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Silicon Photonic Biosensors in Clinical Diagnostics: Emerging Opportunities and Challenges. 硅光子生物传感器在临床诊断:新兴的机遇和挑战。
IF 9.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-103023-030143
Patricia Ramirez-Priego, Andrés Alonso-Fernández, Maria Soler, Laura M Lechuga

As health care systems worldwide seek to decentralize diagnostics and expand precision medicine, silicon photonic biosensors have become a compelling solution. Their development over the past decade, especially in the last 5 years, marks a significant convergence of photonics, nanotechnology, and biomedical engineering that aims to reshape the diagnostic landscape. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of advances in silicon photonic biosensors, focusing on key configurations including microring resonators, photonic crystals, interferometers, and other emerging transduction mechanisms. We discuss the integration of advanced surface functionalization strategies for efficient and robust bioreceptor immobilization, which is critical for reliable biomedical applications. We emphasize the translation of these devices into clinical settings, primarily in infectious diseases and cancer diagnostics. Finally, we address current limitations, such as fabrication complexity, microfluidic integration, and data interpretation, and outline future directions to enhance scalability and clinical adoption in personalized medicine and decentralized health care.

随着全球医疗保健系统寻求分散诊断和扩展精确医疗,硅光子生物传感器已成为一种引人注目的解决方案。它们在过去十年,特别是过去五年的发展,标志着光子学、纳米技术和生物医学工程的重大融合,旨在重塑诊断领域。本文综述了硅光子生物传感器的进展,重点介绍了微环谐振器、光子晶体、干涉仪和其他新兴的转导机制等关键配置。我们讨论了先进的表面功能化策略的整合,以实现高效和稳健的生物受体固定化,这对于可靠的生物医学应用至关重要。我们强调这些设备的翻译到临床设置,主要是在传染病和癌症诊断。最后,我们解决了当前的局限性,如制造复杂性,微流控集成和数据解释,并概述了未来的方向,以提高个性化医疗和分散医疗的可扩展性和临床采用。
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引用次数: 0
A Holistic and Dynamic Network-Level View of the Autonomic Nervous System. 自主神经系统的整体和动态网络水平观点。
IF 9.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-103023-065411
Sandya Subramanian, Zhe Sage Chen, Riccardo Barbieri, Sriram Gadepalli

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a vital role in health care for both acute care and chronic diseases. The traditional view of the ANS is to divide it into individual organ systems and study the separate components with a reductionist approach, which has been proven insufficient. Here, we argue that a holistic network-level view of the ANS is critical for generating new insights and deepening our understanding of its complex and dynamic functions. In this review, we treat the ANS as such a coordinated and dynamic network. We advocate for studying its interactions with major organ systems and the central nervous system using continuous and longitudinal monitoring in ambulatory and at-home settings rather than clinic-based snapshots. We first briefly review ANS physiology, then outline our network perspective, and finally highlight cutting-edge research directions and emerging engineering innovations in ANS monitoring, modeling, and modulation that benefit from this network-level view.

自主神经系统(ANS)在急性和慢性疾病的医疗保健中起着至关重要的作用。ANS的传统观点是将其划分为单个的器官系统,并以还原论的方法研究其单独的组成部分,这已被证明是不够的。在这里,我们认为,对ANS的整体网络级视图对于产生新的见解和加深我们对其复杂和动态功能的理解至关重要。在这篇综述中,我们将ANS视为这样一个协调和动态的网络。我们提倡研究其与主要器官系统和中枢神经系统的相互作用,在门诊和家庭环境中使用连续和纵向监测,而不是基于临床的快照。我们首先简要回顾了ANS生理学,然后概述了我们的网络视角,最后重点介绍了得益于这种网络层面观点的ANS监测、建模和调制的前沿研究方向和新兴工程创新。
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引用次数: 0
Supracortical Microstimulation: Advances in Microelectrode Design and In Vivo Validation. 超实用微刺激:微电极设计和体内验证的进展。
IF 9.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-103023-072855
Cecilia Schmitz, J Evan Smith, Iakov Rachinskiy, Bijan Pesaran, Flavia Vitale, Marc Sommer, Jonathan Viventi

Electrical stimulation of the brain is being developed as a treatment for an increasing number of neurological disorders. Technologies for delivering electrical stimulation are advancing rapidly and vary in specificity, coverage, and invasiveness. Supracortical microstimulation (SCMS), characterized by microelectrode contacts placed on the epidural or subdural cortical surface, achieves a balance between the advantages and limitations of other electrical stimulation technologies by delivering spatially precise activation without disrupting the integrity of the cortex. However, in vivo experiments involving SCMS have not been comprehensively summarized. Here, we review the field of SCMS, focusing on recent advances, to guide the development of clinically translatable supracortical microelectrodes. We also highlight the gaps in our understanding of the biophysical effects of this technology. Future work investigating the unique electrochemical properties of supracortical microelectrodes and validating SCMS in nonhuman primate preclinical studies can enable rapid clinical translation of innovative treatments for humans with neurological disorders.

脑电刺激作为一种治疗越来越多的神经系统疾病的方法正在得到发展。提供电刺激的技术正在迅速发展,在特异性、覆盖范围和侵入性方面各不相同。实践上微刺激(SCMS)的特点是在硬膜外或硬膜下皮层表面放置微电极接触,通过提供空间精确的激活而不破坏皮层的完整性,在其他电刺激技术的优点和局限性之间取得了平衡。然而,涉及SCMS的体内实验尚未得到全面总结。在这里,我们回顾了SCMS领域的最新进展,以指导临床可翻译的实践性上微电极的发展。我们还强调了我们对这项技术的生物物理效应的理解上的差距。未来研究超皮层微电极独特的电化学特性,并在非人类灵长类动物临床前研究中验证SCMS,可以使神经系统疾病患者的创新治疗方法快速临床转化。
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引用次数: 0
Human Organoids as an Emerging Tool for Genome Screenings. 人类类器官作为基因组筛选的新兴工具。
IF 9.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-103023-122327
Francesco Andreatta, Delilah Hendriks, Benedetta Artegiani

Over the last decade, a plethora of organoid models have been generated to recapitulate aspects of human development, disease, tissue homeostasis, and repair. Organoids representing multiple tissues have emerged and are typically categorized based on their origin. Tissue-derived organoids are established directly from tissue-resident stem/progenitor cells of either adult or fetal origin. Starting from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), PSC-derived organoids instead recapitulate the developmental trajectory of a given organ. Gene editing technologies, particularly the CRISPR-Cas toolbox, have greatly facilitated gene manipulation experiments with considerable ease and scalability, revolutionizing organoid-based human biology research. Here, we review the recent adaptation of CRISPR-based screenings in organoids. We examine the strategies adopted to perform CRISPR screenings in organoids, discuss different screening scopes and readouts, and highlight organoid-specific challenges. We then discuss individual organoid-based genome screening studies that have uncovered novel genes involved in a variety of biological processes. We close by providing an outlook on how widespread adaptation of CRISPR screenings across the organoid field may be achieved, to ultimately leverage our understanding of human biology.

在过去的十年中,已经产生了大量的类器官模型来概括人类发育,疾病,组织稳态和修复的各个方面。代表多种组织的类器官已经出现,通常根据它们的来源进行分类。组织来源的类器官是直接从成人或胎儿来源的组织驻留干细胞/祖细胞中建立的。从多能干细胞(PSCs)开始,PSCs衍生的类器官再现了给定器官的发育轨迹。基因编辑技术,特别是CRISPR-Cas工具箱,极大地促进了基因操作实验的相当容易和可扩展性,彻底改变了基于类器官的人类生物学研究。在这里,我们回顾了最近在类器官中基于crispr筛选的适应性。我们研究了在类器官中进行CRISPR筛选所采用的策略,讨论了不同的筛选范围和读数,并强调了类器官特异性挑战。然后,我们讨论了基于个体类器官的基因组筛选研究,这些研究发现了参与各种生物过程的新基因。最后,我们展望了CRISPR筛选在类器官领域的广泛适应性,最终利用我们对人类生物学的理解。
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引用次数: 0
A Theoretical Approach in Applying High-Frequency Acoustic and Elasticity Microscopy to Assess Cells and Tissues. 应用高频声学和弹性显微镜评估细胞和组织的理论方法。
IF 9.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-112823-103134
Frank Winterroth, Jing Wang, Onno Wink, Bart Carelsen, Jeremy Dahl, Avnesh S Thakor

Medical ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging modality used for visualizing internal organs; the frequencies typically used are 2-10 MHz. Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is a form of ultrasound where frequencies typically exceed 50 MHz. Increasing the acoustic frequency increases the specimen's spatial resolution but reduces the imaging depth. The advantages of using SAM over conventional light and electron microscopy include the ability to image cells and tissues without any preparation that could kill or alter them, providing a more accurate representation of the specimen. After scanning the specimen, acoustic signals are merged into an image on the basis of changes in the impedance mismatch between the immersion fluid and the specimens. The acoustic parameters determining the image quality are absorption and scattering. Surface scans can assess surface characteristics of the specimen. SAM is also capable of elastography, that is, studying elastic properties to discern differences between healthy and affected tissues. SAM has significant potential for detection/analysis in research and clinical studies.

医学超声是一种用于内部器官可视化的诊断成像方式;通常使用的频率是2-10兆赫。扫描声学显微镜(SAM)是超声波的一种形式,其频率通常超过50兆赫兹。增加声波频率增加了试样的空间分辨率,但降低了成像深度。与传统的光学显微镜和电子显微镜相比,使用SAM的优点包括能够在没有任何可能杀死或改变细胞和组织的准备的情况下对它们进行成像,从而提供更准确的标本表示。扫描试样后,根据浸入流体与试样之间阻抗失配的变化,将声信号合并为图像。决定图像质量的声学参数是吸收和散射。表面扫描可以评估试样的表面特征。SAM还能够进行弹性成像,即研究弹性特性以辨别健康组织和受损组织之间的差异。SAM在研究和临床研究中具有重要的检测/分析潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Neurons as Immunomodulators: From Rapid Neural Activity to Prolonged Regulation of Cytokines and Microglia. 神经元作为免疫调节剂:从快速的神经活动到细胞因子和小胶质细胞的长期调节。
IF 9.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-120158
Levi B Wood, Annabelle C Singer

Regulation of the brain's neuroimmune system is central to development, normal function, and disease. Neuronal communication to microglia, the primary immune cells of the brain, is well known to involve purinergic signaling mediated via ATP secretion and the cytokine fractalkine. Recent evidence shows that neurons release multiple cytokines beyond fractalkine, yet these are less studied and poorly understood. In contrast to ATP, cytokines are a class of signaling molecule that are much larger, with longer signaling and farther diffusion. We posit that neuron-expressed cytokines are an essential mechanism of neuron-microglia communication that arises as part of both normal learning and memory and in response to tissue pathology. Thus, neurons are underappreciated immunomodulatory cells that express diverse immunomodulatory signals. While neuronally sourced cytokines have been understudied, new technical advances make this a timely topic. The goal of this review is to define what is known about the cytokines expressed from neurons, how they are regulated, and the effects of these cytokines on microglia. We delineate key knowledge gaps and needs for new tools to define and analyze neuronal roles in immunomodulation. Given that cytokines are central regulators of microglial function, a broad new body of work is required to illuminate functional links between these neuronally expressed cytokines and sustained and transient microglial function.

大脑神经免疫系统的调节是发育、正常功能和疾病的核心。众所周知,神经元与小胶质细胞(大脑的初级免疫细胞)的通讯涉及嘌呤能信号,通过ATP分泌和细胞因子fractalkine介导。最近的证据表明,除了fractalkine,神经元还释放多种细胞因子,但这些研究较少,理解也很差。与ATP相比,细胞因子是一类更大的信号分子,具有更长的信号传导和更远的扩散。我们假设神经元表达的细胞因子是神经元-小胶质细胞交流的重要机制,它作为正常学习和记忆的一部分以及对组织病理的反应而出现。因此,神经元是被低估的免疫调节细胞,表达多种免疫调节信号。虽然神经来源的细胞因子研究不足,但新的技术进步使这成为一个及时的话题。本综述的目的是确定已知的神经元表达的细胞因子,它们是如何被调节的,以及这些细胞因子对小胶质细胞的影响。我们描述了关键的知识差距和新工具的需求,以定义和分析免疫调节中的神经元角色。鉴于细胞因子是小胶质细胞功能的中枢调节因子,需要广泛的新工作来阐明这些神经元表达的细胞因子与持续和短暂小胶质细胞功能之间的功能联系。
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引用次数: 0
A Hundred Ways to Encode Sound Signals for Cochlear Implants. 为人工耳蜗植入物编码声音信号的一百种方法。
IF 9.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-102623-121249
Dietmar M Wohlbauer, Norbert Dillier

Cochlear implants are the most successful neural prostheses used to restore hearing in severe-to-profound hearing-impaired individuals. The field of cochlear implant coding investigates interdisciplinary approaches to translate acoustic signals into electrical pulses transmitted at the electrode-neuron interface, ranging from signal preprocessing algorithms, enhancement, and feature extraction methodologies to electric signal generation. In the last five decades, numerous coding strategies have been proposed clinically and experimentally. Initially developed to restore speech perception, increasing computational possibilities now allow coding of more complex signals, and new techniques to optimize the transmission of electrical signals are constantly gaining attention. This review provides insights into the history of multichannel coding and presents an extensive list of implemented strategies. The article briefly addresses each method and considers promising future directions of neural prostheses and possible signal processing, with the ultimate goal of providing a current big picture of the large field of cochlear implant coding.

人工耳蜗是最成功的神经修复用于恢复听力严重到深度听力受损的人。人工耳蜗编码研究跨学科的方法,将声信号转化为在电极-神经元界面传输的电脉冲,从信号预处理算法、增强、特征提取方法到电信号生成。在过去的五十年中,临床和实验中提出了许多编码策略。最初是为了恢复语音感知而开发的,现在越来越多的计算可能性允许对更复杂的信号进行编码,并且优化电信号传输的新技术不断受到关注。这篇综述提供了对多通道编码历史的见解,并提出了广泛的实施策略列表。本文简要介绍了每种方法,并考虑了神经假体和可能的信号处理的有希望的未来方向,最终目标是提供人工耳蜗编码大领域的当前大图景。
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引用次数: 0
Microvascularization in 3D Human Engineered Tissue and Organoids. 三维人体工程组织和类器官的微血管化。
IF 9.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-103023-115236
Yu Jung Shin, Dina Safina, Ying Zheng, Shulamit Levenberg

The microvasculature, a complex network of small blood vessels, connects systemic circulation with local tissues, facilitating the nutrient and oxygen exchange that is critical for homeostasis and organ function. Engineering these structures is paramount for advancing tissue regeneration, disease modeling, and drug testing. However, replicating the intricate architecture of native vascular systems-characterized by diverse vessel diameters, cellular constituents, and dynamic perfusion capabilities-presents significant challenges. This complexity is compounded by the need to precisely integrate biomechanical, biochemical, and cellular cues. Recent breakthroughs in microfabrication, organoids, bioprinting, organ-on-a-chip platforms, and in vivo vascularization techniques have propelled the field toward faithfully replicating vascular complexity. These innovations not only enhance our understanding of vascular biology but also enable the generation of functional, perfusable tissue constructs. Here, we explore state-of-the-art technologies and strategies in microvascular engineering, emphasizing key advancements and addressing the remaining challenges to developing fully functional vascularized tissues.

微血管是一个复杂的小血管网络,连接全身循环和局部组织,促进营养和氧气交换,这对体内平衡和器官功能至关重要。设计这些结构对于推进组织再生、疾病建模和药物测试至关重要。然而,复制天然血管系统的复杂结构——以不同的血管直径、细胞成分和动态灌注能力为特征——提出了重大挑战。这种复杂性由于需要精确整合生物力学、生化和细胞线索而变得更加复杂。最近在微制造、类器官、生物打印、器官芯片平台和体内血管化技术方面的突破推动了该领域忠实地复制血管的复杂性。这些创新不仅增强了我们对血管生物学的理解,而且还使功能性、可灌注性组织结构的产生成为可能。在这里,我们探讨了微血管工程的最新技术和策略,强调了关键进展,并解决了开发功能齐全的血管化组织的剩余挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Restoring Speech Using Brain-Computer Interfaces. 使用脑机接口恢复语音。
IF 9.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-012818
Sergey D Stavisky

People who have lost the ability to speak due to neurological injuries would greatly benefit from assistive technology that provides a fast, intuitive, and naturalistic means of communication. This need can be met with brain-computer interfaces (BCIs): medical devices that bypass injured parts of the nervous system and directly transform neural activity into outputs such as text or sound. BCIs for restoring movement and typing have progressed rapidly in recent clinical trials; speech BCIs are the next frontier. This review covers the clinical need for speech BCIs, surveys foundational studies that point to where and how speech can be decoded in the brain, describes recent progress in both discrete and continuous speech decoding and closed-loop speech BCIs, provides metrics for assessing these systems' performance, and highlights key remaining challenges on the road toward clinically useful speech neuroprostheses.

由于神经损伤而丧失说话能力的人将从辅助技术中受益匪浅,因为它提供了一种快速、直观和自然的交流方式。这种需求可以通过脑机接口(bci)来满足:这种医疗设备绕过神经系统的受损部分,直接将神经活动转化为文本或声音等输出。在最近的临床试验中,用于恢复运动和分型的脑机接口进展迅速;语音脑机接口是下一个前沿领域。本综述涵盖了语音脑机接口的临床需求,调查了指出语音在大脑中的位置和如何解码的基础研究,描述了离散和连续语音解码以及闭环语音脑机接口的最新进展,提供了评估这些系统性能的指标,并强调了通往临床有用的语音神经修复之路上的关键挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Conformable Piezoelectric Devices and Systems for Advanced Wearable and Implantable Biomedical Applications. 先进可穿戴和植入式生物医学应用的合格压电装置和系统。
IF 9.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-020524-121438
Jin-Hoon Kim, Hyeokjun Yoon, Shrihari Viswanath, Canan Dagdeviren

With increasing demands for continuous health monitoring remotely, wearable and implantable devices have attracted considerable interest. To fulfill such demands, novel materials and device structures have been investigated, since commercial biomedical devices are not compatible with flexible and conformable form factors needed for soft tissue monitoring and intervention. Among various materials, piezoelectric materials have been widely adopted for multiple applications including sensing, energy harvesting, neurostimulation, drug delivery, and ultrasound imaging owing to their unique electromechanical conversion properties. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of piezoelectric-based wearable and implantable biomedical devices. We first provide the basic principles of piezoelectric devices and device design strategies for wearable and implantable form factors. Then, we discuss various state-of-the-art applications of wearable and implantable piezoelectric devices and their design strategies. Finally, we demonstrate several challenges and outlooks for designing piezoelectric-based conformable biomedical devices.

随着对远程持续健康监测的需求不断增加,可穿戴和植入式设备引起了人们的极大兴趣。为了满足这些需求,人们研究了新的材料和设备结构,因为商业生物医学设备与软组织监测和干预所需的灵活和一致的形状因素不兼容。在众多的材料中,压电材料由于其独特的机电转换特性,被广泛应用于传感、能量收集、神经刺激、药物传递和超声成像等多个领域。在这篇综述中,我们提供了基于压电的可穿戴和植入式生物医学设备的全面概述。我们首先提供了压电器件的基本原理以及可穿戴和可植入外形因素的器件设计策略。然后,我们讨论了可穿戴和可植入压电器件的各种最新应用及其设计策略。最后,我们展示了设计基于压电的可适应生物医学设备的几个挑战和前景。
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引用次数: 0
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Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering
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