Abstract Museum collections are critical resources for examination of comparative anatomy, developmental biology, and life history hypotheses. Skeletal collections provide insight into spatiotemporal, species, population, and individual variation associated with environmental, social, and epidemiological history. For endangered species such as great apes, these collections provide data that are nearly impossible to replicate today. In this second in a series of articles reviewing the great ape holdings of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University, we describe the Gorilla gorilla skeletal collection, comprising 16 individuals: 13 males, 2 females, and 1 of indeterminate sex. Evidence of socioecology, interindividual violence, hunting, captive management, predation, senescence, and infectious disease are present within the skeletal material. The collection exhibits possible taxonomic diversity as well. Our evaluation of the Yale Peabody Museum collection provides a baseline for future research and testable hypotheses for alternate techniques, such as isotopic analyses of dental calculus and noninvasive genetic testing. Museum collections continue to provide new insights into taxonomic and individual variation and environmental context, and ultimately allow for comparisons between modern and historical environmental and behavioral variables.
{"title":"Inventory and Assessment of the Gorilla gorilla (Savage, 1847) Skeletal Collection Housed at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History","authors":"Ryan McRae, G. P. Aronsen","doi":"10.3374/014.059.0205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.059.0205","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Museum collections are critical resources for examination of comparative anatomy, developmental biology, and life history hypotheses. Skeletal collections provide insight into spatiotemporal, species, population, and individual variation associated with environmental, social, and epidemiological history. For endangered species such as great apes, these collections provide data that are nearly impossible to replicate today. In this second in a series of articles reviewing the great ape holdings of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University, we describe the Gorilla gorilla skeletal collection, comprising 16 individuals: 13 males, 2 females, and 1 of indeterminate sex. Evidence of socioecology, interindividual violence, hunting, captive management, predation, senescence, and infectious disease are present within the skeletal material. The collection exhibits possible taxonomic diversity as well. Our evaluation of the Yale Peabody Museum collection provides a baseline for future research and testable hypotheses for alternate techniques, such as isotopic analyses of dental calculus and noninvasive genetic testing. Museum collections continue to provide new insights into taxonomic and individual variation and environmental context, and ultimately allow for comparisons between modern and historical environmental and behavioral variables.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.059.0205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43105406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Verrill described Astropecten comptus and Astropecten nitidus 100 years ago. The species have been accepted and have been reported off the east coast of North America and South America, the Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico. The validity of the species has never been questioned. Because we had difficulty distinguishing A. comptus from A. articulatus and A. nitidus from A. cingulatus, we examined basic morphological diagnostic characteristics in astropectens of the neotype of A. articulatus, the holotype of A. cingulatus, the paralectotype of A. comptus, the holotype of A. nitidus, the holotype of A. nitidus forcipatus, and many specimens that had been identified as A. cingulatus, A. nitidus, A. articulatus, A. comptus, and other Astropecten species of the West Atlantic Region. We conclude that A. comptus is a synonym of A. articulatus and A. nitidus is a synonym of A. cingulatus. This has implications for current concepts of zoogeography and biodiversity in the region and for the phylogeny of astropectinids.
{"title":"Synonymy of Astropecten nitidus Verrill, 1915 with Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883 and Astropecten comptus Verrill, 1915 with Astropecten articulatus (Say, 1825)","authors":"J. Lawrence, Janessa C. Cobb, J. Herrera","doi":"10.3374/014.059.0203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.059.0203","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000 Verrill described Astropecten comptus and Astropecten nitidus 100 years ago. The species have been accepted and have been reported off the east coast of North America and South America, the Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico. The validity of the species has never been questioned. Because we had difficulty distinguishing A. comptus from A. articulatus and A. nitidus from A. cingulatus, we examined basic morphological diagnostic characteristics in astropectens of the neotype of A. articulatus, the holotype of A. cingulatus, the paralectotype of A. comptus, the holotype of A. nitidus, the holotype of A. nitidus forcipatus, and many specimens that had been identified as A. cingulatus, A. nitidus, A. articulatus, A. comptus, and other Astropecten species of the West Atlantic Region. We conclude that A. comptus is a synonym of A. articulatus and A. nitidus is a synonym of A. cingulatus. This has implications for current concepts of zoogeography and biodiversity in the region and for the phylogeny of astropectinids.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.059.0203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41866775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Bratasz, Tim White, Susan H. Butts, C. Sease, Nathan Utrup, R. Boardman, Stefan Simon
Abstract The Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University has a long tradition of promoting and maintaining high standards of care for their collection of more than 13 million objects. Recently, an analysis of the current environmental conditions in the three primary museum buildings— Peabody Museum of Natural History, Kline Geology Laboratory, and the Class of 1954 Environmental Science Center—showed that the stability of environmental conditions and efficiency in air-handling systems are poorly constrained. An analysis of energy use in climate control showed that the Class of 1954 Environmental Science Center, the most modern building of the complex, is the least energy-efficient of the three and one of the least energy-efficient museum buildings at Yale University. The Yale Peabody Museum, in collaboration with the Yale Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, evaluated the current climate control strategy with an eye toward achieving a more practical and responsible approach, which considers the historic character of the buildings, high cost of climate control, and sensitivity to energy sustainability. This is a key mission of the University, as outlined in the Yale Sustainability Plan 2025. The main element in the transformation to a new strategy of climate management is the assessment of climate-related risks to collections. Our assessment indicates that degradation of chemically unstable polymers is the process that dominates loss of value of those collections due to climate- related risks. It is estimated that chemical degradation processes have approximately two orders of magnitude larger impact on collection value than the degradation of pyrite and pyrite-containing materials and even more than pest damage. Other climate-related processes are relatively negligible in effect. These findings allow us to change the strategy of climate control, giving priority to maintaining low temperature in rooms housing collections made of organic materials and relaxing the range of allowable relative humidity parameters. The new strategy includes a shift from climate control to climate management, including: dual set-point (deadband) controllers to reduce energy consumption and lower CO2 emissions, nightly shutdowns of the air-handling system serving dry collections in a modern building, broader thermal criteria, and a reduction of the amount of fresh air introduced to the buildings. These will be implemented sequentially. Progress and outcomes will be the focus of a subsequent article.
耶鲁大学皮博迪自然历史博物馆(Peabody Museum of Natural History)拥有悠久的传统，致力于促进和维护其1300多万件藏品的高标准。最近，对三个主要博物馆建筑——皮博迪自然历史博物馆、克莱恩地质实验室和1954届环境科学中心——当前环境条件的分析表明，环境条件的稳定性和空气处理系统的效率受到了很好的约束。一项对气候控制中能源使用的分析表明，作为该建筑群中最现代化的建筑，1954届的环境科学中心是三座建筑中能效最低的，也是耶鲁大学博物馆中能效最低的建筑之一。耶鲁大学皮博迪博物馆与耶鲁大学文化遗产保护研究所合作，评估了当前的气候控制策略，着眼于实现更实际和负责任的方法，该方法考虑到建筑物的历史特征、气候控制的高成本以及对能源可持续性的敏感性。这是耶鲁大学在《2025年可持续发展计划》中提出的一项重要使命。向气候管理新战略转变的主要内容是评估与气候有关的收集风险。我们的评估表明，化学不稳定聚合物的降解是由于气候相关风险导致这些收藏品价值损失的主要过程。据估计，化学降解过程对收集价值的影响大约比黄铁矿和含黄铁矿材料的降解大两个数量级，甚至比虫害损害还要大。其他与气候有关的过程的影响相对可以忽略不计。这些发现使我们能够改变气候控制策略，优先考虑在由有机材料制成的房间中保持低温，并放宽允许的相对湿度参数范围。新战略包括从气候控制向气候管理的转变，包括:双设定点(死区)控制器，以减少能源消耗和二氧化碳排放，夜间关闭现代建筑中用于干收集的空气处理系统，更广泛的热标准，以及减少引入建筑物的新鲜空气量。这些将依次实现。进展和结果将是后续文章的重点。
{"title":"Toward Sustainable Collections Management in the Yale Peabody Museum: Risk Assessment, Climate Management, and Energy Efficiency","authors":"L. Bratasz, Tim White, Susan H. Butts, C. Sease, Nathan Utrup, R. Boardman, Stefan Simon","doi":"10.3374/014.059.0206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.059.0206","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University has a long tradition of promoting and maintaining high standards of care for their collection of more than 13 million objects. Recently, an analysis of the current environmental conditions in the three primary museum buildings— Peabody Museum of Natural History, Kline Geology Laboratory, and the Class of 1954 Environmental Science Center—showed that the stability of environmental conditions and efficiency in air-handling systems are poorly constrained. An analysis of energy use in climate control showed that the Class of 1954 Environmental Science Center, the most modern building of the complex, is the least energy-efficient of the three and one of the least energy-efficient museum buildings at Yale University. The Yale Peabody Museum, in collaboration with the Yale Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, evaluated the current climate control strategy with an eye toward achieving a more practical and responsible approach, which considers the historic character of the buildings, high cost of climate control, and sensitivity to energy sustainability. This is a key mission of the University, as outlined in the Yale Sustainability Plan 2025. The main element in the transformation to a new strategy of climate management is the assessment of climate-related risks to collections. Our assessment indicates that degradation of chemically unstable polymers is the process that dominates loss of value of those collections due to climate- related risks. It is estimated that chemical degradation processes have approximately two orders of magnitude larger impact on collection value than the degradation of pyrite and pyrite-containing materials and even more than pest damage. Other climate-related processes are relatively negligible in effect. These findings allow us to change the strategy of climate control, giving priority to maintaining low temperature in rooms housing collections made of organic materials and relaxing the range of allowable relative humidity parameters. The new strategy includes a shift from climate control to climate management, including: dual set-point (deadband) controllers to reduce energy consumption and lower CO2 emissions, nightly shutdowns of the air-handling system serving dry collections in a modern building, broader thermal criteria, and a reduction of the amount of fresh air introduced to the buildings. These will be implemented sequentially. Progress and outcomes will be the focus of a subsequent article.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.059.0206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43010284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The endemic Lake Malaŵi cichlid genus Otopharynx is increased from 14 species to 20 by the description of six new species collected from inshore sandy or intermediate rocky/sandy areas or trawled in depths to 59 m. Otopharynx alpha is distinguished from congeners by its unique melanin pattern with suprapectoral spot discrete but supraanal and precaudal spots connected to form a stripe, and by its distinctively shaped pharyngeal bone with numerous small, crowded teeth. Otopharynx mumboensis, thought to be endemic to Mumbo Island, is separated from most congeners by a suprapectoral spot placed entirely below the upper lateral line, and from all others by the combination of 13 gill rakers, pharyngeal bone with posterior margin nearly straight, crowns of all pharyngeal teeth in the median columns broadened and flattened, head length 30.9–32.2% SL, body depth 35.5–36.1% SL, and lower jaw 35.7–36.2% HL. Otopharynx styrax has a more elongate body (depth 24.3–28.6% SL) than any congener. Otopharynx aletes can be diagnosed by the combination of a suprapectoral spot overlapping the upper lateral line, seven or eight vertical bars below the dorsal-fin base, 10 or 11 gill rakers, 34–36 scales in the lateral line, lower pharyngeal bone with molariform posteromedian teeth, and caudal peduncle length 1.6–2.0 times its depth. Otopharynx panniculus is diagnosed by the combination of a prominent square suprapectoral spot spanning subdorsal bars 3 to 4, no dorsal midline spots, 13–15 gill rakers, 31–33 scales in the lateral line, 15 or 16 dorsal-fin spines, absence of a lacrimal notch, and slightly enlarged teeth in the median columns of the lower pharyngeal bone. Otopharynx peridodekamost closely resembles O. panniculus and shares the loss of the lacrimal notch, but has 34–35 scales in the lateral line and 11–13 gill rakers. Photographs of living or freshly collected specimens of five of the new species are provided.
{"title":"Six New Species of the Cichlid Genus Otopharynx from Lake Malaŵi (Teleostei: Cichlidae)","authors":"M. K. Oliver","doi":"10.3374/014.059.0204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.059.0204","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The endemic Lake Malaŵi cichlid genus Otopharynx is increased from 14 species to 20 by the description of six new species collected from inshore sandy or intermediate rocky/sandy areas or trawled in depths to 59 m. Otopharynx alpha is distinguished from congeners by its unique melanin pattern with suprapectoral spot discrete but supraanal and precaudal spots connected to form a stripe, and by its distinctively shaped pharyngeal bone with numerous small, crowded teeth. Otopharynx mumboensis, thought to be endemic to Mumbo Island, is separated from most congeners by a suprapectoral spot placed entirely below the upper lateral line, and from all others by the combination of 13 gill rakers, pharyngeal bone with posterior margin nearly straight, crowns of all pharyngeal teeth in the median columns broadened and flattened, head length 30.9–32.2% SL, body depth 35.5–36.1% SL, and lower jaw 35.7–36.2% HL. Otopharynx styrax has a more elongate body (depth 24.3–28.6% SL) than any congener. Otopharynx aletes can be diagnosed by the combination of a suprapectoral spot overlapping the upper lateral line, seven or eight vertical bars below the dorsal-fin base, 10 or 11 gill rakers, 34–36 scales in the lateral line, lower pharyngeal bone with molariform posteromedian teeth, and caudal peduncle length 1.6–2.0 times its depth. Otopharynx panniculus is diagnosed by the combination of a prominent square suprapectoral spot spanning subdorsal bars 3 to 4, no dorsal midline spots, 13–15 gill rakers, 31–33 scales in the lateral line, 15 or 16 dorsal-fin spines, absence of a lacrimal notch, and slightly enlarged teeth in the median columns of the lower pharyngeal bone. Otopharynx peridodekamost closely resembles O. panniculus and shares the loss of the lacrimal notch, but has 34–35 scales in the lateral line and 11–13 gill rakers. Photographs of living or freshly collected specimens of five of the new species are provided.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.059.0204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43889268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The fossil record of turtles of the clade Testudinoidea is generally poor in South America. Fossil tortoises (Testudinidae) are known from the Late Oligocene to Holocene, but they likely arrived from Africa during the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene. The fossil record of Trachemys (Emydidae) and Rhinoclemys (Geoemydidae) is restricted to the Pleistocene, but both lineages likely arrived in multiple waves over the course of the Neogene. Our taxonomic review of 12 named fossil testudinoids finds five nomina valida, two nomina invalida, four nomina dubia, and one nomen nudum.
{"title":"A Review of the Fossil Record of South American Turtles of the Clade Testudinoidea","authors":"M. S. de la Fuente, G. G. Zacarías, E. Vlachos","doi":"10.3374/014.059.0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.059.0201","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The fossil record of turtles of the clade Testudinoidea is generally poor in South America. Fossil tortoises (Testudinidae) are known from the Late Oligocene to Holocene, but they likely arrived from Africa during the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene. The fossil record of Trachemys (Emydidae) and Rhinoclemys (Geoemydidae) is restricted to the Pleistocene, but both lineages likely arrived in multiple waves over the course of the Neogene. Our taxonomic review of 12 named fossil testudinoids finds five nomina valida, two nomina invalida, four nomina dubia, and one nomen nudum.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.059.0201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48108377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. G. Cannizzaro, Donna Balding, E. Lazo-Wasem, T. R. Sawicki
Abstract Crangonyx grandimanus Bousfield, 1963, a relatively large stygobitic amphipod endemic to the Floridan aquifer, is redescribed from its holotype specimen and topotype material. In addition to the morphological redescription, genetic sequence data for sections of the nuclear 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and mitochondrial 16S rDNA are provided from the examined topotypes.
{"title":"A Redescription of the Stygobitic Amphipod Crangonyx grandimanus (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) Including Phylogenetically Significant Sequence Data for Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes","authors":"A. G. Cannizzaro, Donna Balding, E. Lazo-Wasem, T. R. Sawicki","doi":"10.3374/014.059.0202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.059.0202","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Crangonyx grandimanus Bousfield, 1963, a relatively large stygobitic amphipod endemic to the Floridan aquifer, is redescribed from its holotype specimen and topotype material. In addition to the morphological redescription, genetic sequence data for sections of the nuclear 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and mitochondrial 16S rDNA are provided from the examined topotypes.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.059.0202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46697370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The Barremian through Turonian record of tyrannosauroids in North America is sparse, and neither the western nor eastern portions of the continent have produced substantial material of early tyrant dinosaurs. This is unfortunate, as the discovery and description of several new tyrannosauroid genera from this temporal interval in recent years has shown that this period of time was likely when the tyrannosauroids evolved many of the signature features of the large- bodied genera that famously roamed the planet during the latest Cretaceous. One particular trait of the younger tyrant dinosaur genera that seems to have evolved during the aforementioned temporal interval was that of large body size. Here, I describe the metatarsal II of an indeterminate tyrannosauroid from the Cenomanian Potomac Formation of New Jersey. The metatarsal II is significant for several reasons. It is the only definite occurrence of a tyrannosauroid in eastern North America (Appalachia) before the Coniacian and Santonian and indicates an animal in the size range of tyrannosauroids from the Santonian to Maastrichtian of the Cretaceous. The New Jersey specimen thus differs from other, mostly small and gracile, known tyrannosaur genera of the mid-Cretaceous, suggesting that the evolution of large size among tyrannosauroids was a complex process. The metatarsal has morphological affinities to the corresponding metatarsal II of Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis, and along with the results of phylogenetic analysis this suggests that Late Cretaceous Appalachian tyrannosauroids were relict forms isolated on the landmass.
{"title":"A Tyrannosauroid from the Lower Cenomanian of New Jersey and Its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications","authors":"C. Brownstein","doi":"10.3374/014.058.0210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.058.0210","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000 The Barremian through Turonian record of tyrannosauroids in North America is sparse, and neither the western nor eastern portions of the continent have produced substantial material of early tyrant dinosaurs. This is unfortunate, as the discovery and description of several new tyrannosauroid genera from this temporal interval in recent years has shown that this period of time was likely when the tyrannosauroids evolved many of the signature features of the large- bodied genera that famously roamed the planet during the latest Cretaceous. One particular trait of the younger tyrant dinosaur genera that seems to have evolved during the aforementioned temporal interval was that of large body size. Here, I describe the metatarsal II of an indeterminate tyrannosauroid from the Cenomanian Potomac Formation of New Jersey. The metatarsal II is significant for several reasons. It is the only definite occurrence of a tyrannosauroid in eastern North America (Appalachia) before the Coniacian and Santonian and indicates an animal in the size range of tyrannosauroids from the Santonian to Maastrichtian of the Cretaceous. The New Jersey specimen thus differs from other, mostly small and gracile, known tyrannosaur genera of the mid-Cretaceous, suggesting that the evolution of large size among tyrannosauroids was a complex process. The metatarsal has morphological affinities to the corresponding metatarsal II of Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis, and along with the results of phylogenetic analysis this suggests that Late Cretaceous Appalachian tyrannosauroids were relict forms isolated on the landmass.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2018-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.058.0210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46247581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea have a rich fossil record in North America, including the Caribbean, ranging from the late Paleocene to the Holocene. All earlier reports cannot be substantiated herein. The earliest members of this clade probably immigrated in multiple waves from Asia. Current phylogenies of crown Testudinoidea recognize four primary clades: Pan-Emydidae, Pan-Geoemydidae, Pan-Testudinidae, and the lineage leading to Platysternon megacephalum. An updated global phylogeny allows attribution of fossils to these lineages with confidence that allows the discernment of new diversity trends and biogeographic patterns. The diversity of North American Pan-Testudinidae increased consistently throughout the Cenozoic and reached its peak in the early Miocene. The extinction of many testudinids at the end of the Pleistocene, however, decreased tortoise diversity toward its extant levels. The diversity of North American Pan-Emydidae and Pan-Geoemydidae shows opposite patterns. Pan-Emydidae are remarkably diverse today, but their diversity was low in the Eocene and only increased dramatically from the Oligocene and onwards. Pan-Geoemydidae, on the other side, were diverse in the late Paleocene to Eocene, but their diversity decreases to their extremely low present levels starting with the Oligocene. A taxonomic review of 191 named North and Central American pan-testudinoid taxa finds 57 nomina valida, 69 nomina invalida, 64 nomina dubia, and 1 nomen nudum.
{"title":"A Review of the Fossil Record of North American Turtles of the Clade Pan-Testudinoidea","authors":"E. Vlachos","doi":"10.3374/014.059.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.059.0101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea have a rich fossil record in North America, including the Caribbean, ranging from the late Paleocene to the Holocene. All earlier reports cannot be substantiated herein. The earliest members of this clade probably immigrated in multiple waves from Asia. Current phylogenies of crown Testudinoidea recognize four primary clades: Pan-Emydidae, Pan-Geoemydidae, Pan-Testudinidae, and the lineage leading to Platysternon megacephalum. An updated global phylogeny allows attribution of fossils to these lineages with confidence that allows the discernment of new diversity trends and biogeographic patterns. The diversity of North American Pan-Testudinidae increased consistently throughout the Cenozoic and reached its peak in the early Miocene. The extinction of many testudinids at the end of the Pleistocene, however, decreased tortoise diversity toward its extant levels. The diversity of North American Pan-Emydidae and Pan-Geoemydidae shows opposite patterns. Pan-Emydidae are remarkably diverse today, but their diversity was low in the Eocene and only increased dramatically from the Oligocene and onwards. Pan-Geoemydidae, on the other side, were diverse in the late Paleocene to Eocene, but their diversity decreases to their extremely low present levels starting with the Oligocene. A taxonomic review of 191 named North and Central American pan-testudinoid taxa finds 57 nomina valida, 69 nomina invalida, 64 nomina dubia, and 1 nomen nudum.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2018-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46301451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
William E. Moser, D. Richardson, C. Hammond, E. Lazo-Wasem, Anna J. Phillips
Abstract Placobdella nuchalis Sawyer and Shelley, 1976 was originally described based on specimens from Four Hole Swamp (type locality) and a stream near Ashepoo River in South Carolina, USA, and Merchant's Millpond and Nine Mile Creek in North Carolina, USA. Leeches collected during August 2014 and August 2015 from Four Hole Swamp (type locality) and Merchant's Millpond (paratype locality) facilitated a redescription and molecular characterization of Placobdella nuchalis. Two additional specimens of Placobdella nuchaliswere collected on 10 August 2014 from Nassawango Creek, Maryland, USA, representing a state distribution record. Placobdella nuchalis has a brownish green dorsum with a dark medial line interrupted three times by yellow-cream spots, a pair of paralateral rows of unpigmented papillae with adjacent dark green papillae, and a distinct discoid head. Molecular comparison of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO-I) sequence data from a specimen of Placobdella nuchalis from Four Hole Swamp (type locality) revealed a 94.5% similarity to a specimen collected from Merchant's Millpond (paratype locality) and 14.2% to 17.5% differences among other species of Placobdella.
{"title":"Redescription and Molecular Characterization of Placobdella nuchalis Sawyer and Shelley, 1976 (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniidae)","authors":"William E. Moser, D. Richardson, C. Hammond, E. Lazo-Wasem, Anna J. Phillips","doi":"10.3374/014.058.0204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.058.0204","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000 Placobdella nuchalis Sawyer and Shelley, 1976 was originally described based on specimens from Four Hole Swamp (type locality) and a stream near Ashepoo River in South Carolina, USA, and Merchant's Millpond and Nine Mile Creek in North Carolina, USA. Leeches collected during August 2014 and August 2015 from Four Hole Swamp (type locality) and Merchant's Millpond (paratype locality) facilitated a redescription and molecular characterization of Placobdella nuchalis. Two additional specimens of Placobdella nuchaliswere collected on 10 August 2014 from Nassawango Creek, Maryland, USA, representing a state distribution record. Placobdella nuchalis has a brownish green dorsum with a dark medial line interrupted three times by yellow-cream spots, a pair of paralateral rows of unpigmented papillae with adjacent dark green papillae, and a distinct discoid head. Molecular comparison of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO-I) sequence data from a specimen of Placobdella nuchalis from Four Hole Swamp (type locality) revealed a 94.5% similarity to a specimen collected from Merchant's Millpond (paratype locality) and 14.2% to 17.5% differences among other species of Placobdella.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.058.0204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47941235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. C. Kozal, Jeffrey W. Simmons, Jon Michael Mollish, Daniel J. MacGuigan, E. Benavides, Benjamin P. Keck, T. Near
Abstract We provide a description of the Blueface Darter, Etheostoma cyanoprosopum, which is distributed in the upper Sipsey Fork of the Mobile Basin and the upper portion of the Bear Creek system in the Tennessee River Drainage. The distinctiveness of Etheostoma cyanoprosopum is assessed through analysis of morphological variation and molecular phylogenetic diversity within the Etheostoma zonistium species complex. In addition to analyzing disparity of morphometric and meristic traits, we present phylogenetic analyses of a mitochondrial gene and two nuclear genes and identify genetic clusters through analysis of 25 microsatellite loci. In the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene tree, Etheostoma cyanoprosopumis resolved as the sister lineage to a clade containing all other species of the Etheostoma zonistium complex. Etheostoma zonistium is paraphyletic with respect to both Etheostoma pyrrhogaster and Etheostoma cervus, which do not resolve as sister species in the mtDNA gene tree. The two nuclear gene trees are much less resolved, but the S7 ribosomal protein intron 1 (S7) gene tree resolves Etheostoma cyanoprosopum and all sampled populations of Etheostoma zonistium as a clade with strong Bayesian posterior node support. Etheostoma cyanoprosopum is morphologically differentiated from Etheostoma zonistium by a shallower body, a more elongate nape, a higher number of lateral line scales, a higher number of transverse scale rows, and differences in coloration.
{"title":"Phylogenetic and Morphological Diversity of the Etheostoma zonistium Species Complex with the Description of a New Species Endemic to the Cumberland Plateau of Alabama","authors":"L. C. Kozal, Jeffrey W. Simmons, Jon Michael Mollish, Daniel J. MacGuigan, E. Benavides, Benjamin P. Keck, T. Near","doi":"10.3374/014.058.0202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3374/014.058.0202","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000 We provide a description of the Blueface Darter, Etheostoma cyanoprosopum, which is distributed in the upper Sipsey Fork of the Mobile Basin and the upper portion of the Bear Creek system in the Tennessee River Drainage. The distinctiveness of Etheostoma cyanoprosopum is assessed through analysis of morphological variation and molecular phylogenetic diversity within the Etheostoma zonistium species complex. In addition to analyzing disparity of morphometric and meristic traits, we present phylogenetic analyses of a mitochondrial gene and two nuclear genes and identify genetic clusters through analysis of 25 microsatellite loci. In the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene tree, Etheostoma cyanoprosopumis resolved as the sister lineage to a clade containing all other species of the Etheostoma zonistium complex. Etheostoma zonistium is paraphyletic with respect to both Etheostoma pyrrhogaster and Etheostoma cervus, which do not resolve as sister species in the mtDNA gene tree. The two nuclear gene trees are much less resolved, but the S7 ribosomal protein intron 1 (S7) gene tree resolves Etheostoma cyanoprosopum and all sampled populations of Etheostoma zonistium as a clade with strong Bayesian posterior node support. Etheostoma cyanoprosopum is morphologically differentiated from Etheostoma zonistium by a shallower body, a more elongate nape, a higher number of lateral line scales, a higher number of transverse scale rows, and differences in coloration.","PeriodicalId":50719,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3374/014.058.0202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42830502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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