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Systems approaches to the use of underground space in urban environments 在城市环境中使用地下空间的系统方法
IF 1.8 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/10286608.2022.2153124
T. Rodriguez-Nikl
Urban areas are coming under ever increasing strain.The population of urban areas has been steadily increasing over the last decades. For instance, as is shown in Figure 1, the proportion of urban dwellers has increased from 30% in 1950 to 55% in 2018 and is projected to rise to 68% by 2050. The rate of urbanisation is even more pronounced in less developed countries (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division 2018a). Furthermore, the urban population is increasingly concentrating into so-called megacities, i.e., ‘urban agglomerations’ with 10 million or more residents; the proportion of urban residents residing in megacities has increased from 3% in 1950 to 12% in 2015 and is expected to grow to 16% in 2035 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division 2018b, 55, and 2018c). Because urban infrastructure is difficult to modify, as urban areas grow, new development must fit into the existing urban fabric. Moreover, as density increases, space will become more difficult to come by, requiring new ways of meeting the needs of urban dwellers. At a global scale, there is an increasing need to reduce resource use across all economic sectors, and disasters are increasing in frequency and their social and economic consequences. On top of this, the increased complexity and interdependency of infrastructure systems increases the chances of cascading infrastructure failures.
城市地区正承受着越来越大的压力。在过去的几十年里,城市地区的人口一直在稳步增长。例如,如图1所示,城市居民的比例从1950年的30%上升到2018年的55%,预计到2050年将上升到68%。城市化率在欠发达国家更为明显(联合国,经济和社会事务部,人口司2018a)。此外,城市人口越来越多地集中到所谓的特大城市,即拥有1000万或更多居民的“城市群”;居住在特大城市的城市居民比例从1950年的3%增加到2015年的12%,预计到2035年将增长到16%(联合国,经济和社会事务部,人口司2018b, 55和2018c)。由于城市基础设施难以改造,随着城市地区的发展,新的开发项目必须适应现有的城市结构。此外,随着人口密度的增加,空间将变得更加难以获得,这就需要新的方式来满足城市居民的需求。在全球范围内,越来越需要减少所有经济部门的资源使用,灾害的频率及其社会和经济后果正在增加。最重要的是,基础设施系统的复杂性和相互依赖性的增加增加了级联基础设施故障的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Human settlements arranged as networks of regenerative villages with nature-based infrastructure ecosystems 以自然为基础的基础设施生态系统,将人类住区安排为可再生村庄网络
IF 1.8 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/10286608.2022.2128341
Steven Liaros, Nilmini De Silva
ABSTRACT Civil infrastructures have historically been developed as highly centralised, extensive, and complicated systems. Electricity, water, buildings, transport networks, and communication systems are each delivered separately. Recent advancements in the development of energy micro-grids have opened the possibility of localised, intensive, and complex, nature-based infrastructure ecosystems. Designed at the scale of a village, such systems would integrate different types of infrastructure. For example, an energy micro-grid can provide electricity to buildings, power electric vehicles and cycle water through a precinct. In turn, the water system can store energy and irrigate a diverse, regenerative food system. Providing housing close to food production reduces transport costs, supply chain losses and packaging. The significant land area required for each village would result in a dispersal of populations, creating networks of villages, each with integrated infrastructure ecosystems. This challenges the orthodoxy in town planning and regional economics that accepts ever-increasing urbanisation. To synthesise ideas developed in different disciplines we adopt the epistemology of consilience. That is, a conclusion can be confirmed when different disciplines arrive at that same position. We show that literature in town planning, regional economics, ecological economics, and public health all support the argument for dispersal reached through civil engineering systems.
民用基础设施在历史上一直是高度集中、广泛和复杂的系统。电力、水、建筑、交通网络和通信系统都是分开交付的。能源微电网发展的最新进展开启了本地化、集约化和复杂的、基于自然的基础设施生态系统的可能性。按照村庄的规模设计,这样的系统将整合不同类型的基础设施。例如,能源微电网可以为建筑物供电,为电动汽车提供动力,并通过一个区域循环用水。反过来,水系统可以储存能量,灌溉一个多样化的、可再生的粮食系统。提供靠近粮食生产的住房可以降低运输成本、供应链损失和包装。每个村庄所需的大量土地面积将导致人口分散,形成村庄网络,每个村庄都有综合的基础设施生态系统。这挑战了正统的城市规划和区域经济学,它们接受不断增长的城市化。为了综合不同学科中发展起来的思想,我们采用了一致性认识论。也就是说,当不同学科到达同一位置时,可以确认一个结论。我们发现,城镇规划、区域经济学、生态经济学和公共卫生方面的文献都支持通过土木工程系统实现扩散的论点。
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引用次数: 1
Local public right of way for surface and subsurface resource integration 地表与地下资源整合的地方公共通行权
IF 1.8 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2022-09-16 DOI: 10.1080/10286608.2022.2095371
T. Matthews, D. Laefer
ABSTRACT A utilidor is a ‘system of systems’ infrastructural solution to the ‘subsurface spaghetti’ problem resulting from direct burial of utility transmission infrastructure beneath the public right of way (PROW). The transition from direct burial to utilidors in older, dense American cities has generally not occurred, despite the potential to increase system performance in a long-term, financially and environmentally sustainable manner, because it would require reform of local planning practices and of utility pricing to support financing within a complex regulatory system. Utilidor adoption in New York City (NYC) would be a significant local infrastructure transition, amplifying the need for locality-based research, that would occur while each utility sector undergoes its own infrastructure transitions, thereby increasing the level of regulatory complexity. This paper applies transitions analysis, recursive collective action theory, and capacity to act analysis to NYC’s experience with its PROW subsurface spaghetti problem and utilidor implementation to demonstrate a place-based methodology that identifies specific sources of resistance to innovative subsurface design and feasible pathways for resolving them. This methodology would be transferable for application to other American cities or classes of American cities to supplement the limits of generalised subsurface and subsurface resource integration research for practitioner application.
公用事业管道是一种“系统的系统”基础设施解决方案,用于解决“地下意大利面”问题,这是由于公用事业传输基础设施直接埋在公共路权(PROW)下方造成的。在美国人口密集的老城市,从直接掩埋到公用事业的转变通常没有发生,尽管有可能以长期、财政和环境可持续的方式提高系统性能,因为这需要改革地方规划实践和公用事业定价,以支持复杂监管体系内的融资。在纽约市,公用事业公司的采用将是一个重大的地方基础设施转型,扩大了对基于地区的研究的需求,这将在每个公用事业部门经历自己的基础设施转型时发生,从而增加了监管的复杂性。本文将过渡分析、递归集体行动理论和行动能力分析应用于纽约市的PROW地下面条问题和公用事业实施的经验,以展示一种基于地点的方法,该方法确定了创新地下设计的具体阻力来源和解决这些问题的可行途径。该方法可推广应用于美国其他城市或类别的城市,以补充一般性地下和地下资源整合研究的局限性,供实践者应用。
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引用次数: 0
Getting into shape and avoiding the apocalypse 保持身材,避免世界末日
IF 1.8 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10286608.2022.2121819
P. Jowitt
ABSTRACT We are in the Systems Age of development and facing a number of related critical issues at a range of temporal and physical scales. These now threaten the world’s environment and the human race’s place in it. This paper discusses the array of problems involved and the need to tackle them at the systems level, to identify sustainable solutions and resilience measures to avoid large scale undesirable outcomes. There is a need to avoid the usual conclusion after such events that ‘lessons must be learned’.
我们正处于发展的系统时代,面临着一系列时间和物理尺度上的相关关键问题。这些现在威胁着世界的环境和人类在其中的地位。本文讨论了所涉及的一系列问题以及在系统层面解决这些问题的必要性,以确定可持续的解决方案和弹性措施,以避免大规模的不良后果。有必要避免在此类事件发生后得出“必须吸取教训”的通常结论。
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引用次数: 1
It’s not just the climate that needs fixing 需要解决的不仅仅是气候问题
IF 1.8 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10286608.2022.2093348
J. Side
ABSTRACT In a world which is ‘hanging by a thread', or conversely ‘teetering on the brink', where ‘humanity stands at the precipice', systems thinking can offer clarity when confronted with the unwitting distraction of cliché riddled aphorisms. By the examination of the earth system, its externalities in relation to economic development and perspectives of our relationship to the global commons within the economy, within government and within the established literature, a series of propositions are developed. Some are used subsequently to offer explanation of current approaches to climate change; others highlight the obvious importance of systems thinking to the engineering professions. Finally, in a brief discussion, these propositions are used syllogistically to suggest that rationalism and universal self-interest will avoid irreversible climate change and its associated environmental apocalypse. Conflicting interests and self-interest, inter alia, within the global system of production and development suggest that the achievement of basic human rights and the UN Sustainable Development Goals, however rational and well supported, will prove rather more intractable.
在一个“悬在一线”的世界,或者反过来说,“在边缘摇摇欲坠”的世界,在“人类站在悬崖边”的世界里,系统思考可以在面对陈词滥调充斥的格言的无意识分心时提供清晰的思路。通过对地球系统及其与经济发展相关的外部性的研究,以及我们在经济、政府和现有文献中与全球公域关系的观点,我们提出了一系列命题。其中一些随后被用来解释当前应对气候变化的方法;其他人则强调了系统思维对工程专业的明显重要性。最后,在简短的讨论中,这些命题被三段论地用来表明理性主义和普遍的自利将避免不可逆转的气候变化及其相关的环境灾难。在全球生产和发展体系中,利益和自身利益的冲突,意味着实现基本人权和联合国可持续发展目标,无论多么合理和有充分的支持,都将变得更加棘手。
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引用次数: 1
Apocalypse? No! The need for systems engineering thinking to address global challenges and avert global crises 启示?不!需要系统工程思维来解决全球挑战和避免全球危机
IF 1.8 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10286608.2022.2129638
P. Jowitt, J. Side
be assigned to build greater resilience by intervention and future planning. Renowned for his work on systems engineering, Elms (2022) o ff ers clarity in the application of systems thinking to engineering problems. The paper sets out fi ve attributes which are criti-cal to systems engineering approaches: future facing, the stance or attitude, general skills, a range of ways of thinking and skills in tackling complex and novel systems problems. The paper develops each of these in detail before tackling the di ffi culties of human related hin-drances. Finally three case studies amplify the range of issues addressed and highlight suc-cesses and failures in given applications.
被指派通过干预和未来规划建立更大的复原力。Elms(2022)以其在系统工程方面的工作而闻名,为系统思维在工程问题中的应用提供了清晰的思路。本文列出了五个对系统工程方法至关重要的属性:面向未来、立场或态度、一般技能、一系列解决复杂和新颖系统问题的思维方式和技能。在处理与人类相关的障碍的困难之前,本文详细地发展了这些问题。最后,三个案例研究扩大了所解决问题的范围,并突出了特定应用中的成功和失败。
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引用次数: 0
A hazard-agnostic model for unpacking systemic impacts in urban systems 揭示城市系统系统性影响的风险不可知论模型
IF 1.8 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10286608.2022.2083112
L. Beevers, K. McClymont, M. Bedinger
ABSTRACT To add to the engineer’s toolkit for the twenty-first century challenges, we demonstrate a novel systems model for understanding urban impacts. The model captures interdependencies between different interconnected systems (or sectors, e.g. recreational services or public healthcare) in cities, from the tangible (e.g. resources such as roads) to the more intangible (e.g. outcomes such as the sustainable economy). The model is hazard-agnostic in that it can be modified to capture the impacts of different shocks on tangible parts of the system and how these cascade through to more abstract and high-level city tasks and outcomes. This paper demonstrates three hypothetical scenarios (a flood, drought, and pandemic) and their impacts on a generic UK city. Using the network analysis, impacts can be tracked and interpreted to help prioritise requirements for resilience-building. We propose this new tool be taken up and tested by others working to address global challenges such as the Sustainable Development Goals and grappling with the interconnectedness of urban systems.
为了增加工程师的工具包来应对21世纪的挑战,我们展示了一个新的系统模型来理解城市影响。该模型捕捉了城市中不同互联系统(或部门,如娱乐服务或公共医疗保健)之间的相互依赖关系,从有形的(如道路等资源)到更无形的(如可持续经济等成果)。该模型是危险不可知的,因为它可以被修改,以捕捉不同冲击对系统有形部分的影响,以及这些影响如何级联到更抽象和高层次的城市任务和结果。本文演示了三种假设情景(洪水、干旱和流行病)及其对普通英国城市的影响。使用网络分析,可以跟踪和解释影响,以帮助优先考虑恢复力建设的需求。我们建议其他致力于应对可持续发展目标等全球挑战和解决城市系统互联互通问题的机构采用和测试这一新工具。
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引用次数: 2
Avoiding apocalypse: clarity and collaboration 避免天启:清晰和协作
IF 1.8 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10286608.2022.2083114
D. Elms
ABSTRACT The world faces grave problems stemming from environmental issues, but apocalyptic disaster is not inevitable. The problems arise primarily from human failure to understand the issues and act collectively to deal with them. Any solution must therefore address human factors. This paper considers two: a lack of clarity in thought, aims and action, and the destructive nature of unconstrained conflict at all levels, particularly between groups of all sizes. The first can be helped by the discipline of systems engineering which aims to achieve clarity in complex situations, and the second can use the clarity of understanding to help groups interact while having an attitude of both collaboration and competition. Means of achieving clarity are discussed. Examples demonstrate how clarity has cut through difficult problems and also, in some detail, how, in a major project management situation, a clear-thinking approach brought normally competing groups to work together in such a way that they had to simultaneously collaborate and compete to the delight of the clients and the mutual benefit of all. It can be done and catastrophe avoided.
世界面临着由环境问题引起的严重问题,但世界末日的灾难并非不可避免。问题的产生主要是由于人类未能理解这些问题并采取集体行动来解决这些问题。因此,任何解决方案都必须解决人为因素。本文考虑了两点:缺乏清晰的思想、目标和行动,以及在所有层面上,特别是在各种规模的群体之间,不受约束的冲突的破坏性。第一个可以通过系统工程的学科来帮助,它旨在在复杂的情况下实现清晰度,第二个可以使用理解的清晰度来帮助团队互动,同时拥有合作和竞争的态度。讨论了实现清晰度的方法。举例说明了清晰是如何解决困难问题的,同时,在一些细节上,在一个重大的项目管理情况下,一个清晰的思维方法如何使通常竞争的团队以这样一种方式一起工作,他们必须同时合作和竞争,以取悦客户和所有人的共同利益。这是可以做到的,灾难是可以避免的。
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引用次数: 1
Systems thinking for water security 水安全的系统思考
IF 1.8 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10286608.2022.2108806
Xanthe K. Polaine, R. Dawson, C. Walsh, J. Amezaga, M. Peña-Varón, C. Lee, Sandhya Rao
ABSTRACT Water security covers a wide range of issues and risks to people, the natural and built environment, the economy, and interactions between these. This breadth creates an interconnected complexity and the potential for perceived intractability. Tackling water security meaningfully therefore requires a judgement in balancing the holistic nature of water security with reductionist understanding of key processes and elements. This paper demonstrates that systems thinking can be adapted to achieve this through different systems framings of water security, tailored to local context. Through four case studies, we show how systems thinking has been adapted and applied to fit the contextual analysis and management of multiple water security issues. We show how this approach has dissolved disciplinary and sectoral silos; changed the spatial scale at which water security is addressed; improved data acquisition and analysis to better understand relationships between sub-systems; and integrated socio-ecological issues of justice and power with more traditional bio-physical understandings of water security. This is an important step towards turning systems thinking into systems transformation and making the concept of water security actionable and accessible to policy, planning, and practice.
水安全涵盖了广泛的问题和风险,涉及人类、自然和建筑环境、经济以及它们之间的相互作用。这种广度创造了一种相互关联的复杂性和潜在的可感知的棘手性。因此,有意义地解决水安全问题需要在平衡水安全的整体性质与对关键过程和要素的简化理解之间作出判断。本文表明,系统思维可以通过适合当地情况的不同水安全系统框架来实现这一目标。通过四个案例研究,我们展示了系统思维如何被适应和应用于多种水安全问题的情境分析和管理。我们展示了这种方法如何消除了学科和部门的藩篱;改变了解决水安全问题的空间尺度;改进数据采集和分析,以更好地理解子系统之间的关系;并将正义和权力的社会生态问题与更传统的水安全生物物理理解结合起来。这是朝着将系统思维转化为系统变革、使水安全概念具有可操作性和可用于政策、规划和实践的方向迈出的重要一步。
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引用次数: 1
Intelligent identification of soil and operation parameters in mechanised tunnelling by a hybrid model of artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (case study: Tabriz Metro Line 2) 基于人工神经网络-遗传算法混合模型的机械化隧道土体与施工参数智能识别(以大不里士地铁2号线为例)
IF 1.8 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.1080/10286608.2022.2075857
L. Nikakhtar, S. Zare, Hossein Mirzaei Nasirabad
ABSTRACT In this article, the ability of the artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) to perform back analysis and predict maximum surface settlement in mechanised tunnelling is investigated. The required data of the ANN meta-model was generated using 150 three-dimensional finite-difference simulations. The global sensitivity analysis was performed on 19 parameters, including 17 geotechnical parameters of soil layers and 2 operational parameters of face pressure and grouting pressure. The predicted results using ANN were in good agreement with the numerical simulations so that R = 99% and rRMSE = 1.5% are obtained. Then, back analysis was performed using the ANN-GA hybrid algorithm and the geotechnical data of the monitoring point were updated using the maximum surface settlement monitored at this point. Also, for the geotechnical parameters considered in the design phase, using the same algorithm, the number of operational parameters required for optimal settlement was predicted.
摘要本文研究了人工神经网络遗传算法(ANN-GA)在机械化隧道掘进中进行反分析和预测最大地表沉降的能力。通过150次三维有限差分模拟生成了人工神经网络元模型所需的数据。对19个参数进行全局敏感性分析,包括17个土层岩土参数和2个工作面压力和注浆压力操作参数。人工神经网络预测结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好,R = 99%, rRMSE = 1.5%。然后,采用ANN-GA混合算法进行反分析,并利用监测点监测到的地表最大沉降量更新监测点岩土工程数据。对于设计阶段考虑的岩土参数,采用相同的算法,预测了最优沉降所需的运行参数数量。
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引用次数: 2
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Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems
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