The damage mechanisms in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites mainly include matrix cracking, interfacial delamination, and fiber fracture. Among them, matrix failure and crack propagation constitute the principal contributors to the nonlinear response observed in the uniaxial tensile stress–strain behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites, frequently precipitating premature structural failure. Therefore, accurate simulation of matrix damage progression in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites is crucial for predicting the failure behavior of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. To address these issues, this study employs a direct two-scale finite element modelling framework to concurrently analyze macro-scale structural responses and meso-scale mechanical behaviors under tensile, shear, and bending loading conditions. The damage evolution in the polymer matrix is simulated through a localized gradient damage model, implemented through user-defined material and user-defined thermal analogy subroutines in commercial finite element software within a thermo-mechanical coupling framework. Furthermore, fiber–matrix interfacial debonding is characterized using a bilinear cohesive zone model. The findings demonstrate that the present direct two-scale finite element method exhibits excellent agreement with direct numerical simulation in capturing the progressive damage evolution mechanisms of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. Moreover, this approach offers a computationally efficient and practical tool for the design and optimization of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites structures.
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