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Domesticating Colour in the Early Modern Age: Dyeing Wool in Black in Portugal 现代早期的色彩驯化:葡萄牙的黑色羊毛染色
Pub Date : 2024-02-10 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020042
Luís Gonçalves Ferreira
Mastering a colour—as such, its ‘domestication’—involves a weft of technological and symbolic relationships encompassed in the human ability to reproduce a visible colour using the techniques of textile dyeing. The Regimento dos panos or Regimento dos trapeiros (‘regulation of fabrics’ or ‘regulation of drapers’), published in 1573 and expanded in 1690, is a document made up of 107 chapters aiming to standardise the various stages of the production chain of woollen goods in Portugal. In the sections relating to the finishing of fabrics, the regulation carefully details the dyeing of the colour black. The main aim of this text is to discuss the four recipes presented in that document. The system presupposed a phase exogenous to the rules, since the fabrics had to be previously dyed blue (‘celestial blues’) by means of successive immersions of the cloth in a vat with indigo. The dyeing itself was achieved by mixing mordants and auxiliaries (alum, tartar, iron sulphate, and tannins) with a red dye (madder). The main conclusion is that the formulae presented do not constitute, in their general principles, a characteristic Portuguese methodology. In addition, the article includes an inventory of the raw materials used for dyeing in the Early Modern Age, produced, through a qualitative method, through cross-reference with other manuscript and printed sources, as well as an interpretation of their social and economic importance, and a systematisation of the types of Portuguese wools.
掌握一种颜色--即其 "驯化"--涉及到人类利用纺织品染色技术复制可见颜色的能力所包含的技术和象征关系的纬线。Regimento dos panos 或 Regimento dos trapeiros("织物管理条例 "或 "窗帘管理条例")于 1573 年出版,1690 年扩充,是一份由 107 个章节组成的文件,旨在规范葡萄牙毛织品生产链的各个环节。在与织物整理有关的章节中,该规定仔细详述了黑色的染色。本文的主要目的是讨论该文件中提出的四种配方。该系统预设了一个规则之外的阶段,因为织物之前必须通过将布连续浸泡在靛蓝缸中的方法染成蓝色("天体蓝")。染色本身是通过将媒染剂和助剂(明矾、酒石、硫酸铁和单宁酸)与红色染料(茜草)混合来实现的。主要结论是,所介绍的配方在一般原则上并不构成葡萄牙特有的方法。此外,文章还通过定性方法,与其他手稿和印刷资料相互参照,编制了一份现代早期用于染色的原材料清单,对其社会和经济重要性进行了解释,并对葡萄牙羊毛的类型进行了系统化。
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引用次数: 0
Domesticating Colour in the Early Modern Age: Dyeing Wool in Black in Portugal 现代早期的色彩驯化:葡萄牙的黑色羊毛染色
Pub Date : 2024-02-10 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020042
Luís Gonçalves Ferreira
Mastering a colour—as such, its ‘domestication’—involves a weft of technological and symbolic relationships encompassed in the human ability to reproduce a visible colour using the techniques of textile dyeing. The Regimento dos panos or Regimento dos trapeiros (‘regulation of fabrics’ or ‘regulation of drapers’), published in 1573 and expanded in 1690, is a document made up of 107 chapters aiming to standardise the various stages of the production chain of woollen goods in Portugal. In the sections relating to the finishing of fabrics, the regulation carefully details the dyeing of the colour black. The main aim of this text is to discuss the four recipes presented in that document. The system presupposed a phase exogenous to the rules, since the fabrics had to be previously dyed blue (‘celestial blues’) by means of successive immersions of the cloth in a vat with indigo. The dyeing itself was achieved by mixing mordants and auxiliaries (alum, tartar, iron sulphate, and tannins) with a red dye (madder). The main conclusion is that the formulae presented do not constitute, in their general principles, a characteristic Portuguese methodology. In addition, the article includes an inventory of the raw materials used for dyeing in the Early Modern Age, produced, through a qualitative method, through cross-reference with other manuscript and printed sources, as well as an interpretation of their social and economic importance, and a systematisation of the types of Portuguese wools.
掌握一种颜色--即其 "驯化"--涉及到人类利用纺织品染色技术复制可见颜色的能力所包含的技术和象征关系的纬线。Regimento dos panos 或 Regimento dos trapeiros("织物管理条例 "或 "窗帘管理条例")于 1573 年出版,1690 年扩充,是一份由 107 个章节组成的文件,旨在规范葡萄牙毛织品生产链的各个环节。在与织物整理有关的章节中,该规定仔细详述了黑色的染色。本文的主要目的是讨论该文件中提出的四种配方。该系统预设了一个规则之外的阶段,因为织物之前必须通过将布连续浸泡在靛蓝缸中的方法染成蓝色("天体蓝")。染色本身是通过将媒染剂和助剂(明矾、酒石、硫酸铁和单宁酸)与红色染料(茜草)混合来实现的。主要结论是,所介绍的配方在一般原则上并不构成葡萄牙特有的方法。此外,文章还通过定性方法,与其他手稿和印刷资料相互参照,编制了一份现代早期用于染色的原材料清单,对其社会和经济重要性进行了解释,并对葡萄牙羊毛的类型进行了系统化。
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引用次数: 0
Preserving the Values of Mediterranean Enclosed Fields with Dry Stone Walls, an Example of Vulnerable Natural and Rural Heritage 保护地中海干砌石墙围合田地的价值--脆弱自然和乡村遗产的典范
Pub Date : 2024-02-10 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020041
Nieves López-Estébanez, Pedro Molina-Holgado, Fernando Allende Álvarez
In the continental Mediterranean mountains of the Iberian Peninsula is located a landscape characterized by the presence of enclosed land parcels delimited by dry stone walls or vegetation, or by both these elements. This landscape has been included, since 2018, in UNESCO’s Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity under the name of Art of dry stone walling, knowledge and techniques. However, today’s territorial dynamics jeopardize the maintenance of this landscape heritage. This work set out to understand their origins, dynamics, and evolution from the 11th century (Middle Ages) to the present using historical documentation from different sources and diachronic cartography from aerial photographs. The fieldwork was designed to identify natural, cultural features and recent dynamics, in particular those related to urbanization changes of the last 70 years. Finally, we delved into the new dynamics of exploitation that were based on extensification and a loss of productive diversity. The results obtained lead us to consider that the loss of this agro-landscape must be prevented, with a reasonable livestock grazing criteria and a rational management of its heritage features. This requires regional, national, and European policies that recognize the enclosed landscape as a heritage ecosystem in which biodiversity and agriculture are closely linked.
在伊比利亚半岛的地中海大陆山区,有一种景观,其特点是存在由干石墙或植被,或由这两种元素划定的封闭地块。自 2018 年起,这一景观以 "干砌石墙艺术、知识和技术 "的名义被列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。然而,当今的领土动态危及了这一景观遗产的维护。这项工作的目的是利用不同来源的历史文献和航拍照片中的非同步地图,了解从 11 世纪(中世纪)到现在的起源、动态和演变。实地考察的目的是确定自然、文化特征和最新动态,特别是与过去 70 年城市化变化有关的特征。最后,我们深入研究了基于扩展和生产多样性丧失的新开发动态。研究结果使我们认识到,必须通过合理的牲畜放牧标准和对遗产特征的合理管理来防止这一农业景观的消失。这就需要制定地区、国家和欧洲政策,承认封闭景观是生物多样性和农业密切相关的遗产生态系统。
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引用次数: 0
Preserving the Values of Mediterranean Enclosed Fields with Dry Stone Walls, an Example of Vulnerable Natural and Rural Heritage 保护地中海干砌石墙围合田地的价值--脆弱自然和乡村遗产的典范
Pub Date : 2024-02-10 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020041
Nieves López-Estébanez, Pedro Molina-Holgado, Fernando Allende Álvarez
In the continental Mediterranean mountains of the Iberian Peninsula is located a landscape characterized by the presence of enclosed land parcels delimited by dry stone walls or vegetation, or by both these elements. This landscape has been included, since 2018, in UNESCO’s Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity under the name of Art of dry stone walling, knowledge and techniques. However, today’s territorial dynamics jeopardize the maintenance of this landscape heritage. This work set out to understand their origins, dynamics, and evolution from the 11th century (Middle Ages) to the present using historical documentation from different sources and diachronic cartography from aerial photographs. The fieldwork was designed to identify natural, cultural features and recent dynamics, in particular those related to urbanization changes of the last 70 years. Finally, we delved into the new dynamics of exploitation that were based on extensification and a loss of productive diversity. The results obtained lead us to consider that the loss of this agro-landscape must be prevented, with a reasonable livestock grazing criteria and a rational management of its heritage features. This requires regional, national, and European policies that recognize the enclosed landscape as a heritage ecosystem in which biodiversity and agriculture are closely linked.
在伊比利亚半岛的地中海大陆山区,有一种景观,其特点是存在由干石墙或植被,或由这两种元素划定的封闭地块。自 2018 年起,这一景观以 "干砌石墙艺术、知识和技术 "的名义被列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。然而,当今的领土动态危及了这一景观遗产的维护。这项工作的目的是利用不同来源的历史文献和航拍照片中的非同步地图,了解从 11 世纪(中世纪)到现在的起源、动态和演变。实地考察的目的是确定自然、文化特征和最新动态,特别是与过去 70 年城市化变化有关的特征。最后,我们深入研究了基于扩展和生产多样性丧失的新开发动态。研究结果使我们认识到,必须通过合理的牲畜放牧标准和对遗产特征的合理管理来防止这一农业景观的消失。这就需要制定地区、国家和欧洲政策,承认封闭景观是生物多样性和农业密切相关的遗产生态系统。
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引用次数: 0
From Oblivion to Life: The Recovery of Intangible Cultural Heritage through the Anti-Aircraft Shelters of the Spanish Civil War 从遗忘到生命:通过西班牙内战防空洞恢复非物质文化遗产
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020039
Pablo Rosser, Seila Soler
This article examines the rehabilitation of anti-aircraft shelters from the Spanish Civil War in Alicante, Spain. Funded by European resources and managed by local public administration, these shelters have been restored as cultural and tourist attractions. This study aims to analyze their role in preserving and promoting intangible cultural heritage, with a focus on their significance as tangible remnants of a historical period and their reflection on survival practices during the war. This research investigates the impact of public management in rehabilitating these shelters and in disseminating their history and culture. It explores decision-making processes, community engagement, and strategies for promoting cultural tourism. Employing a mixed methodology, this study gathers primary data through interviews with individuals who witnessed the war and secondary data from documentary and bibliographic sources. Findings suggest that the rehabilitation of these shelters has been pivotal in preserving Alicante’s historical memory and cultural heritage. Making the shelters accessible to the public facilitates knowledge transmission about the Spanish Civil War, promotes cultural tourism, and engages the local community in the dissemination of history and culture. This study’s results and conclusions are relevant for academics, professionals, and cultural heritage managers at both national and international levels, offering insights into the effective preservation and promotion of historical sites.
本文探讨了西班牙阿利坎特市修复西班牙内战时期防空洞的情况。在欧洲资源的资助和当地公共管理部门的管理下,这些防空洞已被修复为文化和旅游景点。本研究旨在分析这些防空洞在保护和促进非物质文化遗产方面的作用,重点是它们作为历史时期有形遗存的意义及其对战争期间生存方式的反思。本研究调查了公共管理在修复这些避难所和传播其历史与文化方面的影响。研究探讨了决策过程、社区参与以及促进文化旅游的策略。本研究采用混合方法,通过采访战争亲历者收集第一手数据,通过文献和书目资料收集第二手数据。研究结果表明,这些避难所的修复对保护阿利坎特的历史记忆和文化遗产起到了关键作用。向公众开放庇护所有利于传播有关西班牙内战的知识,促进文化旅游,并使当地社区参与到历史和文化的传播中来。这项研究的结果和结论对学术界、专业人士以及国家和国际层面的文化遗产管理者都具有现实意义,为有效保护和宣传历史遗迹提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Indigenous Knowledge in Post-Pandemic Cultural Tourism: Discussion from Arauco Territories, Chile 后大流行病文化旅游中的本土知识:智利阿劳科地区的讨论
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020040
Noelia Carrasco Henríquez, Beatriz Eugenia Cid Aguayo, Camila Neves Guzmán, Juanita Orellana Ojeda
In the last two decades, cultural tourism has transformed the aesthetics and the relationship between the actors of the Arauco territories. In the post-COVID context, these transformations could be reinforced, especially considering the actual legal scenario about indigenous rights and the global ecological crisis. In most cases, the indigenous people, with cultural tourism initiatives, highlight their world vision, including the relations with nature. For this reason, we propose to study this scientific problem from the relational ontology perspective. In this study, we describe the situation of cultural tourism in Arauco Province, Chile, where Mapuche people, the Chilean State, and the international market coexist in permanent friction. The main objective is to analyze how the pandemic influenced Mapuche cultural tourism, from the Mapuche cultural perspective and the global conditions for their development. The methods of research mixed historical and ethnographic approaches with a sample of key actors of Mapuche cultural tourism. As results, we can show the Mapuche way of understanding cultural tourism and the new conditions derived from the pandemic and post-pandemic contexts.
在过去的二十年里,文化旅游改变了阿劳科地区的美学和参与者之间的关系。在后 COVID 时代背景下,特别是考虑到有关土著权利和全球生态危机的实际法律情况,这些转变可能会得到加强。在大多数情况下,原住民通过文化旅游活动强调他们的世界观,包括与自然的关系。因此,我们建议从关系本体论的角度来研究这一科学问题。在本研究中,我们描述了智利阿劳科省的文化旅游状况,那里的马普切人、智利政府和国际市场长期处于摩擦之中。研究的主要目的是从马普切文化视角和全球文化旅游发展条件出发,分析大流行病如何影响马普切文化旅游。研究方法混合了历史学和人种学方法,并对马普切文化旅游的主要参与者进行了抽样调查。研究结果表明,马普切人理解文化旅游的方式以及大流行病和大流行病后背景下产生的新条件。
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引用次数: 0
From Oblivion to Life: The Recovery of Intangible Cultural Heritage through the Anti-Aircraft Shelters of the Spanish Civil War 从遗忘到生命:通过西班牙内战防空洞恢复非物质文化遗产
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020039
Pablo Rosser, Seila Soler
This article examines the rehabilitation of anti-aircraft shelters from the Spanish Civil War in Alicante, Spain. Funded by European resources and managed by local public administration, these shelters have been restored as cultural and tourist attractions. This study aims to analyze their role in preserving and promoting intangible cultural heritage, with a focus on their significance as tangible remnants of a historical period and their reflection on survival practices during the war. This research investigates the impact of public management in rehabilitating these shelters and in disseminating their history and culture. It explores decision-making processes, community engagement, and strategies for promoting cultural tourism. Employing a mixed methodology, this study gathers primary data through interviews with individuals who witnessed the war and secondary data from documentary and bibliographic sources. Findings suggest that the rehabilitation of these shelters has been pivotal in preserving Alicante’s historical memory and cultural heritage. Making the shelters accessible to the public facilitates knowledge transmission about the Spanish Civil War, promotes cultural tourism, and engages the local community in the dissemination of history and culture. This study’s results and conclusions are relevant for academics, professionals, and cultural heritage managers at both national and international levels, offering insights into the effective preservation and promotion of historical sites.
本文探讨了西班牙阿利坎特市修复西班牙内战时期防空洞的情况。在欧洲资源的资助和当地公共管理部门的管理下,这些防空洞已被修复为文化和旅游景点。本研究旨在分析这些防空洞在保护和促进非物质文化遗产方面的作用,重点是它们作为历史时期有形遗存的意义及其对战争期间生存方式的反思。本研究调查了公共管理在修复这些避难所和传播其历史与文化方面的影响。研究探讨了决策过程、社区参与以及促进文化旅游的策略。本研究采用混合方法,通过采访战争亲历者收集第一手数据,通过文献和书目资料收集第二手数据。研究结果表明,这些避难所的修复对保护阿利坎特的历史记忆和文化遗产起到了关键作用。向公众开放庇护所有利于传播有关西班牙内战的知识,促进文化旅游,并使当地社区参与到历史和文化的传播中来。这项研究的结果和结论对学术界、专业人士以及国家和国际层面的文化遗产管理者都具有现实意义,为有效保护和宣传历史遗迹提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Indigenous Knowledge in Post-Pandemic Cultural Tourism: Discussion from Arauco Territories, Chile 后大流行病文化旅游中的本土知识:智利阿劳科地区的讨论
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020040
Noelia Carrasco Henríquez, Beatriz Eugenia Cid Aguayo, Camila Neves Guzmán, Juanita Orellana Ojeda
In the last two decades, cultural tourism has transformed the aesthetics and the relationship between the actors of the Arauco territories. In the post-COVID context, these transformations could be reinforced, especially considering the actual legal scenario about indigenous rights and the global ecological crisis. In most cases, the indigenous people, with cultural tourism initiatives, highlight their world vision, including the relations with nature. For this reason, we propose to study this scientific problem from the relational ontology perspective. In this study, we describe the situation of cultural tourism in Arauco Province, Chile, where Mapuche people, the Chilean State, and the international market coexist in permanent friction. The main objective is to analyze how the pandemic influenced Mapuche cultural tourism, from the Mapuche cultural perspective and the global conditions for their development. The methods of research mixed historical and ethnographic approaches with a sample of key actors of Mapuche cultural tourism. As results, we can show the Mapuche way of understanding cultural tourism and the new conditions derived from the pandemic and post-pandemic contexts.
在过去的二十年里,文化旅游改变了阿劳科地区的美学和参与者之间的关系。在后 COVID 时代背景下,特别是考虑到有关土著权利和全球生态危机的实际法律情况,这些转变可能会得到加强。在大多数情况下,原住民通过文化旅游活动强调他们的世界观,包括与自然的关系。因此,我们建议从关系本体论的角度来研究这一科学问题。在本研究中,我们描述了智利阿劳科省的文化旅游状况,那里的马普切人、智利政府和国际市场长期处于摩擦之中。研究的主要目的是从马普切文化视角和全球文化旅游发展条件出发,分析大流行病如何影响马普切文化旅游。研究方法混合了历史学和人种学方法,并对马普切文化旅游的主要参与者进行了抽样调查。研究结果表明,马普切人理解文化旅游的方式以及大流行病和大流行病后背景下产生的新条件。
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引用次数: 0
Artificial Intelligence for Digital Heritage Innovation: Setting up a R&D Agenda for Europe 人工智能促进数字遗产创新:制定欧洲研发议程
Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020038
Sander Muenster, Ferdinand Maiwald, Isabella di Lenardo, Juha Henriksson, Antoine Isaac, Manuela Milica Graf, Clemens Beck, Johan Oomen
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a game changer in many fields, including cultural heritage. It supports the planning and preservation of heritage sites and cities, enables the creation of virtual experiences to enrich cultural tourism and engagement, supports research, and increases access and understanding of heritage objects. Despite some impressive examples, the full potential of AI for economic, social, and cultural change is not yet fully visible. Against this background, this article aims to (a) highlight the scope of AI in the field of cultural heritage and innovation, (b) highlight the state of the art of AI technologies for cultural heritage, (c) highlight challenges and opportunities, and (d) outline an agenda for AI, cultural heritage, and innovation.
人工智能(AI)改变了包括文化遗产在内的许多领域的游戏规则。它支持遗产地和城市的规划与保护,能够创造虚拟体验以丰富文化旅游和参与,支持研究,并增加对遗产物品的获取和了解。尽管有一些令人印象深刻的例子,但人工智能促进经济、社会和文化变革的全部潜力尚未完全显现。在此背景下,本文旨在:(a) 强调人工智能在文化遗产与创新领域的应用范围;(b) 突出人工智能技术在文化遗产领域的应用现状;(c) 强调挑战与机遇;(d) 勾勒人工智能、文化遗产与创新的发展议程。
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引用次数: 0
Artificial Intelligence for Digital Heritage Innovation: Setting up a R&D Agenda for Europe 人工智能促进数字遗产创新:制定欧洲研发议程
Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020038
Sander Muenster, Ferdinand Maiwald, Isabella di Lenardo, Juha Henriksson, Antoine Isaac, Manuela Milica Graf, Clemens Beck, Johan Oomen
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a game changer in many fields, including cultural heritage. It supports the planning and preservation of heritage sites and cities, enables the creation of virtual experiences to enrich cultural tourism and engagement, supports research, and increases access and understanding of heritage objects. Despite some impressive examples, the full potential of AI for economic, social, and cultural change is not yet fully visible. Against this background, this article aims to (a) highlight the scope of AI in the field of cultural heritage and innovation, (b) highlight the state of the art of AI technologies for cultural heritage, (c) highlight challenges and opportunities, and (d) outline an agenda for AI, cultural heritage, and innovation.
人工智能(AI)改变了包括文化遗产在内的许多领域的游戏规则。它支持遗产地和城市的规划与保护,能够创造虚拟体验以丰富文化旅游和参与,支持研究,并增加对遗产物品的获取和了解。尽管有一些令人印象深刻的例子,但人工智能促进经济、社会和文化变革的全部潜力尚未完全显现。在此背景下,本文旨在:(a) 强调人工智能在文化遗产与创新领域的应用范围;(b) 突出人工智能技术在文化遗产领域的应用现状;(c) 强调挑战与机遇;(d) 勾勒人工智能、文化遗产与创新的发展议程。
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引用次数: 0
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