Abstract A new species of underwing moth, Catocala slotteni sp. nov., is described from three specimens from the Gulf Coast of the Florida Panhandle, USA. Corresponding characters from wing pattern, male genitalia and the 5′ region of Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I mitochondrial DNA separate C. slotteni from phenotypically similar species in the genus.
{"title":"A New Species of Catocala (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from the Gulf Coast of the Florida Panhandle","authors":"H. Kons, R. Borth","doi":"10.3374/014.057.0207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.057.0207","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A new species of underwing moth, Catocala slotteni sp. nov., is described from three specimens from the Gulf Coast of the Florida Panhandle, USA. Corresponding characters from wing pattern, male genitalia and the 5′ region of Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I mitochondrial DNA separate C. slotteni from phenotypically similar species in the genus.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.057.0207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69676223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Dornburg, Catherine A. Lippi, Sarah Federman, J. Moore, D. Warren, T. Iglesias, M. Brandley, G. Watkins-Colwell, A. Lamb, Andrew Jones
Abstract Predicting the response of endemic species to urbanization has emerged as a fundamental challenge in 21st century conservation biology. The factors that underlie population declines of reptiles are particularly nebulous, as these are often the least understood class of vertebrates in a given community. In this study, we assess correlations between feeding ecology and phenotypic traits of the Lesser Antillean endemic Dutch leaf-toed gecko, Phyllodactylus martini, along an urban gradient in the Caribbean island of Curaçao. There has been a marked decline of this species in developed habitats associated with the invasive tropical house gecko Hemidactylus mabouia. We find a correlation between aspects of locomotor morphology and prey in undeveloped habitats that is absent in developed habitats. Analyses of stomach contents further suggest that Phyllodactylus martini alters primary prey items in developed areas. However, changes in prey promote the overlap in foraging niches between Phyllodactylus martini and Hemidactylus mabouia, suggesting that direct resource competition is contributing to the decline of Phyllodactylus martini. In addition to competitive exclusion, we suggest that the urban extirpation of Phyllodactylus martini could also be attributed to a top-down control on population growth by Hemidactylus mabouia. Colonizations of walls put Phyllodactylus martini in direct contact with Hemidactylus mabouia increasing the chances for predation events, as evidenced by our observation of a predation event on a Phyllodactylus martini juvenile by an adult Hemidactylus mabuoia. In total, our results add to a growing body of literature demonstrating the threat that invasive synanthropic reptiles pose to endemics that might otherwise be able to cope with increased urbanization pressures.
{"title":"Disentangling the Influence of Urbanization and Invasion on Endemic Geckos in Tropical Biodiversity Hot Spots: A Case Study of Phyllodactylus martini (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) along an Urban Gradient in Curaçao","authors":"A. Dornburg, Catherine A. Lippi, Sarah Federman, J. Moore, D. Warren, T. Iglesias, M. Brandley, G. Watkins-Colwell, A. Lamb, Andrew Jones","doi":"10.3374/014.057.0209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.057.0209","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Predicting the response of endemic species to urbanization has emerged as a fundamental challenge in 21st century conservation biology. The factors that underlie population declines of reptiles are particularly nebulous, as these are often the least understood class of vertebrates in a given community. In this study, we assess correlations between feeding ecology and phenotypic traits of the Lesser Antillean endemic Dutch leaf-toed gecko, Phyllodactylus martini, along an urban gradient in the Caribbean island of Curaçao. There has been a marked decline of this species in developed habitats associated with the invasive tropical house gecko Hemidactylus mabouia. We find a correlation between aspects of locomotor morphology and prey in undeveloped habitats that is absent in developed habitats. Analyses of stomach contents further suggest that Phyllodactylus martini alters primary prey items in developed areas. However, changes in prey promote the overlap in foraging niches between Phyllodactylus martini and Hemidactylus mabouia, suggesting that direct resource competition is contributing to the decline of Phyllodactylus martini. In addition to competitive exclusion, we suggest that the urban extirpation of Phyllodactylus martini could also be attributed to a top-down control on population growth by Hemidactylus mabouia. Colonizations of walls put Phyllodactylus martini in direct contact with Hemidactylus mabouia increasing the chances for predation events, as evidenced by our observation of a predation event on a Phyllodactylus martini juvenile by an adult Hemidactylus mabuoia. In total, our results add to a growing body of literature demonstrating the threat that invasive synanthropic reptiles pose to endemics that might otherwise be able to cope with increased urbanization pressures.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.057.0209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69676275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Near, Ethan D. France, Benjamin P. Keck, R. Harrington
Abstract A taxonomic revision of Etheostoma simoterum (Cope) published in 2007 resulted in the recognition of six species, with two species distributed in the Tennessee River system. A newly defined Etheostoma simoterum was restricted to populations in the Holston River above the confluence of the North and South Forks, and the Russell Fork system of the Ohio River drainage. A newly described species, Etheostoma tennesseense Powers & Mayden, included all other populations historically considered Etheostoma simoterum in the Tennessee River system from near the mouth of the Duck River upstream to the Clinch River, including the Holston River below the forks. A subsequent study utilizing molecular phylogenetics and analysis of male nuptial coloration did not support the recognition of Etheostoma tennesseense. Molecular phylogenies resolve both Etheostoma simoterum and Etheostoma tennesseense as paraphyletic. In addition, it was determined that male coloration patterns are not diagnostic for the more restricted and new definition of Etheostoma simoterum. In this study, we examine the systematics of Etheostoma simoterum using meristic traits sampled from more than 1,000 specimens, including Cope's syntype series of Hyostoma simoterum and Powers and Mayden's paratopotype series of Etheostoma tennesseense. Our results show a pattern of clinal variation, where meristic traits are higher in the in the lower Tennessee River system. Comparisons of populations above and below the forks of the Holston River show no differences in meristic traits, but populations sampled from the Watauga River system exhibit scale counts lower than any other population of Etheostoma simoterum. We cannot reject the hypothesis that Etheostoma tennesseense is conspecific with the specimens that comprise the Hyostoma simoterum syntype series. Based on both morphological and molecular species delimitation strategies, we treat Etheostoma tennesseense as a synonym of Etheostoma simoterum.
{"title":"Systematics and Taxonomy of the Snubnose Darter, Etheostoma simoterum (Cope)","authors":"T. Near, Ethan D. France, Benjamin P. Keck, R. Harrington","doi":"10.3374/014.057.0203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.057.0203","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A taxonomic revision of Etheostoma simoterum (Cope) published in 2007 resulted in the recognition of six species, with two species distributed in the Tennessee River system. A newly defined Etheostoma simoterum was restricted to populations in the Holston River above the confluence of the North and South Forks, and the Russell Fork system of the Ohio River drainage. A newly described species, Etheostoma tennesseense Powers & Mayden, included all other populations historically considered Etheostoma simoterum in the Tennessee River system from near the mouth of the Duck River upstream to the Clinch River, including the Holston River below the forks. A subsequent study utilizing molecular phylogenetics and analysis of male nuptial coloration did not support the recognition of Etheostoma tennesseense. Molecular phylogenies resolve both Etheostoma simoterum and Etheostoma tennesseense as paraphyletic. In addition, it was determined that male coloration patterns are not diagnostic for the more restricted and new definition of Etheostoma simoterum. In this study, we examine the systematics of Etheostoma simoterum using meristic traits sampled from more than 1,000 specimens, including Cope's syntype series of Hyostoma simoterum and Powers and Mayden's paratopotype series of Etheostoma tennesseense. Our results show a pattern of clinal variation, where meristic traits are higher in the in the lower Tennessee River system. Comparisons of populations above and below the forks of the Holston River show no differences in meristic traits, but populations sampled from the Watauga River system exhibit scale counts lower than any other population of Etheostoma simoterum. We cannot reject the hypothesis that Etheostoma tennesseense is conspecific with the specimens that comprise the Hyostoma simoterum syntype series. Based on both morphological and molecular species delimitation strategies, we treat Etheostoma tennesseense as a synonym of Etheostoma simoterum.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.057.0203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69676312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Turtles of the total Clade Pan-Chelidae have a relatively poor fossil record, which is completely restricted from the Early Cretaceous to Recent of South America and Australasia. The clade is expected to have formerly inhabited Antarctica as well. The phylogenetic relationships of extant pan-chelids remain poorly resolved, notably because there are conflicting signals between morphological and molecular data. The ecology of fossil pan-chelids appears to have been similar to that of their extant relatives. A taxonomic review of the group concluded that of 45 named taxa, 22 are nomina valida, 6 are nomina invalida and 15 are nomina dubia, whereas the final 2 are rendered non-testudinate through the designation of lectotypes.
{"title":"A Review of the Fossil Record of Turtles of the Clade Pan-Chelidae","authors":"Ignacio J. Maniel, M. D. L. Fuente","doi":"10.3374/014.057.0206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.057.0206","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Turtles of the total Clade Pan-Chelidae have a relatively poor fossil record, which is completely restricted from the Early Cretaceous to Recent of South America and Australasia. The clade is expected to have formerly inhabited Antarctica as well. The phylogenetic relationships of extant pan-chelids remain poorly resolved, notably because there are conflicting signals between morphological and molecular data. The ecology of fossil pan-chelids appears to have been similar to that of their extant relatives. A taxonomic review of the group concluded that of 45 named taxa, 22 are nomina valida, 6 are nomina invalida and 15 are nomina dubia, whereas the final 2 are rendered non-testudinate through the designation of lectotypes.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.057.0206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69676209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Strepsiptera is a clade of entomophagous parasitoid insects with fewer than 30 previously reported fossils. Two new species of Caenocholax (Strepsiptera: Myrmecolacidae) described here represent the first reported adult strepsipterans preserved as organic compression fossils. Their occurrence in the Early Eocene (about 50 Ma) Green River Formation (Colorado, USA) is the northernmost New World record of Myrmecolacidae and the oldest record of Caenocholax. Caenocholax barkleyi sp. nov. and Caenocholax palusaxus sp. nov. are each known from one adult male. The aedeagus of C. barkleyi lacks a median projection and terminates in two hooks, an apomorphy of the species. Caenocholax palusaxus has distinctly intermediate wing vein density and a larger ratio of antennomere 6 to antennomere 7 than any other species of Caenocholax. The fossils reported here expand the known insect biota of the formation in taxonomic richness as well as the fossil record of Strepsiptera in space and time. Moreover, the Eocene specimens hint at an unappreciated fossil diversity of endoparasitic insects.
{"title":"The First Twisted-Wing Parasitoids (Insecta: Strepsiptera) from the Early Eocene Green River Formation of Colorado","authors":"Gwen S. Antell, J. Kathirithamby","doi":"10.3374/014.057.0204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.057.0204","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Strepsiptera is a clade of entomophagous parasitoid insects with fewer than 30 previously reported fossils. Two new species of Caenocholax (Strepsiptera: Myrmecolacidae) described here represent the first reported adult strepsipterans preserved as organic compression fossils. Their occurrence in the Early Eocene (about 50 Ma) Green River Formation (Colorado, USA) is the northernmost New World record of Myrmecolacidae and the oldest record of Caenocholax. Caenocholax barkleyi sp. nov. and Caenocholax palusaxus sp. nov. are each known from one adult male. The aedeagus of C. barkleyi lacks a median projection and terminates in two hooks, an apomorphy of the species. Caenocholax palusaxus has distinctly intermediate wing vein density and a larger ratio of antennomere 6 to antennomere 7 than any other species of Caenocholax. The fossils reported here expand the known insect biota of the formation in taxonomic richness as well as the fossil record of Strepsiptera in space and time. Moreover, the Eocene specimens hint at an unappreciated fossil diversity of endoparasitic insects.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.057.0204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69676349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Gold, S. O’Reilly, G. Luo, D. Briggs, R. Summons
Abstract The sponge biomarker hypothesis argues that 24-isopropylcholestanes preserved in Neoproterozoic-age rocks are “molecular fossils” left behind by marine sponges. Despite genetic and geologic support for this hypothesis, 24-isopropylcholestane has never been reported from a sponge body fossil. This lack of direct evidence regarding the source of sponge biomarkers through deep time leaves unanswered questions, such as whether their biosynthesis evolved once in sponges or multiple times across different lineages. In this study, we analyzed 10 sponge fossils from the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History collections in pursuit of evidence of sterane biomarkers. We failed to recover 24-isopropylcholestane and instead found a near-identical sterane profile across all samples. This result indicates a combination of little to no sterane preservation in the fossils themselves, coupled with anthropogenic hydrocarbon contamination during their collection and storage. However, signals from bacterial biomarkers (hopanes) were more diverse across samples and consistent with a priori expectations, meaning that we cannot rule out the possibility that at least part of the hydrocarbon signal is syngenetic. We suggest that future attempts to extract biomarker hydrocarbons from sponge fossils be performed on freshly collected and specially prepared field samples. Despite the fact that demosponges or their ancestors still present the most likely source of Neoproterozoic 24-isopropylcholestanes, multiple evolutionary scenarios are consistent with current genetic and biomarker evidence: the “sponge biomarker” could represent an evolutionary novelty in demosponges, or a trait that evolved deeper in the animal tree. We therefore continue to affirm the validity of the sponge biomarker hypothesis but caution against using Neoproterozoic 24-isopropylcholestanes as a calibration point for sponges in molecular clocks. Instead, we recommend using it as a reference point for comparison, as scenarios where crowngroup demosponges radiate after the Neoproterozoic remain inconsistent with the geologic record.
{"title":"Prospects for Sterane Preservation in Sponge Fossils from Museum Collections and the Utility of Sponge Biomarkers for Molecular Clocks","authors":"D. Gold, S. O’Reilly, G. Luo, D. Briggs, R. Summons","doi":"10.3374/014.057.0208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.057.0208","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The sponge biomarker hypothesis argues that 24-isopropylcholestanes preserved in Neoproterozoic-age rocks are “molecular fossils” left behind by marine sponges. Despite genetic and geologic support for this hypothesis, 24-isopropylcholestane has never been reported from a sponge body fossil. This lack of direct evidence regarding the source of sponge biomarkers through deep time leaves unanswered questions, such as whether their biosynthesis evolved once in sponges or multiple times across different lineages. In this study, we analyzed 10 sponge fossils from the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History collections in pursuit of evidence of sterane biomarkers. We failed to recover 24-isopropylcholestane and instead found a near-identical sterane profile across all samples. This result indicates a combination of little to no sterane preservation in the fossils themselves, coupled with anthropogenic hydrocarbon contamination during their collection and storage. However, signals from bacterial biomarkers (hopanes) were more diverse across samples and consistent with a priori expectations, meaning that we cannot rule out the possibility that at least part of the hydrocarbon signal is syngenetic. We suggest that future attempts to extract biomarker hydrocarbons from sponge fossils be performed on freshly collected and specially prepared field samples. Despite the fact that demosponges or their ancestors still present the most likely source of Neoproterozoic 24-isopropylcholestanes, multiple evolutionary scenarios are consistent with current genetic and biomarker evidence: the “sponge biomarker” could represent an evolutionary novelty in demosponges, or a trait that evolved deeper in the animal tree. We therefore continue to affirm the validity of the sponge biomarker hypothesis but caution against using Neoproterozoic 24-isopropylcholestanes as a calibration point for sponges in molecular clocks. Instead, we recommend using it as a reference point for comparison, as scenarios where crowngroup demosponges radiate after the Neoproterozoic remain inconsistent with the geologic record.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.057.0208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69676267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In October 2015, the dark false mussel, Mytilopsis leucophaeata, was encountered in the Duck Pond of the West River at Edgewood Park in New Haven, New Haven County, Connecticut, USA. The natural endemic range of Mytilopsis leucophaeata is the Gulf of Mexico and the temperate Atlantic coast of North America from Tampico, Mexico, northward to the Chesapeake Bay. In the late 1930s, Mytilopsis leucophaeata became established in the Hudson River basin in New York. The only previous reports of Mytilopsis leucophaeata from New England are from the Charles River near Boston, Massachusetts, in 1981 and from the Housatonic River in Fairfield County, Connecticut, in the 1990s. Mytilopsis leucophaeata has been characterized as the brackish-water equivalent to the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, and has been associated with severe fouling problems of water-cooling systems in Europe where it has been introduced. It is hypothesized that Mytilopsis leucophaeata was introduced by ballast water of ships from New Haven Harbor and established in the lower West River subsequent to the installation of two-way tidal gates in the course of a tidal marsh and channel restoration project completed in 2012. Other invertebrates collected were the hydrozoan Cordylophora caspia; the polychaetes Hobsonia florida and Polydora cf. ciliata; the amphipods Gammarus fasciatus and Apocorophium simile; the ivory barnacle, Amphibalanus eburneus; and Say's mud crab, Dyspanopeus sayi. The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, was commonly observed. The freshwater leech, Helobdella modesta, which was once abundant in the Duck Pond, was not collected. Given the invasive potential of Mytilopsis leucophaeata, in conjunction with the paucity of knowledge of many aspects of its natural history, especially in introduced settings, it is important to monitor this population.
{"title":"Dark False Mussel, Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae), in the Lower West River, New Haven, New Haven County, Connecticut","authors":"D. Richardson, C. Hammond","doi":"10.3374/014.057.0202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.057.0202","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In October 2015, the dark false mussel, Mytilopsis leucophaeata, was encountered in the Duck Pond of the West River at Edgewood Park in New Haven, New Haven County, Connecticut, USA. The natural endemic range of Mytilopsis leucophaeata is the Gulf of Mexico and the temperate Atlantic coast of North America from Tampico, Mexico, northward to the Chesapeake Bay. In the late 1930s, Mytilopsis leucophaeata became established in the Hudson River basin in New York. The only previous reports of Mytilopsis leucophaeata from New England are from the Charles River near Boston, Massachusetts, in 1981 and from the Housatonic River in Fairfield County, Connecticut, in the 1990s. Mytilopsis leucophaeata has been characterized as the brackish-water equivalent to the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, and has been associated with severe fouling problems of water-cooling systems in Europe where it has been introduced. It is hypothesized that Mytilopsis leucophaeata was introduced by ballast water of ships from New Haven Harbor and established in the lower West River subsequent to the installation of two-way tidal gates in the course of a tidal marsh and channel restoration project completed in 2012. Other invertebrates collected were the hydrozoan Cordylophora caspia; the polychaetes Hobsonia florida and Polydora cf. ciliata; the amphipods Gammarus fasciatus and Apocorophium simile; the ivory barnacle, Amphibalanus eburneus; and Say's mud crab, Dyspanopeus sayi. The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, was commonly observed. The freshwater leech, Helobdella modesta, which was once abundant in the Duck Pond, was not collected. Given the invasive potential of Mytilopsis leucophaeata, in conjunction with the paucity of knowledge of many aspects of its natural history, especially in introduced settings, it is important to monitor this population.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.057.0202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69676300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. H. A. Sah, T. Grafe, A. Dornburg, D. S. McLeod, A. Bauer, R. A. Wahab, L. Grismer, G. Watkins-Colwell
Abstract In July 2012, 22 people representing eight institutions from six countries conducted a six-day expedition to the submontane heath forest near Bukit Pagon in Brunei Darussalam. Base camp was located at an elevation of 862 masl about 200 m from the Brunei-Sarawak border and 9 km from the peak of Bukit Pagon. The herpetology and ichthyology portion of the survey resulted in the collection of 61 specimens, representing 30 species, with 4 additional species documented by photograph but not collected. One additional taxon, Tropidophorus brookei, was seen but neither collected nor photographed. Nearly half of the species found are endemic to Borneo. The findings of this brief expedition shed light on the distribution of many endemic taxa in one of the world's greatest biodiversity hot spots. Despite its small size, Brunei supports a rich vertebrate fauna that is understudied compared with neighboring Sarawak and nearby Sabah.
{"title":"The Amphibians, Reptiles and Fishes of the 2012 Bukit Pagon Expedition, Brunei Darussalam","authors":"H. H. A. Sah, T. Grafe, A. Dornburg, D. S. McLeod, A. Bauer, R. A. Wahab, L. Grismer, G. Watkins-Colwell","doi":"10.3374/014.057.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.057.0101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000 In July 2012, 22 people representing eight institutions from six countries conducted a six-day expedition to the submontane heath forest near Bukit Pagon in Brunei Darussalam. Base camp was located at an elevation of 862 masl about 200 m from the Brunei-Sarawak border and 9 km from the peak of Bukit Pagon. The herpetology and ichthyology portion of the survey resulted in the collection of 61 specimens, representing 30 species, with 4 additional species documented by photograph but not collected. One additional taxon, Tropidophorus brookei, was seen but neither collected nor photographed. Nearly half of the species found are endemic to Borneo. The findings of this brief expedition shed light on the distribution of many endemic taxa in one of the world's greatest biodiversity hot spots. Despite its small size, Brunei supports a rich vertebrate fauna that is understudied compared with neighboring Sarawak and nearby Sabah.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.057.0101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69676055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Turtles of the total clade Pan-Chelydridae have a relatively sparse fossil record that reaches back to the Late Cretaceous (Santonian). The clade was only present in North America during the Cretaceous but spread along unclear routes to Asia and Europe during the Paleocene, only to go extinct on those continents by the end of the Pliocene. Final dispersal to South America took place at some time during the late Neogene. The ecology of stem chelydrids seems to have been similar to that of the extant Chelydra serpentina, although more primitive representatives were more molluscivorous as inferred from their broader triturating surfaces. Current phylogenies only recognize five internested clades: Pan-Chelydridae, Chelydridae, Chelydropsis, Chelydra and Macrochelys. A taxonomic review of the group concludes that of 31 named fossil taxa, 8 are nomina valida, 10 are nomina invalida, 9 are nomina dubia, 1 is a nomen nudum and 1 is a regular, unavailable name.
{"title":"A Review of the Fossil Record of Turtles of the Clade Pan-Chelydridae","authors":"W. Joyce","doi":"10.3374/014.057.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.057.0103","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Turtles of the total clade Pan-Chelydridae have a relatively sparse fossil record that reaches back to the Late Cretaceous (Santonian). The clade was only present in North America during the Cretaceous but spread along unclear routes to Asia and Europe during the Paleocene, only to go extinct on those continents by the end of the Pliocene. Final dispersal to South America took place at some time during the late Neogene. The ecology of stem chelydrids seems to have been similar to that of the extant Chelydra serpentina, although more primitive representatives were more molluscivorous as inferred from their broader triturating surfaces. Current phylogenies only recognize five internested clades: Pan-Chelydridae, Chelydridae, Chelydropsis, Chelydra and Macrochelys. A taxonomic review of the group concludes that of 31 named fossil taxa, 8 are nomina valida, 10 are nomina invalida, 9 are nomina dubia, 1 is a nomen nudum and 1 is a regular, unavailable name.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.057.0103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69676138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A downward kink one or more scales in length at the posterior end of the upper lateral line, leaving only one scale row instead of two between it and the lower lateral line, has been considered a synapomorphy uniting as a monophyletic group all members of both clades of endemic haplochromine cichlids of Lake Malaŵi. Here, this claim is tested by surveying the character in representatives of all genera of Lake Malaŵi haplochromines (tribe Haplochromini of the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae). Presence of the kink is shown to be variable in most genera, and it was not documented at all in two (Abactochromis, Cyrtocara). Specimens with no kink occur in many genera, and kink presence and length frequently vary on the two sides of the body. Thus, it is difficult to justify the kink as a synapomorphy of the species flock. The two clades differ in kink frequency; a kink occurred on at least one side of the body in 79% of bilaterally assessable specimens in the non-mbuna clade, but in only 53% of those in the mbuna clade (p < 0.0001). When a kink is present, its length is more variable in non-mbuna (1 to 8 scales, mode 2) than mbuna (1 to 4 scales, mode 1). Extension of the upper lateral line backward from the upper flank close to or onto the caudal peduncle, where no scale row is as dorsally situated, is identified as one cause of kink existence; additional factors likely await discovery. Contrary to published statements, the kink is expressed in some specimens of Astatotilapia calliptera, a phylogenetically important nonendemic haplochromine found in Lake Malaŵi and elsewhere, which may be the sister of the lake's endemic flock. An apparently identical lateral-line kink occurs sporadically in haplochromines in other lakes and in members of three other pseudocrenilabrine cichlid tribes, further refuting the hypothesis that this character is a synapomorphy of the Lake Malaŵi species flock.
{"title":"A Kink in the Line: Does a Unique Lateral-Line Peculiarity Really Characterize Lake Malaŵi's Huge Haplochromine Species Flock (Teleostei: Cichlidae)?","authors":"M. K. Oliver","doi":"10.3374/014.057.0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.057.0102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A downward kink one or more scales in length at the posterior end of the upper lateral line, leaving only one scale row instead of two between it and the lower lateral line, has been considered a synapomorphy uniting as a monophyletic group all members of both clades of endemic haplochromine cichlids of Lake Malaŵi. Here, this claim is tested by surveying the character in representatives of all genera of Lake Malaŵi haplochromines (tribe Haplochromini of the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae). Presence of the kink is shown to be variable in most genera, and it was not documented at all in two (Abactochromis, Cyrtocara). Specimens with no kink occur in many genera, and kink presence and length frequently vary on the two sides of the body. Thus, it is difficult to justify the kink as a synapomorphy of the species flock. The two clades differ in kink frequency; a kink occurred on at least one side of the body in 79% of bilaterally assessable specimens in the non-mbuna clade, but in only 53% of those in the mbuna clade (p < 0.0001). When a kink is present, its length is more variable in non-mbuna (1 to 8 scales, mode 2) than mbuna (1 to 4 scales, mode 1). Extension of the upper lateral line backward from the upper flank close to or onto the caudal peduncle, where no scale row is as dorsally situated, is identified as one cause of kink existence; additional factors likely await discovery. Contrary to published statements, the kink is expressed in some specimens of Astatotilapia calliptera, a phylogenetically important nonendemic haplochromine found in Lake Malaŵi and elsewhere, which may be the sister of the lake's endemic flock. An apparently identical lateral-line kink occurs sporadically in haplochromines in other lakes and in members of three other pseudocrenilabrine cichlid tribes, further refuting the hypothesis that this character is a synapomorphy of the Lake Malaŵi species flock.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.057.0102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69676125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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