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Polychrome Bronze Sculpture: A Multi-Analytical Approach to Unveil the Renaissance Gilded Eagles in the Abbey of San Miniato al Monte, Florence 多色青铜雕塑:用多种分析方法揭开佛罗伦萨圣米尼亚托修道院文艺复兴时期镀金鹰的神秘面纱
Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020047
E. Cantisani, Nicola Salvioli, Barbara Salvadori
The gilded bronze eagles that stand upon the summit of the Tabernacle by Michelozzo in the Abbey of San Miniato al Monte, Florence (Italy) are an exquisite example of Italian Renaissance sculpture. Commissioned by Piero di Cosimo de Medici, the two eagles, representing the ancient Arte di Calimala, were cast and decorated by Maso di Bartolomeo in the 1448–1449 period. A multi-analytical approach was set up to characterize the state of conservation, materials used, and artistic technique of the eagles. Non-invasive methods were used and integrated with micro-invasive analyses, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry on powders (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDS (SEM-EDS), and metallographic investigation. The results depict shiny-looking eagles, suggesting the use of oil gilding on almost all surfaces and revealing the presence of polychromies, which is almost unusual in XV-century bronze statuary and is initially hidden by deposits and corrosion products. Indeed, the paws were originally painted with azurite, while the use of cinnabar imparted a vivid red color to the tongue. A black paint containing mercury was found on the eyes and talons. The bales of cloth were decorated with silver, which is now almost completely lost and whose remains are not visible due to being tarnished, while fine details in gold were detected on the lanyard.
矗立在意大利佛罗伦萨圣米尼亚托山顶修道院米切洛佐所作会幕顶端的镀金铜鹰是意大利文艺复兴时期雕塑的精美典范。受皮耶罗-迪-科西莫-德-美第奇(Piero di Cosimo de Medici)的委托,马索-迪-巴托洛梅奥(Maso di Bartolomeo)于 1448-1449 年期间铸造并装饰了这两只代表古代 Calimala 艺术的老鹰。为确定这两只鹰的保存状况、所用材料和艺术技巧,采用了多种分析方法。使用了非侵入性方法,并将其与微侵入性分析相结合,如 X 射线荧光 (XRF) 和傅立叶变换红外 (FTIR) 光谱、粉末 X 射线衍射仪 (XRPD)、扫描电子显微镜与 EDS (SEM-EDS) 以及金相学调查。研究结果表明,老鹰外表光亮,几乎所有表面都使用了油鎏金,并显示出多色的存在,这在十五世纪的青铜雕像中几乎是不常见的,最初会被沉积物和腐蚀产物所掩盖。事实上,爪子最初是用天青石绘制的,而朱砂的使用则为舌头赋予了鲜艳的红色。在眼睛和爪子上发现了含汞的黑色颜料。布包上有银质装饰,现在银质装饰几乎完全消失,其残留物也因被玷污而不可见,而在挂绳上则发现了金质的精美细节。
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引用次数: 0
Polychrome Bronze Sculpture: A Multi-Analytical Approach to Unveil the Renaissance Gilded Eagles in the Abbey of San Miniato al Monte, Florence 多色青铜雕塑:用多种分析方法揭开佛罗伦萨圣米尼亚托修道院文艺复兴时期镀金鹰的神秘面纱
Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020047
E. Cantisani, Nicola Salvioli, Barbara Salvadori
The gilded bronze eagles that stand upon the summit of the Tabernacle by Michelozzo in the Abbey of San Miniato al Monte, Florence (Italy) are an exquisite example of Italian Renaissance sculpture. Commissioned by Piero di Cosimo de Medici, the two eagles, representing the ancient Arte di Calimala, were cast and decorated by Maso di Bartolomeo in the 1448–1449 period. A multi-analytical approach was set up to characterize the state of conservation, materials used, and artistic technique of the eagles. Non-invasive methods were used and integrated with micro-invasive analyses, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry on powders (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDS (SEM-EDS), and metallographic investigation. The results depict shiny-looking eagles, suggesting the use of oil gilding on almost all surfaces and revealing the presence of polychromies, which is almost unusual in XV-century bronze statuary and is initially hidden by deposits and corrosion products. Indeed, the paws were originally painted with azurite, while the use of cinnabar imparted a vivid red color to the tongue. A black paint containing mercury was found on the eyes and talons. The bales of cloth were decorated with silver, which is now almost completely lost and whose remains are not visible due to being tarnished, while fine details in gold were detected on the lanyard.
矗立在意大利佛罗伦萨圣米尼亚托山顶修道院米切洛佐所作会幕顶端的镀金铜鹰是意大利文艺复兴时期雕塑的精美典范。受皮耶罗-迪-科西莫-德-美第奇(Piero di Cosimo de Medici)的委托,马索-迪-巴托洛梅奥(Maso di Bartolomeo)于 1448-1449 年期间铸造并装饰了这两只代表古代 Calimala 艺术的老鹰。为确定这两只鹰的保存状况、所用材料和艺术技巧,采用了多种分析方法。使用了非侵入性方法,并将其与微侵入性分析相结合,如 X 射线荧光 (XRF) 和傅立叶变换红外 (FTIR) 光谱、粉末 X 射线衍射仪 (XRPD)、扫描电子显微镜与 EDS (SEM-EDS) 以及金相学调查。研究结果表明,老鹰外表光亮,几乎所有表面都使用了油鎏金,并显示出多色的存在,这在十五世纪的青铜雕像中几乎是不常见的,最初会被沉积物和腐蚀产物所掩盖。事实上,爪子最初是用天青石绘制的,而朱砂的使用则为舌头赋予了鲜艳的红色。在眼睛和爪子上发现了含汞的黑色颜料。布包上有银饰,现在银饰几乎完全消失,由于被玷污,银饰的残留物已不可见。
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引用次数: 0
The Disappearing Technology and Products of Traditional Tibetan Village Blacksmiths 消失的西藏传统乡村铁匠技术和产品
Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020046
Chandra L. Reedy
Tibetans have a long history of iron mining, smelting, and forging. For centuries, craftsmen in major cities and large iron production centers made high-quality swords and suits of armor, as well as decorative iron ritual objects for monasteries and the elites, but blacksmithing workshops in small villages have always produced and repaired everyday objects for agricultural and home use. Modern political changes, along with greater availability of industrial objects in local markets, have greatly reduced the rank of the village blacksmith. Ethnographic fieldwork reported here from two Tibetan Bön villages in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, China (once part of traditional Amdo area of Tibet), highlights some of the threats to the continued existence of village blacksmiths. Both a part-time blacksmith in one village and a full-time blacksmith in another make only a marginal living from their work. Their descendants are unlikely to continue the business. Many of the village blacksmiths in the area have already stopped production and closed their workshops. It is likely that the village blacksmith tradition might soon disappear altogether in this region of the world without support. Preservation of this tradition could benefit both cultural and environmental sustainability goals.
西藏的铁矿开采、冶炼和锻造历史悠久。几个世纪以来,大城市和大型铁器生产中心的工匠们为寺庙和精英阶层打造高品质的刀剑和盔甲,以及装饰性的铁制法器,但小村庄的铁匠作坊一直生产和修理农业和家庭使用的日常用品。现代政治变革以及工业品在当地市场上的更广泛供应,大大降低了乡村铁匠的地位。本文所报道的在中国阿坝藏族羌族自治州(曾是西藏传统安多地区的一部分)两个藏族博恩村进行的人种学田野调查,突出了乡村铁匠继续生存所面临的一些威胁。一个村子里的兼职铁匠和另一个村子里的全职铁匠都只能靠打铁维持生计。他们的后代不太可能继续从事这一行业。该地区的许多乡村铁匠已经停产并关闭了作坊。如果得不到支持,乡村铁匠传统很可能很快就会在这一地区彻底消失。保护这一传统既有利于实现文化目标,也有利于实现环境可持续发展目标。
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引用次数: 0
The Disappearing Technology and Products of Traditional Tibetan Village Blacksmiths 消失的西藏传统乡村铁匠技术和产品
Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020046
Chandra L. Reedy
Tibetans have a long history of iron mining, smelting, and forging. For centuries, craftsmen in major cities and large iron production centers made high-quality swords and suits of armor, as well as decorative iron ritual objects for monasteries and the elites, but blacksmithing workshops in small villages have always produced and repaired everyday objects for agricultural and home use. Modern political changes, along with greater availability of industrial objects in local markets, have greatly reduced the rank of the village blacksmith. Ethnographic fieldwork reported here from two Tibetan Bön villages in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, China (once part of traditional Amdo area of Tibet), highlights some of the threats to the continued existence of village blacksmiths. Both a part-time blacksmith in one village and a full-time blacksmith in another make only a marginal living from their work. Their descendants are unlikely to continue the business. Many of the village blacksmiths in the area have already stopped production and closed their workshops. It is likely that the village blacksmith tradition might soon disappear altogether in this region of the world without support. Preservation of this tradition could benefit both cultural and environmental sustainability goals.
西藏的铁矿开采、冶炼和锻造历史悠久。几个世纪以来,大城市和大型铁器生产中心的工匠们为寺庙和精英阶层打造高品质的刀剑和盔甲,以及装饰性的铁制法器,但小村庄的铁匠作坊一直生产和修理农业和家庭使用的日常用品。现代政治变革以及工业品在当地市场上的更广泛供应,大大降低了乡村铁匠的地位。本文所报道的在中国阿坝藏族羌族自治州(曾是西藏传统安多地区的一部分)两个藏族博恩村进行的人种学田野调查,突出了乡村铁匠继续生存所面临的一些威胁。一个村子里的兼职铁匠和另一个村子里的全职铁匠都只能靠打铁维持生计。他们的后代不太可能继续从事这一行业。该地区的许多乡村铁匠已经停产并关闭了作坊。如果得不到支持,乡村铁匠传统很可能很快就会在这一地区彻底消失。保护这一传统既有利于实现文化目标,也有利于实现环境可持续发展目标。
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引用次数: 0
Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions on the Use of Heritage in Secondary Education and Their Reception of Educational Materials from the Heritage and Museum Sector: A Case Study in Flanders (Belgium) 职前教师对在中学教育中利用遗产的看法及其对遗产和博物馆部门教育材料的接受:佛兰德斯(比利时)案例研究
Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020045
Joris Van Doorsselaere
There has been a growing policy interest in establishing connections between heritage and education. Nevertheless, there seems to be very little evaluation or critical reflection on what actually happens in practice, and it remains unclear how heritage education is employed in countries throughout Europe. The aim of this paper is to assess the current status of heritage education in Flanders (the Dutch-speaking northern part of Belgium) via a literature review and an exploratory case study. The perceptions and opinions of pre-service teachers (n = 17) were investigated using three instruments: a questionnaire, document analysis, and the think aloud method. The results show that the pre-service teachers had a traditional interpretation of heritage, mainly relying on well-known and monumental examples and following a rather historical–artistic conception. However, it was found that their opinions were positive towards the use of heritage as an educational resource, and their evaluations of educational materials from the heritage and museum sector provided detailed information concerning teachers’ desires and needs in this regard. The implications of this study should encourage initial teacher training in Flanders to further consider the epistemological and methodological challenges in the emerging field of heritage education.
建立遗产与教育之间的联系在政策上越来越受到关注。然而,对实际情况的评估或批判性反思似乎很少,遗产教育在欧洲各国的应用情况仍不清楚。本文旨在通过文献综述和探索性案例研究,评估佛兰德斯(比利时北部荷兰语区)遗产教育的现状。通过问卷调查、文献分析和朗读思考法这三种方法,对职前教师(n = 17)的看法和意见进行了调查。结果表明,职前教师对遗产的解释比较传统,主要依赖于著名的和不朽的例子,并遵循一种相当历史-艺术的观念。然而,研究发现,他们对利用遗产作为教育资源的看法是积极的,他们对遗产和博 物馆教育材料的评价提供了有关教师在这方面的愿望和需求的详细信息。这项研究的意义应鼓励佛兰德斯的初始教师培训进一步考虑遗产教育这一新兴领域在认识论和方法论方面的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions on the Use of Heritage in Secondary Education and Their Reception of Educational Materials from the Heritage and Museum Sector: A Case Study in Flanders (Belgium) 职前教师对在中学教育中利用遗产的看法及其对遗产和博物馆部门教育材料的接受:佛兰德斯(比利时)案例研究
Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020045
Joris Van Doorsselaere
There has been a growing policy interest in establishing connections between heritage and education. Nevertheless, there seems to be very little evaluation or critical reflection on what actually happens in practice, and it remains unclear how heritage education is employed in countries throughout Europe. The aim of this paper is to assess the current status of heritage education in Flanders (the Dutch-speaking northern part of Belgium) via a literature review and an exploratory case study. The perceptions and opinions of pre-service teachers (n = 17) were investigated using three instruments: a questionnaire, document analysis, and the think aloud method. The results show that the pre-service teachers had a traditional interpretation of heritage, mainly relying on well-known and monumental examples and following a rather historical–artistic conception. However, it was found that their opinions were positive towards the use of heritage as an educational resource, and their evaluations of educational materials from the heritage and museum sector provided detailed information concerning teachers’ desires and needs in this regard. The implications of this study should encourage initial teacher training in Flanders to further consider the epistemological and methodological challenges in the emerging field of heritage education.
建立遗产与教育之间的联系在政策上越来越受到关注。然而,对实际情况的评估或批判性反思似乎很少,遗产教育在欧洲各国的应用情况仍不清楚。本文旨在通过文献综述和探索性案例研究,评估佛兰德斯(比利时北部荷兰语区)遗产教育的现状。通过问卷调查、文献分析和朗读思考法这三种方法,对职前教师(n = 17)的看法和意见进行了调查。结果表明,职前教师对遗产的解释比较传统,主要依赖于著名的和不朽的例子,并遵循一种相当历史-艺术的观念。然而,研究发现,他们对利用遗产作为教育资源的看法是积极的,他们对遗产和博 物馆教育材料的评价提供了有关教师在这方面的愿望和需求的详细信息。这项研究的意义应鼓励佛兰德斯的初始教师培训进一步考虑遗产教育这一新兴领域在认识论和方法论方面的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
3D WebGIS for Ephemeral Architecture Documentation and Studies in the Humanities 三维网络地理信息系统用于短暂建筑文献和人文研究
Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020044
A. Spreafico, F. Chiabrando
The documentation and visualization of ephemeral CH, especially for World’s Fairs architecture, remains a neglected endeavor on the global scale. While digital products like 3D models find extensive application in CH, the use of a WebGIS has scarcely been explored in this domain. When a WebGIS is used for CH, it serves to communicate the output of research, not as a tool to support the development of the research itself. Moreover, aspects like procedural development for the creation of a WebGIS platform, its upgrading, and its long-term preservation are key factors for the maintenance of the digital tool, but they have scarcely been considered in the literature. Through the Turin 1911 project, this paper defines a procedure for the creation of a WebGIS for ephemeral architectural documentation, showing how a WebGIS platform can be designed, implemented, tested, and maintained. The novelty of this study lies in the creation of a 2D/3D WebGIS based on a tailored spatial database; the WebGIS is coupled with a dedicated website for the constant updating of the research data documenting the Turin 1911 International Exposition. The discussion emphasizes the transformative role of a WebGIS in not only sharing information but also serving as a dynamic platform for conducting digital humanities studies in 3D environments.
在全球范围内,记录和可视化历时性建筑(尤其是世界博览会建筑)仍然是一项被忽视的工作。虽然三维模型等数字产品在建筑展中得到了广泛应用,但网络地理信息系统(WebGIS)在这一领域的应用却鲜有探索。当网络地理信息系统用于人类健康领域时,它的作用是传播研究成果,而不是作为支持研究本身发展的工具。此外,创建 WebGIS 平台的程序开发、升级和长期保存等方面都是维护数字工具的关键因素,但文献中却很少考虑这些因素。本文通过 "都灵 1911 "项目,定义了创建用于短暂建筑文献的 WebGIS 的程序,展示了如何设计、实施、测试和维护 WebGIS 平台。这项研究的新颖之处在于基于定制的空间数据库创建了一个 2D/3D WebGIS;WebGIS 与一个专门的网站相结合,用于不断更新记录都灵 1911 年国际博览会的研究数据。讨论强调了 WebGIS 的变革作用,它不仅可以共享信息,还可以作为在三维环境中开展数字人文研究的动态平台。
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引用次数: 0
Compatibility Assessment in the Replacement of Damaged Sandstone Used in the Cathedral of Huesca (Spain) 替换韦斯卡大教堂(西班牙)受损砂岩的兼容性评估
Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020043
M. P. Lapuente Mercadal, J. A. Cuchí Oterino, Luis Francisco Auqué Sanz
In order to manage problems arising from rainwater/rock interaction in Miocene sandstones (calcareous litharenites) widely used in various monuments of the Ebro Valley (NE of Spain), a survey has been conducted with particular application to the building and architectural decorative materials of the Cathedral of Huesca. Once the current state of decay was diagnosed and the processes of alteration (enhanced by certain intrinsic factors and their particular exposure to the environmental conditions) were detected, a pre-restoration experimental assay was conducted. On the one hand, to propose the best stone replacement, this study evaluates the compatibility of the available sandstones in the local market based on their intrinsic features, especially those related to hydric behaviour. Once the most suitable sandstone was selected, pore size distributions were determined along with accelerated ageing cycles to show the importance of selecting properly the potential replacement sandstone. In a second step, to determine the effectiveness and long-term efficacy of four water-repellent products, several on-site and laboratory tests were performed. From the experimental results obtained, remedial works have been proposed which will be useful not only for the restoration programme of this monument, but also for other emblematic architectural Heritage in the Ebro Valley.
为了解决埃布罗河谷(西班牙东北部)各种古迹中广泛使用的中新世砂岩(钙质石灰岩)中因雨水/岩石相互作用而产生的问题,对韦斯卡大教堂的建筑和建筑装饰材料进行了一项调查。在对目前的腐朽状态进行诊断并发现其变化过程(因某些内在因素及其在环境条件下的特殊暴露而加剧)后,进行了修复前的实验检测。一方面,为了提出最佳的石材替代方案,本研究根据当地市场上现有砂岩的内在特征,尤其是与水力作用相关的特征,对其兼容性进行了评估。一旦选定了最合适的砂岩,就会根据加速老化周期确定孔径分布,以显示正确选择潜在替代砂岩的重要性。第二步,为了确定四种憎水产品的有效性和长期功效,进行了多次现场和实验室测试。根据获得的实验结果,提出了一些补救措施,这些措施不仅对该古迹的修复计划有用,而且对埃布罗河谷的其他标志性建筑遗产也很有用。
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引用次数: 0
3D WebGIS for Ephemeral Architecture Documentation and Studies in the Humanities 三维网络地理信息系统用于短暂建筑文献和人文研究
Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020044
A. Spreafico, F. Chiabrando
The documentation and visualization of ephemeral CH, especially for World’s Fairs architecture, remains a neglected endeavor on the global scale. While digital products like 3D models find extensive application in CH, the use of a WebGIS has scarcely been explored in this domain. When a WebGIS is used for CH, it serves to communicate the output of research, not as a tool to support the development of the research itself. Moreover, aspects like procedural development for the creation of a WebGIS platform, its upgrading, and its long-term preservation are key factors for the maintenance of the digital tool, but they have scarcely been considered in the literature. Through the Turin 1911 project, this paper defines a procedure for the creation of a WebGIS for ephemeral architectural documentation, showing how a WebGIS platform can be designed, implemented, tested, and maintained. The novelty of this study lies in the creation of a 2D/3D WebGIS based on a tailored spatial database; the WebGIS is coupled with a dedicated website for the constant updating of the research data documenting the Turin 1911 International Exposition. The discussion emphasizes the transformative role of a WebGIS in not only sharing information but also serving as a dynamic platform for conducting digital humanities studies in 3D environments.
在全球范围内,记录和可视化历时性建筑(尤其是世界博览会建筑)仍然是一项被忽视的工作。虽然三维模型等数字产品在建筑展中得到了广泛应用,但网络地理信息系统(WebGIS)在这一领域的应用却鲜有探索。当网络地理信息系统用于人类健康领域时,它的作用是传播研究成果,而不是作为支持研究本身发展的工具。此外,创建 WebGIS 平台的程序开发、升级和长期保存等方面都是维护数字工具的关键因素,但文献中却很少考虑这些因素。本文通过 "都灵 1911 "项目,定义了创建用于短暂建筑文献的 WebGIS 的程序,展示了如何设计、实施、测试和维护 WebGIS 平台。这项研究的新颖之处在于基于定制的空间数据库创建了一个 2D/3D WebGIS;WebGIS 与一个专门的网站相结合,用于不断更新记录都灵 1911 年国际博览会的研究数据。讨论强调了 WebGIS 的变革作用,它不仅可以共享信息,还可以作为在三维环境中开展数字人文研究的动态平台。
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引用次数: 0
Compatibility Assessment in the Replacement of Damaged Sandstone Used in the Cathedral of Huesca (Spain) 替换韦斯卡大教堂(西班牙)受损砂岩的兼容性评估
Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7020043
M. P. Lapuente Mercadal, J. A. Cuchí Oterino, Luis Francisco Auqué Sanz
In order to manage problems arising from rainwater/rock interaction in Miocene sandstones (calcareous litharenites) widely used in various monuments of the Ebro Valley (NE of Spain), a survey has been conducted with particular application to the building and architectural decorative materials of the Cathedral of Huesca. Once the current state of decay was diagnosed and the processes of alteration (enhanced by certain intrinsic factors and their particular exposure to the environmental conditions) were detected, a pre-restoration experimental assay was conducted. On the one hand, to propose the best stone replacement, this study evaluates the compatibility of the available sandstones in the local market based on their intrinsic features, especially those related to hydric behaviour. Once the most suitable sandstone was selected, pore size distributions were determined along with accelerated ageing cycles to show the importance of selecting properly the potential replacement sandstone. In a second step, to determine the effectiveness and long-term efficacy of four water-repellent products, several on-site and laboratory tests were performed. From the experimental results obtained, remedial works have been proposed which will be useful not only for the restoration programme of this monument, but also for other emblematic architectural Heritage in the Ebro Valley.
为了解决埃布罗河谷(西班牙东北部)各种古迹中广泛使用的中新世砂岩(钙质石灰岩)中因雨水/岩石相互作用而产生的问题,对韦斯卡大教堂的建筑和建筑装饰材料进行了一项调查。在对目前的腐朽状态进行诊断并发现其变化过程(因某些内在因素及其在环境条件下的特殊暴露而加剧)后,进行了修复前的实验检测。一方面,为了提出最佳的石材替代方案,本研究根据当地市场上现有砂岩的内在特征,尤其是与水力作用相关的特征,对其兼容性进行了评估。一旦选定了最合适的砂岩,就会根据加速老化周期确定孔径分布,以显示正确选择潜在替代砂岩的重要性。第二步,为了确定四种憎水产品的有效性和长期功效,进行了多次现场和实验室测试。根据获得的实验结果,提出了一些补救措施,这些措施不仅对该古迹的修复计划有用,而且对埃布罗河谷的其他标志性建筑遗产也很有用。
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引用次数: 0
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Heritage
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