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Therapeutic Agent Delivery Across the Blood-Brain Barrier Using Focused Ultrasound. 聚焦超声在血脑屏障传递治疗药物中的应用。
IF 9.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121238
Dallan McMahon, Meaghan A O'Reilly, Kullervo Hynynen

Specialized features of vasculature in the central nervous system greatly limit therapeutic treatment options for many neuropathologies. Focused ultrasound, in combination with circulating microbubbles, can be used to transiently and noninvasively increase cerebrovascular permeability with a high level of spatial precision. For minutes to hours following sonication, drugs can be administered systemically to extravasate in the targeted brain regions and exert a therapeutic effect, after which permeability returns to baseline levels. With the wide range of therapeutic agents that can be delivered using this approach and the growing clinical need, focused ultrasound and microbubble (FUS+MB) exposure in the brain has entered human testing to assess safety. This review outlines the use of FUS+MB-mediated cerebrovascular permeability enhancement as a drug delivery technique, details several technical and biological considerations of this approach, summarizes results from the clinical trials conducted to date, and discusses the future direction of the field.

中枢神经系统脉管系统的特殊特征极大地限制了许多神经病变的治疗选择。聚焦超声结合循环微泡可瞬间无创增加脑血管通透性,具有较高的空间精度。超声检查后的几分钟到几小时内,药物可以全身给药,使目标脑区渗出,并发挥治疗作用,之后渗透性恢复到基线水平。随着广泛的治疗药物可以使用这种方法和不断增长的临床需求,聚焦超声和微泡(FUS+MB)暴露在大脑中已进入人体试验,以评估安全性。本文概述了FUS+ mb介导的脑血管通透性增强作为一种药物传递技术的应用,详细介绍了该方法的一些技术和生物学方面的考虑,总结了迄今为止进行的临床试验的结果,并讨论了该领域的未来方向。
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引用次数: 30
Engineering Selectively Targeting Antimicrobial Peptides. 工程选择性靶向抗菌肽。
IF 9.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-07-13 Epub Date: 2021-04-14 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-010220-095711
Ming Lei, Arul Jayaraman, James A Van Deventer, Kyongbum Lee

The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacterial pathogens has necessitated the development of new therapeutics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of compounds with potentially attractive therapeutic properties, including the ability to target specific groups of bacteria. In nature, AMPs exhibit remarkable structural and functional diversity, which may be further enhanced through genetic engineering, high-throughput screening, and chemical modification strategies. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying AMP selectivity and highlight recent computational and experimental efforts to design selectively targeting AMPs. While there has been an extensive effort to find broadly active and highly potent AMPs, it remains challenging to design targeting peptides to discriminate between different bacteria on the basis of physicochemical properties. We also review approaches for measuring AMP activity, point out the challenges faced in assaying for selectivity, and discuss the potential for increasing AMP diversity through chemical modifications.

细菌病原体耐抗生素菌株的增加使开发新的治疗方法成为必要。抗菌肽(AMPs)是一类具有潜在治疗特性的化合物,包括针对特定细菌群的能力。在自然界中,amp具有显著的结构和功能多样性,可以通过基因工程、高通量筛选和化学修饰策略进一步增强。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了AMP选择性的分子机制,并重点介绍了最近在设计选择性靶向AMP方面的计算和实验工作。虽然已经有广泛的努力来寻找广泛活性和高效的amp,但设计靶向肽来根据物理化学性质区分不同的细菌仍然具有挑战性。我们还回顾了测量AMP活性的方法,指出了在测定选择性方面面临的挑战,并讨论了通过化学修饰增加AMP多样性的潜力。
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引用次数: 23
Recent Advances in Aptamer-Based Biosensors for Global Health Applications. 基于适体体的生物传感器在全球健康应用中的最新进展。
IF 9.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-07-13 Epub Date: 2021-04-19 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082020-035644
Lia A Stanciu, Qingshan Wei, Amit K Barui, Noor Mohammad

Since aptamers were first reported in the early 2000s, research on their use for the detection of health-relevant analytical targets has exploded. This review article provides a brief overview of the most recent developments in the field of aptamer-based biosensors for global health applications. The review provides a description of general aptasensing principles and follows up with examples of recent reports of diagnostics-related applications. These applications include detection of proteins and small molecules, circulating cancer cells, whole-cell pathogens, extracellular vesicles, and tissue diagnostics. The review also discusses the main challenges that this growing technology faces in the quest of bringing these new devices from the laboratory to the market.

自适配体于21世纪初首次报告以来,对其用于检测与健康相关的分析目标的研究呈爆炸式增长。本文综述了基于适配体的生物传感器在全球健康应用领域的最新进展。该综述提供了对一般适体感应原理的描述,并随后提供了最近与诊断相关应用报告的示例。这些应用包括检测蛋白质和小分子、循环癌细胞、全细胞病原体、细胞外囊泡和组织诊断。本综述还讨论了这一不断发展的技术在将这些新设备从实验室推向市场的过程中所面临的主要挑战。
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引用次数: 34
Signaling, Deconstructed: Using Optogenetics to Dissect and Direct Information Flow in Biological Systems. 信号,解构:利用光遗传学来解剖和指导生物系统中的信息流。
IF 9.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-083120-111648
Payam E Farahani, Ellen H Reed, Evan J Underhill, Kazuhiro Aoki, Jared E Toettcher

Cells receive enormous amounts of information from their environment. How they act on this information-by migrating, expressing genes, or relaying signals to other cells-comprises much of the regulatory and self-organizational complexity found across biology. The "parts list" involved in cell signaling is generally well established, but how do these parts work together to decode signals and produce appropriate responses? This fundamental question is increasingly being addressed with optogenetic tools: light-sensitive proteins that enable biologists to manipulate the interaction, localization, and activity state of proteins with high spatial and temporal precision. In this review, we summarize how optogenetics is being used in the pursuit of an answer to this question, outlining the current suite of optogenetic tools available to the researcher and calling attention to studies that increase our understanding of and improve our ability to engineer biology.

细胞从环境中接收到大量的信息。它们如何对这些信息采取行动——通过迁移、表达基因或将信号传递给其他细胞——包含了整个生物学中发现的大部分调节和自我组织的复杂性。参与细胞信号传导的“部分列表”通常是很好的建立,但是这些部分如何一起工作来解码信号并产生适当的反应?这个基本问题正越来越多地通过光遗传学工具来解决:光敏蛋白使生物学家能够以高空间和时间精度操纵蛋白质的相互作用,定位和活性状态。在这篇综述中,我们总结了如何利用光遗传学来寻求这个问题的答案,概述了目前研究人员可用的光遗传学工具套件,并呼吁关注那些增加我们对工程生物学的理解和提高我们能力的研究。
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引用次数: 20
Quantitative Molecular Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Using Advanced Deep Learning Techniques. 使用先进的深度学习技术的定量分子正电子发射断层成像。
IF 9.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-07-13 Epub Date: 2021-04-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082420-020343
Habib Zaidi, Issam El Naqa

The widespread availability of high-performance computing and the popularity of artificial intelligence (AI) with machine learning and deep learning (ML/DL) algorithms at the helm have stimulated the development of many applications involving the use of AI-based techniques in molecular imaging research. Applications reported in the literature encompass various areas, including innovative design concepts in positron emission tomography (PET) instrumentation, quantitative image reconstruction and analysis techniques, computer-aided detection and diagnosis, as well as modeling and prediction of outcomes. This review reflects the tremendous interest in quantitative molecular imaging using ML/DL techniques during the past decade, ranging from the basic principles of ML/DL techniques to the various steps required for obtaining quantitatively accurate PET data, including algorithms used to denoise or correct for physical degrading factors as well as to quantify tracer uptake and metabolic tumor volume for treatment monitoring or radiation therapy treatment planning and response prediction.This review also addresses future opportunities and current challenges facing the adoption of ML/DL approaches and their role in multimodality imaging.

高性能计算的广泛应用以及以机器学习和深度学习(ML/DL)算法为主导的人工智能(AI)的普及,刺激了许多涉及在分子成像研究中使用基于AI的技术的应用的发展。文献中报道的应用涵盖了各个领域,包括正电子发射断层扫描(PET)仪器的创新设计概念,定量图像重建和分析技术,计算机辅助检测和诊断,以及结果的建模和预测。这篇综述反映了在过去十年中对使用ML/DL技术进行定量分子成像的巨大兴趣,从ML/DL技术的基本原理到获得定量准确PET数据所需的各种步骤,包括用于去噪或纠正物理降解因素的算法,以及用于治疗监测或放射治疗计划和反应预测的量化示踪剂摄取和代谢肿瘤体积。本文还讨论了采用ML/DL方法的未来机遇和当前面临的挑战及其在多模态成像中的作用。
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引用次数: 26
Fluid Dynamics of Respiratory Infectious Diseases. 呼吸道传染病的流体动力学。
IF 9.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044
Lydia Bourouiba

The host-to-host transmission of respiratory infectious diseases is fundamentally enabled by the interaction of pathogens with a variety of fluids (gas or liquid) that shape pathogen encapsulation and emission, transport and persistence in the environment, and new host invasion and infection. Deciphering the mechanisms and fluid properties that govern and promote these steps of pathogen transmission will enable better risk assessment and infection control strategies, and may reveal previously underappreciated ways in which the pathogens might actually adapt to or manipulate the physical and chemical characteristics of these carrier fluids to benefit their own transmission. In this article, I review our current understanding of the mechanisms shaping the fluid dynamics of respiratory infectious diseases.

呼吸道传染病的宿主-宿主传播从根本上是由病原体与各种流体(气体或液体)的相互作用实现的,这些流体形成病原体的封装和排放,在环境中的运输和持久性,以及新宿主的入侵和感染。破译控制和促进病原体传播的这些步骤的机制和流体特性将有助于更好地进行风险评估和制定感染控制策略,并可能揭示以前未被充分认识的病原体可能实际适应或操纵这些载体流体的物理和化学特性以有利于其自身传播的方式。在这篇文章中,我回顾了我们目前对形成呼吸道传染病流体动力学的机制的理解。
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引用次数: 47
Current Advances in Photoactive Agents for Cancer Imaging and Therapy. 癌症成像与治疗的光活性药物研究进展。
IF 9.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-122019-115833
Deanna Broadwater, Hyllana C D Medeiros, Richard R Lunt, Sophia Y Lunt
Photoactive agents are promising complements for both early diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancer. The dual combination of diagnostics and therapeutics is known as theranostics. Photoactive theranostic agents are activated by a specific wavelength of light and emit another wavelength, which can be detected for imaging tumors, used to generate reactive oxygen species for ablating tumors, or both. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines photosensitizer (PS) accumulation and site-directed light irradiation for simultaneous imaging diagnostics and spatially targeted therapy. Although utilized since the early 1900s, advances in the fields of cancer biology, materials science, and nanomedicine have expanded photoactive agents to modern medical treatments. In this review we summarize the origins of PDT and the subsequent generations of PSs and analyze seminal research contributions that have provided insight into rational PS design, such as photophysics, modes of cell death, tumor-targeting mechanisms, and light dosing regimens. We highlight optimizable parameters that, with further exploration, can expand clinical applications of photoactive agents to revolutionize cancer diagnostics and treatment.
光活性药物对于癌症的早期诊断和靶向治疗都是很有希望的补充。诊断学和治疗学的双重结合被称为治疗学。光活性治疗剂被特定波长的光激活并发射另一波长的光,该波长可用于肿瘤成像检测,用于产生用于消融肿瘤的活性氧,或两者兼而有之。光动力疗法(PDT)结合了光敏剂(PS)积累和定向光照射,用于同时成像诊断和空间靶向治疗。虽然自20世纪初开始使用,但癌症生物学、材料科学和纳米医学领域的进步已将光活性剂扩展到现代医学治疗中。在这篇综述中,我们总结了PDT的起源和随后的几代PS,并分析了为合理的PS设计提供见解的开创性研究贡献,如光物理学、细胞死亡模式、肿瘤靶向机制和光给药方案。我们强调可优化的参数,随着进一步的探索,可以扩大光活性药物的临床应用,彻底改变癌症的诊断和治疗。
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引用次数: 20
Biomedical Applications of Metal 3D Printing. 金属3D打印的生物医学应用。
IF 9.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082020-032402
Luis Fernando Velásquez-García, Yosef Kornbluth

Additive manufacturing's attributes include print customization, low per-unit cost for small- to mid-batch production, seamless interfacing with mainstream medical 3D imaging techniques, and feasibility to create free-form objects in materials that are biocompatible and biodegradable. Consequently, additive manufacturing is apposite for a wide range of biomedical applications including custom biocompatible implants that mimic the mechanical response of bone, biodegradable scaffolds with engineered degradation rate, medical surgical tools, and biomedical instrumentation. This review surveys the materials, 3D printing methods and technologies, and biomedical applications of metal 3D printing, providing a historical perspective while focusing on the state of the art. It then identifies a number of exciting directions of future growth: (a) the improvement of mainstream additive manufacturing methods and associated feedstock; (b) the exploration of mature, less utilized metal 3D printing techniques; (c) the optimization of additively manufactured load-bearing structures via artificial intelligence; and (d) the creation of monolithic, multimaterial, finely featured, multifunctional implants.

增材制造的特点包括打印定制、小批量到中批量生产的低单位成本、与主流医疗3D成像技术的无缝接口,以及在生物相容性和可生物降解的材料中创建自由形状物体的可行性。因此,增材制造适用于广泛的生物医学应用,包括模仿骨骼机械反应的定制生物相容性植入物、具有工程降解率的可生物降解支架、医疗手术工具和生物医学仪器。本文综述了金属3D打印的材料、3D打印方法和技术以及生物医学应用,提供了一个历史的视角,同时关注了最新的技术状况。然后,它确定了一些令人兴奋的未来增长方向:(a)主流增材制造方法和相关原料的改进;(b)探索成熟的、较少使用的金属3D打印技术;(c)通过人工智能优化增材制造的承重结构;(d)制造单片的、多材料的、精细的、多功能的植入物。
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引用次数: 28
Engineering Vascularized Organoid-on-a-Chip Models. 工程血管化类器官芯片模型。
IF 9.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-07-13 Epub Date: 2021-03-23 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-090120-094330
Venktesh S Shirure, Christopher C W Hughes, Steven C George

Recreating human organ-level function in vitro is a rapidly evolving field that integrates tissue engineering, stem cell biology, and microfluidic technology to produce 3D organoids. A critical component of all organs is the vasculature. Herein, we discuss general strategies to create vascularized organoids, including common source materials, and survey previous work using vascularized organoids to recreate specific organ functions and simulate tumor progression. Vascularization is not only an essential component of individual organ function but also responsible for coupling the fate of all organs and their functions. While some success in coupling two or more organs together on a single platform has been demonstrated, we argue that the future of vascularized organoid technology lies in creating organoid systems complete with tissue-specific microvasculature and in coupling multiple organs through a dynamic vascular network to create systems that can respond to changing physiological conditions.

在体外重建人体器官水平的功能是一个快速发展的领域,它整合了组织工程、干细胞生物学和微流体技术来生产3D类器官。所有器官的重要组成部分是脉管系统。在此,我们讨论了创建血管化类器官的一般策略,包括常见的来源材料,并回顾了以前使用血管化类器官重建特定器官功能和模拟肿瘤进展的工作。血管化不仅是单个器官功能的重要组成部分,而且还负责耦合所有器官的命运及其功能。虽然在单个平台上将两个或多个器官耦合在一起已经取得了一些成功,但我们认为,血管化类器官技术的未来在于创建具有组织特异性微血管的类器官系统,并通过动态血管网络将多个器官耦合起来,以创建能够响应不断变化的生理条件的系统。
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引用次数: 49
Vascular Mechanobiology: Homeostasis, Adaptation, and Disease. 血管机械生物学:平衡、适应与疾病》(Vascular Mechanobiology: Homeostasis, Adaptation, and Disease)。
IF 9.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092419-060810
Jay D Humphrey, Martin A Schwartz

Cells of the vascular wall are exquisitely sensitive to changes in their mechanical environment. In healthy vessels, mechanical forces regulate signaling and gene expression to direct the remodeling needed for the vessel wall to maintain optimal function. Major diseases of arteries involve maladaptive remodeling with compromised or lost homeostatic mechanisms. Whereas homeostasis invokes negative feedback loops at multiple scales to mediate mechanobiological stability, disease progression often occurs via positive feedback that generates mechanobiological instabilities. In this review, we focus on the cell biology, wall mechanics, and regulatory pathways associated with arterial health and how changes in these processes lead to disease. We discuss how positive feedback loops arise via biomechanical and biochemical means. We conclude that inflammation plays a central role in overriding homeostatic pathways and suggest future directions for addressing therapeutic needs.

血管壁细胞对其机械环境的变化极为敏感。在健康的血管中,机械力会调节信号传递和基因表达,引导血管壁重塑以保持最佳功能。动脉的主要疾病涉及适应不良的重塑,其平衡机制受到损害或丧失。平衡机制会在多个尺度上产生负反馈回路,以介导机械生物学的稳定性,而疾病的进展往往是通过产生机械生物学不稳定性的正反馈来实现的。在这篇综述中,我们将重点关注与动脉健康相关的细胞生物学、管壁力学和调节途径,以及这些过程的变化如何导致疾病。我们讨论了正反馈回路是如何通过生物力学和生物化学手段产生的。我们的结论是,炎症在平衡途径中起着核心作用,并提出了满足治疗需求的未来方向。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering
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