Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000343
{"title":"In Memoriam: Murray Grossman, EdD, MD: Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Mourns the Loss of a Leader in the Field.","authors":"","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000343","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000343","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9572192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000327
Howard S Kirshner
{"title":"All That Moves Us: A Pediatric Neurosurgeon, His Young Patients, and Their Stories of Grace and Resilience.","authors":"Howard S Kirshner","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000327","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000327","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9581790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000340
Andrew Ovakimyan, Neal A Patel, Nolan J Brown, Taylor Reardon, Gianna Fote, Julian Gendreau
Background: Given the sparse nature of acute mania or psychosis in primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI), physicians may not be aware of the association of these two entities.
Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the literature for the purpose of identifying all studies reporting mania and/or psychosis in individuals with PAI.
Method: We conducted a systematic review according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases from June 22, 1970 to June 22, 2021, for the purpose of identifying all studies reporting instances of mania or psychosis associated with PAI.
Results: We identified nine case reports featuring nine patients (M age = 43.3 years, male = 44.4%) over eight countries that fit our inclusion/exclusion criteria. Eight (89%) of the patients had experienced psychosis. Manic and/or psychotic symptom resolution was achieved in 100% of the cases, of which steroid replacement therapy was efficacious in seven (78%) cases and was sufficient in six (67%).
Conclusion: Acute mania and psychosis in the context of PAI is a very rare presentation of an already uncommon disease. Resolution of acute psychiatric change is reliably achieved with the correction of underlying adrenal insufficiency.
{"title":"Acute Mania and Psychosis in the Context of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Systematic Review of the Literature.","authors":"Andrew Ovakimyan, Neal A Patel, Nolan J Brown, Taylor Reardon, Gianna Fote, Julian Gendreau","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000340","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Given the sparse nature of acute mania or psychosis in primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI), physicians may not be aware of the association of these two entities.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To conduct a systematic review of the literature for the purpose of identifying all studies reporting mania and/or psychosis in individuals with PAI.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a systematic review according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases from June 22, 1970 to June 22, 2021, for the purpose of identifying all studies reporting instances of mania or psychosis associated with PAI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified nine case reports featuring nine patients (M age = 43.3 years, male = 44.4%) over eight countries that fit our inclusion/exclusion criteria. Eight (89%) of the patients had experienced psychosis. Manic and/or psychotic symptom resolution was achieved in 100% of the cases, of which steroid replacement therapy was efficacious in seven (78%) cases and was sufficient in six (67%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Acute mania and psychosis in the context of PAI is a very rare presentation of an already uncommon disease. Resolution of acute psychiatric change is reliably achieved with the correction of underlying adrenal insufficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9582770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000341
Hella Thielen, Nora Tuts, Christophe Lafosse, Céline Raymond Gillebert
Background: Although subjective sensory hypersensitivity is prevalent after stroke, it is rarely recognized by health care providers, and its neural mechanisms are largely unknown.
Objective: To investigate the neuroanatomy of poststroke subjective sensory hypersensitivity as well as the sensory modalities in which subjective sensory hypersensitivity can occur by conducting both a systematic literature review and a multiple case study of patients with subjective sensory hypersensitivity.
Method: For the systematic review, we searched three databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) for empirical articles discussing the neuroanatomy of poststroke subjective sensory hypersensitivity in humans. We assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using the case reports critical appraisal tool and summarized the results using a qualitative synthesis. For the multiple case study, we administered a patient-friendly sensory sensitivity questionnaire to three individuals with a subacute right-hemispheric stroke and a matched control group and delineated brain lesions on a clinical brain scan.
Results: Our systematic literature search resulted in four studies (describing eight stroke patients), all of which linked poststroke subjective sensory hypersensitivity to insular lesions. The results of our multiple case study indicated that all three stroke patients reported an atypically high sensitivity to different sensory modalities. These patients' lesions overlapped with the right anterior insula, the claustrum, and the Rolandic operculum.
Conclusion: Both our systematic literature review and our multiple case study provide preliminary evidence for a role of the insula in poststroke subjective sensory hypersensitivity and suggest that poststroke subjective sensory hypersensitivity can occur in different sensory modalities.
背景:尽管主观感觉超敏反应在中风后很普遍,但它很少被卫生保健提供者所认识,其神经机制也在很大程度上不为人知。目的:通过系统的文献回顾和对主观感觉超敏患者的多病例研究,研究脑卒中后主观感觉超敏感的神经解剖学以及主观感觉超敏感性可能发生的感觉模式。方法:为了进行系统综述,我们在三个数据库(Web of Science、PubMed和Scopus)中搜索了讨论人类脑卒中后主观感觉超敏反应神经解剖学的实证文章。我们使用病例报告关键评估工具评估了纳入研究的方法学质量,并使用定性综合总结了结果。在多病例研究中,我们对三名亚急性右半球卒中患者和一个匹配的对照组进行了一份对患者友好的感觉敏感性问卷调查,并在临床脑部扫描中描绘了脑部病变。结果:我们的系统文献检索导致了四项研究(描述了八名中风患者),所有这些研究都将中风后主观感觉超敏反应与岛叶病变联系起来。我们的多病例研究结果表明,所有三名中风患者都报告了对不同感觉模式的异常高敏感性。这些患者的病变与右前脑岛、幽闭和Rolandic盖重叠。结论:我们的系统文献综述和多个病例研究都为脑岛在卒中后主观感觉超敏反应中的作用提供了初步证据,并表明卒中后主观感官超敏反应可能以不同的感觉模式发生。
{"title":"The Neuroanatomy of Poststroke Subjective Sensory Hypersensitivity.","authors":"Hella Thielen, Nora Tuts, Christophe Lafosse, Céline Raymond Gillebert","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000341","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although subjective sensory hypersensitivity is prevalent after stroke, it is rarely recognized by health care providers, and its neural mechanisms are largely unknown.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the neuroanatomy of poststroke subjective sensory hypersensitivity as well as the sensory modalities in which subjective sensory hypersensitivity can occur by conducting both a systematic literature review and a multiple case study of patients with subjective sensory hypersensitivity.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>For the systematic review, we searched three databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) for empirical articles discussing the neuroanatomy of poststroke subjective sensory hypersensitivity in humans. We assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using the case reports critical appraisal tool and summarized the results using a qualitative synthesis. For the multiple case study, we administered a patient-friendly sensory sensitivity questionnaire to three individuals with a subacute right-hemispheric stroke and a matched control group and delineated brain lesions on a clinical brain scan.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our systematic literature search resulted in four studies (describing eight stroke patients), all of which linked poststroke subjective sensory hypersensitivity to insular lesions. The results of our multiple case study indicated that all three stroke patients reported an atypically high sensitivity to different sensory modalities. These patients' lesions overlapped with the right anterior insula, the claustrum, and the Rolandic operculum.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both our systematic literature review and our multiple case study provide preliminary evidence for a role of the insula in poststroke subjective sensory hypersensitivity and suggest that poststroke subjective sensory hypersensitivity can occur in different sensory modalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9635287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000331
Andy M Liu, Erin Koppel, Karen E Anderson
Background: Perseveration is one of the most debilitating symptoms of Huntington disease (HD).
Objective: To study perseveration and its relationship to comorbid behavioral symptoms, motor decline, functional decline, and subject self-report accuracy by analyzing cross-sectional data tracking individuals who have or are at risk for HD and healthy controls (HC).
Method: We studied 96 individuals from HD families and 35 HC who were either family controls or gene negative. We used χ 2 tests to compare patient demographic and survey outcomes data and to analyze the presence of obsessions and compulsions (OC), depression, and apathy relative to the presence of perseveration.
Results: Individuals with HD and perseveration had a higher presence of OC, depression, and apathy compared with individuals with HD of the same stages without perseveration (19%, 47.6%, and 47.6% vs 15%, 40%, and 25%, respectively). In addition, individuals in HD Stages 1-3 with higher motor scores (showing a later stage of disease) displayed a significantly higher rate of perseveration than the HC ( P = 0.0476; P = 0.0499, respectively). The presence of an informant resulted in a significantly higher rate of perseveration reporting for individuals in HD Stages 1 and 2 (41.2% and 53.8% with informant vs 23.5% and 11.1% without informant, respectively).
Conclusion: Perseveration was seen across all motor and functional stages for the individuals with HD, without significant differences between the different stages. Additionally, informants were beneficial to obtaining accurate patient reports of perseveration. These findings should prove useful for physician evaluation and treatment considerations.
{"title":"Understanding the Relationship Between Perseveration, Comorbid Behavioral Symptoms, Motor Decline, Functional Decline, and Self-report Accuracy in Huntington Disease Can Help Inform Clinical Practice.","authors":"Andy M Liu, Erin Koppel, Karen E Anderson","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000331","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Perseveration is one of the most debilitating symptoms of Huntington disease (HD).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To study perseveration and its relationship to comorbid behavioral symptoms, motor decline, functional decline, and subject self-report accuracy by analyzing cross-sectional data tracking individuals who have or are at risk for HD and healthy controls (HC).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We studied 96 individuals from HD families and 35 HC who were either family controls or gene negative. We used χ 2 tests to compare patient demographic and survey outcomes data and to analyze the presence of obsessions and compulsions (OC), depression, and apathy relative to the presence of perseveration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Individuals with HD and perseveration had a higher presence of OC, depression, and apathy compared with individuals with HD of the same stages without perseveration (19%, 47.6%, and 47.6% vs 15%, 40%, and 25%, respectively). In addition, individuals in HD Stages 1-3 with higher motor scores (showing a later stage of disease) displayed a significantly higher rate of perseveration than the HC ( P = 0.0476; P = 0.0499, respectively). The presence of an informant resulted in a significantly higher rate of perseveration reporting for individuals in HD Stages 1 and 2 (41.2% and 53.8% with informant vs 23.5% and 11.1% without informant, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Perseveration was seen across all motor and functional stages for the individuals with HD, without significant differences between the different stages. Additionally, informants were beneficial to obtaining accurate patient reports of perseveration. These findings should prove useful for physician evaluation and treatment considerations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9584839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000333
Caroline O Nester, Christopher Malone, Catherine Munro, Nancy Madigan, Sara Hoffschmidt, Joan Sweeney, Tyler Zink, Margaret O'Connor
Background: Health providers frequently probe patients' recall of current and/or remote news events to determine the extent of memory loss. Impaired memory for transient events (ie, in the news for a circumscribed time) may provide information regarding the onset of cognitive impairment.
Objective: To use the Transient News Events Test (TNET) to explore how memory changes over time in both older adults with cognitive impairment (CI) and noncognitively impaired (NCI) older adults. We also investigated the role of episodic and semantic memory on TNET performance.
Method: Sixty-seven older adults completed the TNET as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Analyses included t tests to evaluate group differences for TNET score and correlations between TNET and neuropsychological measures, including episodic and semantic memory tests.
Results: NCI adults demonstrated better memory for TNET items than adults with CI. The NCI and CI groups did not differ regarding memory for remote events; however, the CI group exhibited worse memory for recent events. There was a significant association between TNET score and the capacity for episodic and semantic memory in the CI group. In the NCI group, TNET score was significantly associated with episodic memory.
Conclusion: Findings support the use of transient news events to assess remote memories in older adults. Novel remote memory measures broaden the scope of memory assessment far beyond what is feasible with traditional neuropsychological assessment and may provide insight into the onset of memory changes.
{"title":"Memory for the News: Does Event Transience Matter?","authors":"Caroline O Nester, Christopher Malone, Catherine Munro, Nancy Madigan, Sara Hoffschmidt, Joan Sweeney, Tyler Zink, Margaret O'Connor","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000333","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health providers frequently probe patients' recall of current and/or remote news events to determine the extent of memory loss. Impaired memory for transient events (ie, in the news for a circumscribed time) may provide information regarding the onset of cognitive impairment.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To use the Transient News Events Test (TNET) to explore how memory changes over time in both older adults with cognitive impairment (CI) and noncognitively impaired (NCI) older adults. We also investigated the role of episodic and semantic memory on TNET performance.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Sixty-seven older adults completed the TNET as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Analyses included t tests to evaluate group differences for TNET score and correlations between TNET and neuropsychological measures, including episodic and semantic memory tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NCI adults demonstrated better memory for TNET items than adults with CI. The NCI and CI groups did not differ regarding memory for remote events; however, the CI group exhibited worse memory for recent events. There was a significant association between TNET score and the capacity for episodic and semantic memory in the CI group. In the NCI group, TNET score was significantly associated with episodic memory.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings support the use of transient news events to assess remote memories in older adults. Novel remote memory measures broaden the scope of memory assessment far beyond what is feasible with traditional neuropsychological assessment and may provide insight into the onset of memory changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9634713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000329
Luis A Sierra, Clementina J Ullman, Samuel A Frank, Simon Laganiere
Background: Diagnosis of manifest Huntington disease (HD) is based primarily on motor symptoms, but premanifest HD (preHD) is often associated with subtle cognitive decline. The Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning (LASSI-L) is a validated verbal learning test that can be used to detect early cognitive decline.
Objective: To determine the utility of the LASSI-L for detecting early cognitive decline in individuals with preHD and to compare the results of the LASSI-L with those of commonly used neuropsychological tests in HD.
Method: We administered the LASSI-L to 13 individuals with preHD and 13 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and education as part of a longitudinal study of disease progression. For comparison purposes, we administered the Mini-Mental State Examination; Stroop Color and Word Test; Symbol Digit Modalities Test; Trail-Making Test, Parts A and B; and category fluency (animals) task.
Results: Five of the seven sections on the LASSI-L captured group differences: Proactive Semantic Interference (PSI; P < 0.001), Failure to Recover From PSI ( P = 0.038), Retroactive Semantic Interference (RSI; P = 0.013), Delayed Recall ( P < 0.001), and B1 Cued Recall Intrusions ( P = 0.036). Using a false discovery rate of <0.05, PSI, RSI, and Delayed Recall remained significant.
Conclusion: The LASSI-L is a sensitive instrument for detecting early interference effects in individuals with preHD that outperforms commonly used neuropsychological tests. The LASSI-L could be a useful addition to clinical and research protocols involving individuals with preHD.
{"title":"Using the LASSI-L to Detect Robust Interference Effects in Premanifest Huntington Disease.","authors":"Luis A Sierra, Clementina J Ullman, Samuel A Frank, Simon Laganiere","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000329","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diagnosis of manifest Huntington disease (HD) is based primarily on motor symptoms, but premanifest HD (preHD) is often associated with subtle cognitive decline. The Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning (LASSI-L) is a validated verbal learning test that can be used to detect early cognitive decline.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the utility of the LASSI-L for detecting early cognitive decline in individuals with preHD and to compare the results of the LASSI-L with those of commonly used neuropsychological tests in HD.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We administered the LASSI-L to 13 individuals with preHD and 13 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and education as part of a longitudinal study of disease progression. For comparison purposes, we administered the Mini-Mental State Examination; Stroop Color and Word Test; Symbol Digit Modalities Test; Trail-Making Test, Parts A and B; and category fluency (animals) task.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five of the seven sections on the LASSI-L captured group differences: Proactive Semantic Interference (PSI; P < 0.001), Failure to Recover From PSI ( P = 0.038), Retroactive Semantic Interference (RSI; P = 0.013), Delayed Recall ( P < 0.001), and B1 Cued Recall Intrusions ( P = 0.036). Using a false discovery rate of <0.05, PSI, RSI, and Delayed Recall remained significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The LASSI-L is a sensitive instrument for detecting early interference effects in individuals with preHD that outperforms commonly used neuropsychological tests. The LASSI-L could be a useful addition to clinical and research protocols involving individuals with preHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9953067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000337
Christopher R Madan
Episodic memory, the ability to remember specific events from one's personal past, has been the subject of research for several decades, with a particular emphasis on its relationship with consciousness. In the December 2022 issue of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology , Budson, Richman, and Kensinger shed new light on this complex topic with a comprehensive exploration of consciousness. In this commentary, I present three propositions about the relationship between episodic memory and consciousness: (1) Episodic memory is usually associated with conscious retrieval; (2) it is possible to have consciousness without episodic memory; and (3) episodic memory can be accessed without conscious retrieval. Drawing from studies conducted with nonhuman animals, I provide evidence to support each of these propositions and discuss how they relate to the theory presented by Budson et al (2000). Although some of my propositions differ from their views, their work has been valuable in stimulating ongoing discussions to advance our understanding of memory.
{"title":"Memory and Consciousness-Usually in Tandem but Sometimes Apart.","authors":"Christopher R Madan","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000337","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Episodic memory, the ability to remember specific events from one's personal past, has been the subject of research for several decades, with a particular emphasis on its relationship with consciousness. In the December 2022 issue of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology , Budson, Richman, and Kensinger shed new light on this complex topic with a comprehensive exploration of consciousness. In this commentary, I present three propositions about the relationship between episodic memory and consciousness: (1) Episodic memory is usually associated with conscious retrieval; (2) it is possible to have consciousness without episodic memory; and (3) episodic memory can be accessed without conscious retrieval. Drawing from studies conducted with nonhuman animals, I provide evidence to support each of these propositions and discuss how they relate to the theory presented by Budson et al (2000). Although some of my propositions differ from their views, their work has been valuable in stimulating ongoing discussions to advance our understanding of memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10226462/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9580077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000334
McKenzie B Wallace, Amy N Costa, Bradley J Ferguson, Megan A Carey, Chloe Rzeppa, Briana M Kille, David R Drysdale, Briann E Sutton, Brianne H Shuler, Ryan P Johnson, Elizabeth P Kwenda, Jamie Hadley, Whitney Snyders, David Q Beversdorf
Background: The ability of the autonomic nervous system's stress response to impair aspects of cognitive flexibility is known. However, the ability to modulate the sympathetic response and improve these cognitive impairments via nonpharmacological intervention, such as paced breathing (PB), requires further investigation.
Objective: To better elucidate the effects of PB on cognition.
Method: We employed a PB protocol in a total of 52 healthy men and women and measured performance on convergent and divergent cognitive tasks, perceived stress, and physiological measures (eg, blood pressure, heart rate). Participants attended two experimental sessions consisting of either PB or normal breathing followed by cognitive assessments including convergent (compound remote associate, anagram) and divergent (alternate use, fluency) tasks. Experiment 2 consisted of more difficult versions of cognitive tasks compared with Experiment 1.
Results: In Experiment 1, PB significantly reduced the female participants' systolic and diastolic blood pressure immediately after the breathing protocol without affecting their cognition. In Experiment 2, PB significantly reduced perceived stress immediately after the breathing protocol, regardless of sex. There was no effect on cognition in Experiment 2, but a correlation was observed between perceived stress change and anagram number solved change.
Conclusion: While PB modulates sympathetic activity in females, there was a lack of improvement in cognitive flexibility performance. At least for a single trial of PB, cognitive flexibility did not improve.
{"title":"Pilot Study of the Effects of Paced Breathing on Measures of Convergent and Divergent Thinking.","authors":"McKenzie B Wallace, Amy N Costa, Bradley J Ferguson, Megan A Carey, Chloe Rzeppa, Briana M Kille, David R Drysdale, Briann E Sutton, Brianne H Shuler, Ryan P Johnson, Elizabeth P Kwenda, Jamie Hadley, Whitney Snyders, David Q Beversdorf","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000334","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The ability of the autonomic nervous system's stress response to impair aspects of cognitive flexibility is known. However, the ability to modulate the sympathetic response and improve these cognitive impairments via nonpharmacological intervention, such as paced breathing (PB), requires further investigation.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To better elucidate the effects of PB on cognition.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We employed a PB protocol in a total of 52 healthy men and women and measured performance on convergent and divergent cognitive tasks, perceived stress, and physiological measures (eg, blood pressure, heart rate). Participants attended two experimental sessions consisting of either PB or normal breathing followed by cognitive assessments including convergent (compound remote associate, anagram) and divergent (alternate use, fluency) tasks. Experiment 2 consisted of more difficult versions of cognitive tasks compared with Experiment 1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In Experiment 1, PB significantly reduced the female participants' systolic and diastolic blood pressure immediately after the breathing protocol without affecting their cognition. In Experiment 2, PB significantly reduced perceived stress immediately after the breathing protocol, regardless of sex. There was no effect on cognition in Experiment 2, but a correlation was observed between perceived stress change and anagram number solved change.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While PB modulates sympathetic activity in females, there was a lack of improvement in cognitive flexibility performance. At least for a single trial of PB, cognitive flexibility did not improve.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9605384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000320
Esin Ozdeniz Varan, Hakan Gurvit
Background: Studies have reported an increase in the incidence of impulse control disorders (ICDs) in patient groups treated with dopamine agonists (DAAs), especially in Parkinson disease (PD). However, very few studies have reported on ICDs in individuals with a prolactinoma who were treated with DAAs.
Objective: To see whether a DAA by itself causes ICDs in individuals with a prolactinoma by controlling the susceptibility to impulsivity by excluding individuals with other risk factors for ICDs.
Method: We compared the performance of 31 individuals with a prolactinoma receiving DAA therapy (DAA+) on various behavioral scales and the Iowa gambling task (IGT), a neuropsychological instrument that measures risky decision-making, with the performance of 20 individuals with a prolactinoma who were not on DAA therapy (DAA-) and 30 healthy controls (HC).
Results: There was no significant difference among the groups concerning performance on the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale-V, Minnesota Impulse Disorders Interview, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, or IGT. No correlation was found between the scores on these scales and the duration or dose of DAA in the DAA+ group. The incidence of ICDs was 25.8% in the DAA+ group, 15% in the DAA- group, and 16.7% in the HC. The differences among the groups did not reach statistical significance.
Conclusion: Individuals who are under treatment with low-dose, D 2 -selective DAAs for a prolactinoma do not face an increased risk for ICDs, especially when they are carefully screened for any psychiatric comorbidity that may also display impulsivity.
{"title":"Effect of Dopaminergic Therapy on Impulse Control Disorders in Patients With a Prolactinoma.","authors":"Esin Ozdeniz Varan, Hakan Gurvit","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000320","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Studies have reported an increase in the incidence of impulse control disorders (ICDs) in patient groups treated with dopamine agonists (DAAs), especially in Parkinson disease (PD). However, very few studies have reported on ICDs in individuals with a prolactinoma who were treated with DAAs.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To see whether a DAA by itself causes ICDs in individuals with a prolactinoma by controlling the susceptibility to impulsivity by excluding individuals with other risk factors for ICDs.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We compared the performance of 31 individuals with a prolactinoma receiving DAA therapy (DAA+) on various behavioral scales and the Iowa gambling task (IGT), a neuropsychological instrument that measures risky decision-making, with the performance of 20 individuals with a prolactinoma who were not on DAA therapy (DAA-) and 30 healthy controls (HC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference among the groups concerning performance on the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale-V, Minnesota Impulse Disorders Interview, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, or IGT. No correlation was found between the scores on these scales and the duration or dose of DAA in the DAA+ group. The incidence of ICDs was 25.8% in the DAA+ group, 15% in the DAA- group, and 16.7% in the HC. The differences among the groups did not reach statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Individuals who are under treatment with low-dose, D 2 -selective DAAs for a prolactinoma do not face an increased risk for ICDs, especially when they are carefully screened for any psychiatric comorbidity that may also display impulsivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10517804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}