2, which is currently considered one of the most urgent environmental issues. In the proposed work, using the methods of geoanalysis of growing conditions, an original technology for modeling the potential spread of biocenoses and their productivity has been developed, reflecting the internal attractor of the development of biocenoses under the influence of local hydrological and climatic conditions of their growth. The methodology was implemented for the southeast of Western Siberia within the framework of publicly available GIS Saga based on a digital terrain model and data from the WorldClim 2.0 climate reanalysis. To forecast data for the period of the third decade of the 21st century, V.V. Paromov’s regional climate forecast was used on the basis of an adaptive model—the exponential smoothing method. The verification of the simulation results was carried out on the basis of the Productivity of Ecosystems of Northern Eurasia database. As a result, spatially distributed data were obtained in the form of rasters with high spatial resolution for the average long-term potential bioproductivity according to reanalysis data for 1970–2000 and predicted data for 2021–2030. Both positive and negative trends of potential bioproductivity for various natural zones of the southeast of Western Siberia due to the spatial divergence of changes in heat and energy resources and precipitation over the territory have been revealed. In general, warming in sufficiently drained areas contributes to an increase in the biological productivity of agro and biocenoses and, in hydromorphic areas, to a decrease.
{"title":"Assessing Hydrological and Climate Conditional Productivity of Ecosystems in the Southeast of Western Siberia","authors":"S. G. Kopysov, A. O. Eliseev","doi":"10.1134/s1995425524700252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425524700252","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The spatial divergence of climatic changes necessitates the creation of predictive models of the state of vegetation cover. Our proposed solution for the spatial modeling of the biological productivity of natural ecosystems creates the basis for a further quantitative assessment of the potential absorption of CO<sub>2</sub>, which is currently considered one of the most urgent environmental issues. In the proposed work, using the methods of geoanalysis of growing conditions, an original technology for modeling the potential spread of biocenoses and their productivity has been developed, reflecting the internal attractor of the development of biocenoses under the influence of local hydrological and climatic conditions of their growth. The methodology was implemented for the southeast of Western Siberia within the framework of publicly available GIS Saga based on a digital terrain model and data from the WorldClim 2.0 climate reanalysis. To forecast data for the period of the third decade of the 21st century, V.V. Paromov’s regional climate forecast was used on the basis of an adaptive model—the exponential smoothing method. The verification of the simulation results was carried out on the basis of the Productivity of Ecosystems of Northern Eurasia database. As a result, spatially distributed data were obtained in the form of rasters with high spatial resolution for the average long-term potential bioproductivity according to reanalysis data for 1970–2000 and predicted data for 2021–2030. Both positive and negative trends of potential bioproductivity for various natural zones of the southeast of Western Siberia due to the spatial divergence of changes in heat and energy resources and precipitation over the territory have been revealed. In general, warming in sufficiently drained areas contributes to an increase in the biological productivity of agro and biocenoses and, in hydromorphic areas, to a decrease.</p>","PeriodicalId":50619,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Problems of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141255778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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