Museum collections are critical resources for examination of comparative anatomy, developmental biology, and life history hypotheses. Skeletal collections provide insight into spatiotemporal, species, population, and individual variation associated with environmental, social, and epidemiological history. For endangered species such as great apes, these collections provide data nearly impossible to replicate today. In this third in a series of articles reviewing the great ape holdings of the Yale Peabody Museum, we describe the Pongo skeletal collection. Nine catalog numbers in the collection represent nine individuals: two males, five females, and two individuals of indeterminate sex. Evidence of trauma, socioecology, metabolic stressors, infectious disease, and captive management issues are described in detail. The collection exhibits taxonomic diversity as well, with two species present. Our evaluation of the Yale Peabody Museum collection provides a baseline for future research and testable hypotheses for alternate techniques, such as isotopic analyses of dental calculus and noninvasive genetic testing. Museum collections continue to provide new insights into taxonomic and individual variation and environmental context, ultimately allowing for comparisons between modern and historical environmental and behavioral variables.
{"title":"Inventory and Assessment of the Pongo (Linnaeus, 1760) Skeletal Collection Housed at the Yale Peabody Museum","authors":"Katharine Walls, Gary P. Aronsen","doi":"10.3374/014.064.0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.064.0201","url":null,"abstract":"Museum collections are critical resources for examination of comparative anatomy, developmental biology, and life history hypotheses. Skeletal collections provide insight into spatiotemporal, species, population, and individual variation associated with environmental, social, and epidemiological history. For endangered species such as great apes, these collections provide data nearly impossible to replicate today. In this third in a series of articles reviewing the great ape holdings of the Yale Peabody Museum, we describe the Pongo skeletal collection. Nine catalog numbers in the collection represent nine individuals: two males, five females, and two individuals of indeterminate sex. Evidence of trauma, socioecology, metabolic stressors, infectious disease, and captive management issues are described in detail. The collection exhibits taxonomic diversity as well, with two species present. Our evaluation of the Yale Peabody Museum collection provides a baseline for future research and testable hypotheses for alternate techniques, such as isotopic analyses of dental calculus and noninvasive genetic testing. Museum collections continue to provide new insights into taxonomic and individual variation and environmental context, ultimately allowing for comparisons between modern and historical environmental and behavioral variables.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136295846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Jenkins, Dalton L. Meyer, Bhart‐Anjan S. Bhullar
Abstract Here we describe the “lost” holotype of Chamasaurus dolichognathus from the Permo-Carboniferous Cutler Group of El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico, USA. While C. dolichognathus has been suggested to be either an amniote or amphibian, we conclude that it is more likely a part of pan-Amniota. We also observe that there is little diagnostic material that would assign this specimen to a more specific clade, although the moderate degree of basal tooth infolding could prove to be of diagnostic utility if additional specimens are discovered. However, we declare the species as nomen dubium until such specimens are found.
{"title":"Lost and Found: Redescription of Chamasaurus dolichognathus Williston 1915 from the Permo-Carboniferous of New Mexico","authors":"K. Jenkins, Dalton L. Meyer, Bhart‐Anjan S. Bhullar","doi":"10.3374/014.064.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.064.0101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Here we describe the “lost” holotype of Chamasaurus dolichognathus from the Permo-Carboniferous Cutler Group of El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico, USA. While C. dolichognathus has been suggested to be either an amniote or amphibian, we conclude that it is more likely a part of pan-Amniota. We also observe that there is little diagnostic material that would assign this specimen to a more specific clade, although the moderate degree of basal tooth infolding could prove to be of diagnostic utility if additional specimens are discovered. However, we declare the species as nomen dubium until such specimens are found.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":"64 1","pages":"3 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41633195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew R. Thomas, R. Blanton, Ava Ghezelayagh, T. Near
Abstract The Kentucky Arrow Darter, Etheostoma spilotum, endemic to the upper Kentucky River basin of eastern Kentucky, is redescribed and recognized as a distinct species closely related to E. sagitta in the upper Cumberland River basin and E. nianguae in the Osage River drainage (Missouri River basin). Originally described as a subspecies of E. nianguae, it was later considered a full species and then a subspecies of E. sagitta, based on close geographic proximity to Cumberland basin populations and overlapping meristic variation interpreted as character intergradation. We present meristic, morphometric, and genetic data that support species-level recognition of E. spilotum. It differs from E. sagitta by lower counts of total and pored lateral scales, lower counts of caudal peduncle scales, fewer second dorsal-fin rays, and fewer pectoral-fin rays. Interspecific divergence of E. spilotum and E. sagitta is further demonstrated through analyses of variation in the mitochondrial nd2 gene and species delimitation using genome-wide double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing. Although allopatrically distributed, both species inhabit upland headwater streams on the Cumberland Plateau and have similar life history characteristics. Endemism, fragmented distributions, and low densities and genetic diversity within populations make these species extremely vulnerable to anthropogenic activities. Etheostoma spilotum was federally listed as threatened in 2016 due to degradation of stream habitat and water quality in the upper Kentucky basin that has eliminated the species from a significant portion of its range.
{"title":"Species-Level Recognition and Redescription of the Kentucky Arrow Darter, Etheostoma spilotum Gilbert (Percidae: litocara)","authors":"Matthew R. Thomas, R. Blanton, Ava Ghezelayagh, T. Near","doi":"10.3374/014.064.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.064.0103","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Kentucky Arrow Darter, Etheostoma spilotum, endemic to the upper Kentucky River basin of eastern Kentucky, is redescribed and recognized as a distinct species closely related to E. sagitta in the upper Cumberland River basin and E. nianguae in the Osage River drainage (Missouri River basin). Originally described as a subspecies of E. nianguae, it was later considered a full species and then a subspecies of E. sagitta, based on close geographic proximity to Cumberland basin populations and overlapping meristic variation interpreted as character intergradation. We present meristic, morphometric, and genetic data that support species-level recognition of E. spilotum. It differs from E. sagitta by lower counts of total and pored lateral scales, lower counts of caudal peduncle scales, fewer second dorsal-fin rays, and fewer pectoral-fin rays. Interspecific divergence of E. spilotum and E. sagitta is further demonstrated through analyses of variation in the mitochondrial nd2 gene and species delimitation using genome-wide double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing. Although allopatrically distributed, both species inhabit upland headwater streams on the Cumberland Plateau and have similar life history characteristics. Endemism, fragmented distributions, and low densities and genetic diversity within populations make these species extremely vulnerable to anthropogenic activities. Etheostoma spilotum was federally listed as threatened in 2016 due to degradation of stream habitat and water quality in the upper Kentucky basin that has eliminated the species from a significant portion of its range.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":"64 1","pages":"39 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69676336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Wood, Richard C. Harrington, Zachariah D. Alley, Matthew R. Thomas, Jeffrey W. Simmons, T. Near
Abstract Etheostoma xanthovum, the Clarks Darter, is described as a new species endemic to the Clarks River drainage in Kentucky and Tennessee, USA. Etheostoma xanthovum was previously recognized as Etheostoma oophylax based on morphological characters. Subsequent to the description of E. oophylax, molecular phylogenetic analyses consistently resolved specimens from the Clarks River drainage and E. chienense as sister species, which together formed a sister clade to all other sampled populations of E. oophylax. Our analyses of morphological trait data, mitochondrial DNA, and genomic sampling using double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing support the distinctiveness of E. xanthovum. Morphologically, E. xanthovum differs slightly from E. oophylax in the modal number of dorsal fin rays (12 versus 11) and in the average number of scale rows around the caudal peduncle (21.8 versus 20.4). Etheostoma xanthovum does not share mitochondrial DNA haplotypes with E. oophylax or E. chienense. Phylogenomic analysis of an average of 28,448 double digest restriction-site associated DNA loci per sampled specimen resolves E. xanthovum and E. chienense as sister species, and assessment of genomic divergence supports the hypothesis that each of these two species represents a distinct and independently evolving lineage. In addition, we report a range extension of E. oophylax in the Obion River drainage, a direct tributary of the Mississippi River.
{"title":"A New Species of Spottail Darter Endemic to the Clarks River in Kentucky and Tennessee (Percidae: Etheostomatinae: Etheostoma)","authors":"J. Wood, Richard C. Harrington, Zachariah D. Alley, Matthew R. Thomas, Jeffrey W. Simmons, T. Near","doi":"10.3374/014.064.0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.064.0102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Etheostoma xanthovum, the Clarks Darter, is described as a new species endemic to the Clarks River drainage in Kentucky and Tennessee, USA. Etheostoma xanthovum was previously recognized as Etheostoma oophylax based on morphological characters. Subsequent to the description of E. oophylax, molecular phylogenetic analyses consistently resolved specimens from the Clarks River drainage and E. chienense as sister species, which together formed a sister clade to all other sampled populations of E. oophylax. Our analyses of morphological trait data, mitochondrial DNA, and genomic sampling using double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing support the distinctiveness of E. xanthovum. Morphologically, E. xanthovum differs slightly from E. oophylax in the modal number of dorsal fin rays (12 versus 11) and in the average number of scale rows around the caudal peduncle (21.8 versus 20.4). Etheostoma xanthovum does not share mitochondrial DNA haplotypes with E. oophylax or E. chienense. Phylogenomic analysis of an average of 28,448 double digest restriction-site associated DNA loci per sampled specimen resolves E. xanthovum and E. chienense as sister species, and assessment of genomic divergence supports the hypothesis that each of these two species represents a distinct and independently evolving lineage. In addition, we report a range extension of E. oophylax in the Obion River drainage, a direct tributary of the Mississippi River.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":"64 1","pages":"11 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46215707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Dinosaur footprints often occur in Late Triassic–Early Jurassic continental sedimentary rocks. While many such tracks can readily be associated with the kinds of dinosaurs that made them, the makers of some footprints have been controversial. Large tridactyl (three-toed) footprints of the ichnogenus Eubrontes are thought by most paleontologists to have been made by theropod dinosaurs, but some workers think their makers were basal sauropodomorph (“prosauropod”) dinosaurs. The four-toed footprint Otozoum is usually interpreted as a prosauropod print, but some workers instead attribute it to an ornithischian (basal thyreophoran) dinosaur or even a pseudosuchian archosaur. These issues prompted us to do a new study of the proportions of the hindfeet of bipedal and potentially bipedal dinosaurs and other archosaurs, adding new measurements to previously available data. Foot skeletons of theropod dinosaurs differ from those of bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs in having relatively longer phalanges from the middle portions of toes, narrower phalanges, relatively shorter unguals, and a relatively shorter inner toe (digit I—but some members of both groups lose digit I altogether). Theropod feet differ from feet of prosauropods in having slightly narrower phalanges, relatively shorter unguals, and a relatively shorter digit I, but some smaller basal sauropodomorphs are harder to distinguish from theropods in these features. Feet of small to medium-sized ornithischians that retain digit I are very similar to those of most basal sauropodomorphs and also some pseudosuchians. Our results suggest that most (but perhaps not all) morphologically well-preserved Eubrontes are more likely to have been made by theropods than bipedal sauropodomorphs. It is more difficult to determine the most likely maker(s) of Otozoum.
{"title":"Pedal Skeletal Proportions of Bipedal and Potentially Bipedal Dinosaurs and Other Archosaurs: Interpreting the Makers of Early Mesozoic Footprints","authors":"J. Farlow, J. N. Lallensack, R. Müller, J. Hyatt","doi":"10.3374/014.063.0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.063.0201","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Dinosaur footprints often occur in Late Triassic–Early Jurassic continental sedimentary rocks. While many such tracks can readily be associated with the kinds of dinosaurs that made them, the makers of some footprints have been controversial. Large tridactyl (three-toed) footprints of the ichnogenus Eubrontes are thought by most paleontologists to have been made by theropod dinosaurs, but some workers think their makers were basal sauropodomorph (“prosauropod”) dinosaurs. The four-toed footprint Otozoum is usually interpreted as a prosauropod print, but some workers instead attribute it to an ornithischian (basal thyreophoran) dinosaur or even a pseudosuchian archosaur. These issues prompted us to do a new study of the proportions of the hindfeet of bipedal and potentially bipedal dinosaurs and other archosaurs, adding new measurements to previously available data. Foot skeletons of theropod dinosaurs differ from those of bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs in having relatively longer phalanges from the middle portions of toes, narrower phalanges, relatively shorter unguals, and a relatively shorter inner toe (digit I—but some members of both groups lose digit I altogether). Theropod feet differ from feet of prosauropods in having slightly narrower phalanges, relatively shorter unguals, and a relatively shorter digit I, but some smaller basal sauropodomorphs are harder to distinguish from theropods in these features. Feet of small to medium-sized ornithischians that retain digit I are very similar to those of most basal sauropodomorphs and also some pseudosuchians. Our results suggest that most (but perhaps not all) morphologically well-preserved Eubrontes are more likely to have been made by theropods than bipedal sauropodomorphs. It is more difficult to determine the most likely maker(s) of Otozoum.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":"63 1","pages":"33 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41594033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The endostoma of eurypterids is a small ventral structure previously known from only 11 specimens and in detail from only a single species, Eurypterus tetraganophthalmus. Four previously undescribed eurypterid specimens from the Samuel J. Ciurca Jr. Collection, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, likely belonging to Eurypterus, and a previously documented specimen of the pterygotid Acutiramus cummingsi in the New York State Museum, are considered here to reinterpret the morphology and homologies of the endostoma. We demonstrate that the endostoma is a bilateral, flaplike appendage, with distal margins bearing anteriorly facing setae. An anterior embayment and posterior medial notch are noted. The latter represents the point where the endostoma articulates with an oval sclerite. Here we propose that, contrary to previous interpretations, the endostoma is an appendage, likely of the seventh body segment, and is probably homologous to the xiphosuran chilaria. This has direct implications for the hypotheses of homology for the metastoma, a ventral structure common to eurypterids and chasmataspids.
摘要eurypterids的内瘘是一个小的腹侧结构，以前仅从11个标本中了解到，并且仅从单一物种Eurypterus tetraganophthalmus中详细了解。来自耶鲁皮博迪自然历史博物馆Samuel J. cirurca Jr.收藏的四个先前未被描述的欧翼龙标本，可能属于欧翼龙，以及纽约州博物馆中先前记录的翼龙Acutiramus cummingsi标本，在这里被认为是重新解释内膜瘤的形态和同源性。我们证明，内皮瘤是一个双侧，瓣状附属物，远端边缘承载前面向刚毛。可见前囊膜和后内侧切迹。后者表示内膜瘤与卵形巩膜相连的点。在这里，我们提出，与以往的解释相反，内膜瘤是一个附属物，可能是第七身体节，并可能是同源的剑蜥chilaria。这对转移瘤的同源性假设有直接的影响，转移瘤是一种腹侧结构，常见于泛蝶类和狭蛛类。
{"title":"The Eurypterid Endostoma and Its Homology with Other Chelicerate Structures","authors":"R. Plotnick, R. Bicknell","doi":"10.3374/014.063.0202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.063.0202","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The endostoma of eurypterids is a small ventral structure previously known from only 11 specimens and in detail from only a single species, Eurypterus tetraganophthalmus. Four previously undescribed eurypterid specimens from the Samuel J. Ciurca Jr. Collection, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, likely belonging to Eurypterus, and a previously documented specimen of the pterygotid Acutiramus cummingsi in the New York State Museum, are considered here to reinterpret the morphology and homologies of the endostoma. We demonstrate that the endostoma is a bilateral, flaplike appendage, with distal margins bearing anteriorly facing setae. An anterior embayment and posterior medial notch are noted. The latter represents the point where the endostoma articulates with an oval sclerite. Here we propose that, contrary to previous interpretations, the endostoma is an appendage, likely of the seventh body segment, and is probably homologous to the xiphosuran chilaria. This has direct implications for the hypotheses of homology for the metastoma, a ventral structure common to eurypterids and chasmataspids.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":"63 1","pages":"91 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45934316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Crustacea type specimens from the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842 present in the Yale Peabody Museum are reviewed and figured. These specimens are of historic and scientific value to the public and research communities. The five lots reviewed consist of a brachyuran crab, a caridean shrimp, and three lots of amphipods described by expedition member James D. Dana. Publishing on these accounts is an attempt to highlight these important specimens while complementing the publicly accessible collections data that is currently available.
{"title":"A Review of the United States Exploring Expedition Crustacea Type Specimens in the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History","authors":"Daniel J. Drew","doi":"10.3374/014.063.0203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.063.0203","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Crustacea type specimens from the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842 present in the Yale Peabody Museum are reviewed and figured. These specimens are of historic and scientific value to the public and research communities. The five lots reviewed consist of a brachyuran crab, a caridean shrimp, and three lots of amphipods described by expedition member James D. Dana. Publishing on these accounts is an attempt to highlight these important specimens while complementing the publicly accessible collections data that is currently available.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":"63 1","pages":"111 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47769983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We describe tooth implantation, replacement, and attachment in a specimen of the procolophonid Scoloparia glyphanodon. Though an earlier description of the specimen made mention of the dentary, splenial, and coronoid, we identify a small sliver of the angular that is also present. We observe two modes of tooth implantation (protothecodonty and acrodonty) and no tooth replacement, though it is likely teeth were added posteriorly over time. Previous interpretations of tooth implantation in procolophonids were conflated with replacement patterns and mode of implantation. Additionally, the combination of dental characters of the specimen suggests Scoloparia glyphanodon had an herbivorous diet.
{"title":"Tooth Implantation and Attachment in Scoloparia glyphanodon (Parareptilia: Procolophonidae)","authors":"K. Jenkins, Bhart‐Anjan S. Bhullar","doi":"10.3374/014.063.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.063.0103","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We describe tooth implantation, replacement, and attachment in a specimen of the procolophonid Scoloparia glyphanodon. Though an earlier description of the specimen made mention of the dentary, splenial, and coronoid, we identify a small sliver of the angular that is also present. We observe two modes of tooth implantation (protothecodonty and acrodonty) and no tooth replacement, though it is likely teeth were added posteriorly over time. Previous interpretations of tooth implantation in procolophonids were conflated with replacement patterns and mode of implantation. Additionally, the combination of dental characters of the specimen suggests Scoloparia glyphanodon had an herbivorous diet.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":"63 1","pages":"27 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42509789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Hekkala, R. Colten, Seth W. Cunningham, Oliver Smith, S. Ikram
Abstract We used isotopic and genomic data to explore the ecological and social context of cultural practices associated with the mummification of crocodiles in ancient Egypt. Ancient DNA was recovered from four mummified crocodile hatchlings held in the collections of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. Previous genetic analyses of crocodile mummies have indicated that most mummies represent the newly resurrected taxon, Crocodylus suchus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1807. However, mitogenomic data for the Yale Peabody Museum mummies indicates that these specimens represent the first genomically authenticated representatives of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti, 1768) in museum collections. We explore these findings within the broader context of modern and historical distributions of both crocodile species and the potential implications for our understanding of funerary practices involving crocodiles in ancient Egypt.
{"title":"Using Mitogenomes to Explore the Social and Ecological Contexts of Crocodile Mummification in Ancient Egypt","authors":"E. Hekkala, R. Colten, Seth W. Cunningham, Oliver Smith, S. Ikram","doi":"10.3374/014.063.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.063.0101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We used isotopic and genomic data to explore the ecological and social context of cultural practices associated with the mummification of crocodiles in ancient Egypt. Ancient DNA was recovered from four mummified crocodile hatchlings held in the collections of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. Previous genetic analyses of crocodile mummies have indicated that most mummies represent the newly resurrected taxon, Crocodylus suchus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1807. However, mitogenomic data for the Yale Peabody Museum mummies indicates that these specimens represent the first genomically authenticated representatives of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti, 1768) in museum collections. We explore these findings within the broader context of modern and historical distributions of both crocodile species and the potential implications for our understanding of funerary practices involving crocodiles in ancient Egypt.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":"63 1","pages":"3 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49555002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Pterygotid eurypterids are the most speciose eurypterid clade, accounting for almost a fifth of the approximately 250 known species, although it is unclear whether this increase in diversity is due to their increased dispersal ability, shift in predation style to cheliceral-driven prey capture, or some other factor. Determining if the development of their characteristic large chelicerae represents a key trait facilitating increased diversification is hindered by uncertainty regarding the form of the chelicerae in Slimonia, the sister taxon to Pterygotidae. Here I report the discovery of a specimen of Slimonia acuminata preserving the chelicerae in detail and corroborate reports from the 1800s suggesting that the chelicerae of Slimonia were short and robust. The evidence from the new specimen, taken in concert with the morphology of the rest of the animal, indicates that Slimonia was an active predator that captured prey with its robust prosomal appendages. The apparent increase in pterygotid species diversity therefore does indeed seem to be associated with the development of the large chelicerae; however, further work is needed to determine whether taphonomic biases in preservation due to increased sclerotization of the chelicerae or taxonomic oversplitting due to minor changes in denticle morphology are driving this phenomenon.
{"title":"The Chelicerae of Slimonia (Eurypterida; Pterygotoidea)","authors":"J. Lamsdell","doi":"10.3374/014.063.0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.063.0102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pterygotid eurypterids are the most speciose eurypterid clade, accounting for almost a fifth of the approximately 250 known species, although it is unclear whether this increase in diversity is due to their increased dispersal ability, shift in predation style to cheliceral-driven prey capture, or some other factor. Determining if the development of their characteristic large chelicerae represents a key trait facilitating increased diversification is hindered by uncertainty regarding the form of the chelicerae in Slimonia, the sister taxon to Pterygotidae. Here I report the discovery of a specimen of Slimonia acuminata preserving the chelicerae in detail and corroborate reports from the 1800s suggesting that the chelicerae of Slimonia were short and robust. The evidence from the new specimen, taken in concert with the morphology of the rest of the animal, indicates that Slimonia was an active predator that captured prey with its robust prosomal appendages. The apparent increase in pterygotid species diversity therefore does indeed seem to be associated with the development of the large chelicerae; however, further work is needed to determine whether taphonomic biases in preservation due to increased sclerotization of the chelicerae or taxonomic oversplitting due to minor changes in denticle morphology are driving this phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":"63 1","pages":"15 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46530933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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