IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101349

L.M. Backeman Hannius, L. Keeling, D. de Oliveira, C. Anderson, A. Wallenbeck

The increased focus on group housing of sows in commercial pig production emphasises the importance of saving appropriate gilts which later become sows that are well-adapted to group housing systems. This study aimed to assess the short-term effects of social mixing experience and genetic line on social and exploration responses of young gilts in standardised 3-min social challenge paired interaction tests. The study included 96 gilts, from 26 litters, of two different genetic lines (Swedish Yorkshire and Dutch Yorkshire). These lines were chosen because the dam lines have been selected in group-housed and individual stall systems, respectively, a background which was hypothesised to have modified their social behaviour over time. The gilts were subjected to different early (opportunity to co-mingle with piglets in the neighbouring farrowing pen vs. no opportunity to co-mingle) and late (mixed with unfamiliar piglets at weaning vs. kept with familiar littermates after weaning) social mixing treatments, to test whether the enhanced social experience was beneficial in a socially challenging situation. Paired interaction tests were conducted at 5 and 20 weeks of age, and social and exploration behaviour of the gilts was recorded and analysed. The results showed that Swedish Yorkshire gilts explored the pen fittings more than Dutch Yorkshire gilts during the 5-week test, whereas Dutch Yorkshire gilts explored the pen fittings more than Swedish Yorkshire gilts during the 20-week test. No differences in play behaviour were found during the 5-week test, but in the 20-week test, gilts with early social mixing experience in their farrowing pen showed more locomotor play behaviour than gilts without this experience. Overall, these results suggest that genetic line and early social mixing experience can influence the social and exploration behaviours of young gilts in paired interaction tests. There was no support for the hypothesis that genetic selection in different housing systems has altered social behaviour, but it may have affected the level of exploration behaviour. There was little support for our prediction that early social experience has beneficial effects in a socially challenging situation.

商业化养猪生产越来越重视母猪群养，这就强调了保存适当后备母猪的重要性，这些后备母猪日后将成为适应群养系统的母猪。本研究旨在评估在标准化的 3 分钟社交挑战配对互动测试中，社会混合经验和遗传系对后备母猪社交和探索反应的短期影响。该研究包括来自两个不同基因品系（瑞典约克夏和荷兰约克夏）26窝的96头后备母猪。之所以选择这两个品系，是因为它们的母系分别是在群居和单群饲养系统中选育出来的。对后备母猪进行了不同的早期（有机会与邻近产仔栏中的仔猪混合与没有机会混合）和晚期（断奶时与陌生仔猪混合与断奶后与熟悉的同窝仔猪混合）社会混合处理，以检验在具有社会挑战性的情况下，增强的社会经验是否有益。分别在 5 周龄和 20 周龄时进行配对互动测试，并记录和分析后备母猪的社交和探索行为。结果表明，瑞典约克夏后备母猪在5周龄测试期间比荷兰约克夏后备母猪更多地探索围栏装置，而荷兰约克夏后备母猪在20周龄测试期间比瑞典约克夏后备母猪更多地探索围栏装置。在5周试验中，玩耍行为没有发现差异，但在20周试验中，在产仔栏中有早期社会混合经验的后备母猪比没有这种经验的后备母猪表现出更多的运动玩耍行为。总之，这些结果表明，在配对互动试验中，遗传系和早期社会混群经验会影响青年后备母猪的社会和探索行为。不同饲养系统中的遗传选择改变了社会行为，但这一假设没有得到支持，但可能影响了探索行为的水平。我们关于早期社会经验在具有社会挑战性的环境中会产生有益影响的预测几乎没有得到支持。

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引用次数: 0

Development and validation of a model for early prediction of residual feed intake in beef cattle using plasma biomarkers 利用血浆生物标志物开发和验证肉牛剩余采食量早期预测模型

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101354

H.M. Aboshady , E. Jorge-Smeding , S. Taussat , G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar

Identification of plasma biomarkers for feed efficiency in growing beef cattle offers a promising opportunity for developing prediction models to improve precision feeding strategies. However, these models must accurately predict feed efficiency at early stages of fattening. Our study aimed to evaluate the reliability of candidate biomarkers previously identified in late-fattening cattle when analysed during early fattening stages and to develop diet-specific prediction equations for residual feed intake (RFI). From a total of 364 Charolais bulls across seven cohorts, we selected 64 animals with extreme RFI values. The animals were fed either a corn‑ or grass-silage diets. These animals were chosen from four out of the available seven cohorts. Animals from three cohorts (24 high-RFI and 24 low-RFI, having a mean RFI difference of 1.48 kg/d) were used for biomarker confirmation and prediction model training. Animals from a fourth cohort (8 high-RFI and 8 low-RFI, having a mean RFI difference of 0.98 kg/d) were used for model external validation. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the feed efficiency test (333 ± 20 days), and plasma underwent targeted metabolomic for 630 metabolites, natural abundance of ¹⁵N (δ¹⁵N), insulin, and IGF-1 analysis. Seven previously identified plasma biomarkers for RFI in late-fattening beef cattle still kept their capability for discriminating low and high RFI animals when analysed during early fattening stages (P < 0.05). Among these confirmed biomarkers, five were common for both grass- and corn-fed animals (creatinine, β-alanine, triglyceride TG18:0_34:2, symmetric dimethyl-arginine and phosphatidylcholine PC aa C30:2) while two were diet-specific (IGF-1 for grass silage-based diet, and isoleucine for corn silage-based diet. No new plasma biomarkers of RFI were identified at early-fattening stages (false discovery rate > 0.05). Prediction models were developed based on seven confirmed RFI biomarkers analysed during early-fattening. Two logistic regression models incorporating creatinine and either IGF-1 (for grass silage-based diet) or PC aa C30:2 (for corn silage-based diet) effectively distinguished between high− and low-RFI animals with high sensitivity and specificity (area under the curve > 0.80). The biomarkers used in the models showed moderate to high repeatability between early and late fattening stages (0.45 < r < 0.65). The models were successfully externally validated, with more than 85% of animals from the fourth cohort correctly classified. Once validated in larger cohorts and utilising cost-effective and rapid analytical methods, these models could support precision feeding and breeding programmes, aiming to reduce the cost of raising beef cattle.

鉴定生长肉牛饲料效率的血浆生物标志物为开发预测模型以改进精准饲喂策略提供了一个大有可为的机会。然而，这些模型必须准确预测肥育早期阶段的饲料效率。我们的研究旨在评估先前在后期育肥牛中发现的候选生物标志物在早期育肥阶段进行分析的可靠性，并开发特定日粮的剩余采食量（RFI）预测方程。我们从七个队列的 364 头夏洛莱公牛中挑选了 64 头 RFI 值极高的动物。这些动物饲喂玉米或青草饲料。这些动物是从现有的七个群组中的四个群组中挑选出来的。来自三个群组的动物（24 头高 RFI 动物和 24 头低 RFI 动物，平均 RFI 差值为 1.48 千克/天）被用于生物标记物确认和预测模型训练。第四组动物（8 个高 RFI 和 8 个低 RFI，平均 RFI 差值为 0.98 kg/d）用于模型外部验证。在饲料效率测试开始时（333 ± 20 天）采集血样，并对血浆中的 630 种代谢物、15N 自然丰度（δ15N）、胰岛素和 IGF-1 进行定向代谢组学分析。在早期育肥阶段进行分析时，先前确定的七种肉牛后期育肥期RFI血浆生物标志物仍具有区分低RFI和高RFI动物的能力（P <0.05）。在这些已确认的生物标志物中，有五个是草饲动物和玉米饲动物共有的（肌酐、β-丙氨酸、甘油三酯 TG18:0_34:2、对称二甲基精氨酸和磷脂酰胆碱 PC aa C30:2），而有两个是日粮特异性的（青贮草料日粮中的 IGF-1 和青贮玉米日粮中的异亮氨酸）。在早期育肥阶段，没有发现新的 RFI 血浆生物标志物（假发现率为 0.05）。根据早期育肥阶段分析的七种已确认的 RFI 生物标志物建立了预测模型。两个逻辑回归模型包含肌酐和 IGF-1（青贮饲料）或 PC aa C30:2（玉米青贮饲料），能有效区分高和低 RFI 动物，灵敏度和特异性都很高（曲线下面积为 0.80）。模型中使用的生物标志物在育肥早期和后期表现出中等到较高的重复性（0.45 < r < 0.65）。这些模型成功通过了外部验证，第四批动物中有 85% 以上被正确分类。一旦在更大的群组中得到验证，并利用具有成本效益的快速分析方法，这些模型可支持精准饲养和育种计划，从而降低肉牛饲养成本。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of oxygen levels and temperature on growth and physiology of pikeperch juveniles cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system 氧气水平和温度对循环水产养殖系统中养殖的梭子鱼幼鱼的生长和生理的影响。

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101347

T. Policar , J. Křišťan , H.T. Thorarensen , J. Velíšek , J. Kolářová , V. Stejskal , O. Malinovskyi

This study aimed to understand how environmental factors, specifically water temperature and oxygen saturation, affect the growth performance and physiology of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) juveniles in recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs). Given the importance of optimising growth conditions in aquaculture to maximise efficiency, it aims to assess whether different combinations of oxygen levels and temperatures can enhance growth while maintaining the physiological health and welfare of the fish. The experimental design included the culturing pikeperch juveniles (22.7 ± 7.1 g) were exposed to hypoxia (78 ± 14%), normoxia (105 ± 12%), and hyperoxia (140 ± 18%) conditions for 72 days. This was conducted at two temperatures, 20 °C and 23 °C, each in a separate but identical RAS. The level of oxygen supply was controlled with micro bubble diffusers on the bottom of each tank. The hyperoxia at 23 °C positively affected total length, BW, specific growth rate, feed intake and feed conservation rate (FCR). The slowest growth and feed intake, along with the highest FCR, were observed in hypoxia at 20 °C. Fish reared under 23 °C exhibited significantly higher visceral-somatic index (3.54 ± 0.83 at 23 °C and 2.76 ± 0.73 at 20 °C) regardless of oxygen levels. It was primarily responsible for the observed growth difference (Final BW: 58.3 ± 18.8 g at 23 °C and 53.0 ± 18.3 g at 20 °C). The water temperature also affected haematocrit, haemoglobin, leucocyte count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of the blood cells; the concentration of lymphocytes, neutrophile granulocyte bands and segments. Among biochemical markers, temperature affected cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes, ammonia and triglyceride levels in blood plasma. Elevated antioxidant activity was observed in muscle, intestine and liver tissues. Oxygen levels demonstrated significant effects on growth, feed intake and conversion, the MCV of the blood cells, the concentration of the glucose, lactate and ammonia in blood plasma, and antioxidant biomarkers in the liver tissue. The analysis indicated a significant effect of oxygen on energy metabolism. The results showed hyperoxia under 23 °C create conditions for the highest growth and feed intake, high feed utilisation. There are, however, concerns about the physiological conditions and welfare of intensively cultured pikeperch juveniles, as higher feed intake led to increased visceral fat content in the body, elevated antioxidant activity in the liver, muscle and intestine tissues, morphology of blood cell, and energy metabolism.

本研究旨在了解环境因素（特别是水温和氧气饱和度）如何影响梭子鱼（Sander lucioperca）幼鱼在循环水养殖系统（RAS）中的生长表现和生理机能。鉴于在水产养殖中优化生长条件以实现效益最大化的重要性，本研究旨在评估不同的氧气水平和温度组合是否能在保持鱼类生理健康和福利的同时促进其生长。实验设计包括将养殖的梭子鱼幼鱼（22.7 ± 7.1 克）置于缺氧（78 ± 14%）、常氧（105 ± 12%）和高氧（140 ± 18%）条件下 72 天。试验在 20 °C 和 23 °C 两种温度下进行，每种温度都在一个单独但相同的 RAS 中进行。氧气供应水平由每个水槽底部的微气泡扩散器控制。23 °C的高氧对总长度、体重、特定生长率、摄食量和饲料保存率（FCR）均有积极影响。在 20 °C的低氧条件下，鱼的生长速度和摄食量最慢，FCR 最高。在 23 °C条件下饲养的鱼类，无论氧气水平如何，内脏-感觉指数都明显较高（23 °C时为3.54 ± 0.83，20 °C时为2.76 ± 0.73）。这也是观察到的生长差异的主要原因（最终体重：23 °C时为58.3 ± 18.8克，20 °C时为53.0 ± 18.3克）。水温还影响血细胞比容、血红蛋白、白细胞计数、平均体细胞血红蛋白、血细胞平均体液容积（MCV）、淋巴细胞浓度、嗜中性粒细胞条带和片段。在生化指标中，温度影响血浆中的细胞质酶和线粒体酶、氨和甘油三酯水平。在肌肉、肠道和肝脏组织中观察到抗氧化活性升高。氧气水平对生长、采食量和转化率、血细胞的 MCV、血浆中葡萄糖、乳酸盐和氨的浓度以及肝组织中的抗氧化生物标志物都有显著影响。分析表明，氧气对能量代谢有显著影响。研究结果表明，23 °C下的高氧条件可为最高的生长速度和采食量、高饲料利用率创造条件。然而，密集养殖的梭子鱼幼鱼的生理条件和福利令人担忧，因为较高的饲料摄入量会导致体内内脏脂肪含量增加，肝脏、肌肉和肠道组织中的抗氧化活性、血细胞形态和能量代谢升高。

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引用次数: 0

Amylase activity across black soldier fly larvae development and feeding substrates: insights on starch digestibility and external digestion 黑翅大实蝇幼虫发育和取食基质过程中的淀粉酶活性：对淀粉消化率和外部消化的启示。

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101337

J.B. Guillaume , J.L. Da Lage , S. Mezdour , F. Marion-Poll , C. Terrol , C.M.C. Brouzes , P. Schmidely

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) hold promise for converting biowaste into proteins and lipids for feed. Dietary starch is efficiently digested by the larvae and influences larval performance, but the mechanisms of starch digestion remain poorly understood. This study investigated changes in individual weight and amylase activity in BSFL after 4, 7 and 11 days of feeding for five substrates varying in starch content and type: chicken feed (CF), corn gluten feed (CGF), wheat bran (WB), wheat distillers grain (WDG) and discarded potatoes (DP). Substrate amylase activities were also measured with and without larvae (feeding and fermenting trays, respectively) over time in order to explore external digestion. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and estimated digestibility (ED) of DM and starch were assessed at the end of the experiment. The ranking for best FCR was CF, WB, CGF, WDG and DP. In feeding trays, ED of DM was 69.8 ± 1.8, 59.5 ± 2.9, 58.6 ± 0.7, 45.4 ± 0.6 and 19.5 ± 0.8% in CF, DP, WB, CGF and WDG, respectively. Estimated digestibility of starch reached 100% with WB and CGF, followed by CF (88.2 ± 2.3%), DP (85.2 ± 1.2%) and WDG (43.1 ± 1.0%). Larval amylase activity increased with growth for all substrates and dropped when approaching pupation. No relationship was found between larval amylase activity and substrate starch or other nutrient content, but a negative correlation was reported with the reducing sugar content of the larvae, suggesting glucose repression of amylase production. Amylase activity decreased with time in all feeding and fermenting substrates except WDG and DP. In vitro degradation assays indicated that BSFL amylase was nine times more efficient on raw corn or wheat starch than on raw potato starch, highlighting that starch structure is a major driver of digestibility. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of BSFL amylase in the feeding substrate, hinting at external digestion. Larval amylase was purified to identify its optimal pH (5.0–6.5) and temperature (70 °C). These results highlight that starch content is not a major driver of amylase activity in BSFL and suggest that other non-investigated factors could have had a crucial impact on the activity of larval digestive enzymes, such as microbial community of the substrate and presence of amylase inhibitors. This study also provides insights into the evolution of BSFL digestive activity during their development and the occurrence of external digestion.

黑兵蝇幼虫（BSFL；Hermetia illucens）有望将生物废弃物转化为蛋白质和脂质作为饲料。幼虫能有效消化食物中的淀粉并影响幼虫的表现，但对淀粉的消化机制仍知之甚少。本研究调查了 BSFL 在饲喂 4、7 和 11 天后个体重量和淀粉酶活性的变化，这五种基质的淀粉含量和类型各不相同：鸡饲料（CF）、玉米麸质饲料（CGF）、麦麸（WB）、小麦蒸馏谷物（WDG）和废弃马铃薯（DP）。此外，还测量了幼虫（分别为饲喂盘和发酵盘）在一段时间内的底物淀粉酶活性，以探索外部消化情况。实验结束时评估了饲料转化率（FCR）以及 DM 和淀粉的估计消化率（ED）。最佳饲料转化率依次为 CF、WB、CGF、WDG 和 DP。在饲喂盘中，CF、DP、WB、CGF 和 WDG 的 DM 消化率分别为 69.8 ± 1.8、59.5 ± 2.9、58.6 ± 0.7、45.4 ± 0.6 和 19.5 ± 0.8%。WB和CGF的淀粉估计消化率达到100%，其次是CF（88.2 ± 2.3%）、DP（85.2 ± 1.2%）和WDG（43.1 ± 1.0%）。在所有基质中，幼虫淀粉酶活性随生长而增加，在接近化蛹时则下降。没有发现幼虫淀粉酶活性与基质淀粉或其他营养物质含量之间的关系，但报告称幼虫淀粉酶活性与还原糖含量呈负相关，表明葡萄糖抑制了淀粉酶的产生。除 WDG 和 DP 外，所有饲喂基质和发酵基质中的淀粉酶活性都会随着时间的推移而降低。体外降解试验表明，BSFL 淀粉酶在生玉米或小麦淀粉上的效率是生马铃薯淀粉的九倍，这突出表明淀粉结构是消化率的主要驱动因素。Western 印迹分析显示，饲喂基质中存在 BSFL 淀粉酶，这表明存在外部消化。对幼虫淀粉酶进行了纯化，以确定其最佳 pH 值（5.0-6.5）和温度（70 °C）。这些结果突出表明，淀粉含量并不是 BSFL 淀粉酶活性的主要驱动因素，并表明其他未调查的因素可能对幼虫消化酶的活性有至关重要的影响，如底物的微生物群落和淀粉酶抑制剂的存在。这项研究还有助于深入了解 BSFL 消化活性在其发育过程中的演变以及外部消化的发生。

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引用次数: 0

Comparison of predictive ability of single-trait and multitrait genomic selection models for body growth traits in Maiwa yaks 麦洼牦牛身体生长性状的单性状和多性状基因组选择模型的预测能力比较。

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101350

Y. Liu , M. Zhang , B. Yue , H. Wang , X. Li , W. Peng , M. Jiang , J. Zhong , Y. Kangzhu , J. Wang

Yaks are grazed extensively on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, which has a long history of semi-domestication. The predicted weight of yaks over consecutive years helps make strategic decisions when selecting yak calves for breeding. To achieve more accurate predictions of genomic estimated breeding values, we used a dataset comprising the genotype and weight records of 396 Maiwa yaks collected from 2015 to 2020. We compared the predictive accuracy of the genome best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) model with that of six other models. Based on the GBLUP model, we applied two prediction strategies. In the first strategy, the year was treated as a fixed effect in the GBLUP model, and the kinship from all individuals and the markers were treated as random effects. In the second strategy, all individuals were divided into six age groups, with GBLUP performed for each group, and the phenotypes of the closest age groups were treated as fixed effects. Although the GBLUP model provided better prediction accuracy than other single-trait models, most of the predictive capacity was derived from the best linear unbiased estimation. Additionally, incorporating the phenotype of the closest age group as a factor in multitrait prediction enhanced the accuracy of the model. Our findings provide a robust and credible strategy for predicting continuous economic traits in the presence of strong correlations.

牦牛在具有悠久半驯化历史的青藏高原被广泛放牧。预测牦牛连续几年的体重有助于在选择牦牛幼崽进行繁殖时做出战略性决策。为了更准确地预测基因组估计育种值，我们使用了一个数据集，其中包括从 2015 年到 2020 年收集的 396 头麦洼牦牛的基因型和体重记录。我们比较了基因组最佳线性无偏预测（GBLUP）模型与其他六个模型的预测准确性。在 GBLUP 模型的基础上，我们采用了两种预测策略。在第一种策略中，年份在 GBLUP 模型中被视为固定效应，所有个体的亲缘关系和标记被视为随机效应。在第二种策略中，所有个体被分为六个年龄组，每组进行 GBLUP，最接近年龄组的表型被视为固定效应。虽然 GBLUP 模型比其他单性状模型提供了更好的预测准确性，但大部分预测能力来自最佳线性无偏估计。此外，将最接近年龄组的表型作为多性状预测的一个因素也提高了模型的准确性。我们的研究结果为预测存在强相关性的连续经济性状提供了一种稳健可靠的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Resolving and functional analysis of RNA editing sites in sheep ovaries and associations with litter size 绵羊卵巢中 RNA 编辑位点的解析和功能分析以及与产仔数的关系

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101342

X.F. Ma , A.J. Liu , Z. Zheng , B.X. Hu , Y.X. Zhi , C. Liu , S.J. Tian

Sheep litter size is a critical trait in mutton production. While litter size regulation in relation to DNA transcription have been rigorously investigated, the function of RNA editing remains less explored. To elucidate the mechanisms controlling sheep fecundity at the RNA editing level and identify pivotal RNA editing sites, this study scrutinised RNA editing sites (RESs) in follicular and luteal phases of ovaries from sheep with high and low fecundity, and the functions of population-specific RESs were subsequently analysed. A total of 2 182 475 RESs, 74.61% of which were A-to-I and C-to-U sites, were identified. These RESs were fairly evenly dispersed over the chromosomes, with 46.8% showing close clustering (inter-site distance < 300 bp). Notably, 93% were primarily situated in intronic and intergenic regions. In the follicular phase, pivotal RESs were found in the introns of genes including LPS responsive beige-like anchor, MCC regulator of Wnt signalling, and RWD domain containing 3, among others, and in the exon region of EvC ciliary complex subunit 2. In the luteal phase, RESs were observed in the introns of genes such as H/ACA ribonucleoprotein assembly factor and SDA1 domain-containing 1, and the exon and 3′UTR regions of polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 15 and ilvB acetolactate synthase-like, respectively. High-fecundity sheep showed RESs in the follicular phase in genes such as fibrillin 1, cyclin−dependent kinase 6, and roundabout 1, and in genes such as autophagy−related 2B and versican in the luteal phase. Thirteen RESs specific to the follicular phase and eight specific to the luteal phase were identified in high-fecundity sheep ovaries. These RESs offer promising molecular targets and enhance understanding of multiple births in sheep from the perspective of posttranscriptional alterations.

绵羊的产仔数是羊肉生产中的一个关键特征。虽然与 DNA 转录有关的产仔数调控已得到严格研究，但对 RNA 编辑功能的探索仍然较少。为了从RNA编辑水平阐明绵羊繁殖力的调控机制并确定关键的RNA编辑位点，本研究对高繁殖力绵羊和低繁殖力绵羊卵泡期和黄体期的RNA编辑位点（RES）进行了仔细研究，随后分析了种群特异性RES的功能。共鉴定出2 182 475个RES，其中74.61%为A-to-I和C-to-U位点。这些 RESs 相当均匀地分布在染色体上，46.8% 的 RESs 显示出紧密的聚类（位点间距离小于 300 bp）。值得注意的是，93%的RES主要位于内含子和基因间区域。在卵泡期，关键的 RES 位于 LPS 反应性米色样锚、MCC Wnt 信号调节器和含 RWD 结构域 3 等基因的内含子以及 EvC 纤毛复合体亚基 2 的外显子区域。在黄体期，H/ACA核糖核蛋白组装因子和含SDA1结构域的1等基因的内含子以及多肽N-乙酰半乳糖氨基转移酶15和ilvB乙酰乳酸合成酶样的外显子和3'UTR区域分别出现了RES。高繁殖力绵羊在卵泡期的纤维蛋白1、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶6和roundabout 1等基因中出现了RES，而在黄体期的自噬相关2B和versican等基因中出现了RES。在高繁殖力绵羊卵巢中发现了13个卵泡期特异的RES和8个黄体期特异的RES。这些RES提供了有前景的分子靶标，并从转录后改变的角度加深了对绵羊多胎的了解。

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引用次数: 0

The birthday problem: repeated sampling of animal populations and ethics of experimental design 生日问题：动物群体的重复采样与实验设计伦理。

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101352

D.M. Green , C.G. Mitchell

Researchers who use animals in science must balance statistical power with the need to satisfy the three Rs, whereby researchers are required to reduce numbers of animals, refine what they experience, and use alternatives to (replace) higher animals where possible. In repeated sampling over time-series studies, there is potential loss of power as well as ethics implications posed by repeated sampling of individual animals, where this cannot be managed or avoided. Here, we consider the mathematics of repeated sampling from three perspectives: that of the population at large, from the experience of the individual, and the conditional probability of sampled individuals being sampled again. The calculations are illustrated using four theoretical case studies across veterinary epidemiology with different practical implications and a provided R Shiny tool for researchers. Despite the availability of exact calculations, it is necessary to also consider the biological factors which may affect capture and recapture rates in sampling studies such as animal personality and response to capture. Researchers must also choose their question carefully to avoid inappropriate framing of ethical concerns around repeated sampling.

在科学研究中使用动物的研究人员必须在统计能力与满足 "三R "要求之间取得平衡。"三R "要求研究人员减少动物的数量，完善他们的经验，并尽可能使用替代品（取代）更多的动物。在对时间序列研究进行重复采样时，可能会出现功率损失，而且在无法管理或避免的情况下，对单个动物进行重复采样也会对伦理产生影响。在此，我们将从三个角度考虑重复取样的数学问题：整个种群的角度、个体经验的角度以及被取样个体再次被取样的条件概率。计算方法通过兽医流行病学中四个具有不同实际意义的理论案例研究和为研究人员提供的 R Shiny 工具进行了说明。尽管有精确的计算方法，但在取样研究中还必须考虑可能影响捕获率和再捕获率的生物因素，如动物的个性和对捕获的反应。研究人员还必须谨慎选择问题，以避免重复取样中出现不恰当的伦理问题。

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引用次数: 0

Chlorella and vegetable oil inclusion in diets for growing rabbits: effects on growth, digestibility, plasma metabolites, and caecal fermentations and microbiota 生长兔日粮中添加小球藻和植物油：对生长、消化率、血浆代谢物以及盲肠发酵和微生物群的影响

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101365

F. Bordignon , A. Trocino , P.J. Marín García , T. Larsen , G. Zardinoni , M. Molin , M. Birolo , P. Stevanato , G. Xiccato

The inclusion of microalgae in livestock diets has been shown to enhance animal productivity, immune response, and meat quality. However, the role of chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris) in growing rabbit nutrition has been scarcely explored, with available studies focusing on low inclusion levels (<1%) and their effects on rabbit growth and immune response. This study evaluated the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, caecal fermentative activity, and caecal microbiota composition of growing rabbits fed diets with different inclusion levels of chlorella and crude fat. A total of 648 mixed-sex Grimaud crossbred rabbits (33 d of age; 841 ± 140 g live weight) were fed six experimental diets (96 rabbits per diet for the growth trial) based on a bifactorial design with three dietary inclusion levels of chlorella (0, 1, and 2%) and two levels of crude fat (3 and 5%) obtained by the inclusion of soybean oil (1 and 3%, respectively). The trial lasted 38 days until slaughter. From 47 to 51 days of age, 72 rabbits (12 per diet) were submitted to a digestibility trial. At 51 days of age, samples of plasma and caecal content were collected from 36 rabbits (six rabbits per diet) to analyse plasma metabolites, caecal fermentations, and caecal microbiota. Rabbit live weight at 71 days of age (2 700 g, on average), weight gain (48.8 g/d) and feed conversion ratio (3.27) were unaffected by chlorella inclusion, while feed conversion ratio improved (−5%; P < 0.001) with an increase of crude fat from 3 to 5%. The digestibility of ADF (23.2 vs 20.9%; P < 0.05) and crude fat (83.8 vs 85.6%; P < 0.01) improved with the inclusion of chlorella at 2%, as well as the digestibility of crude fat (82.4 vs 86.9%; P < 0.001) and gross energy (57.3 vs 58.7%; P < 0.001) with crude fat inclusion at 5%. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids decreased (−19%; P < 0.05) in diets with 5% crude fat. Neither chlorella nor crude fat inclusion levels affected other plasma metabolites, caecal fermentations, or caecal microbiota. Overall, the inclusion of chlorella up to 2% in diets for growing rabbits did not significantly affect diet nutritional value, animal performance, or caecal activity. On the other hand, increasing crude fat to 5% improved the overall feed efficiency.

在家畜日粮中添加微藻已被证明可提高动物的生产率、免疫反应和肉质。然而，小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）在生长兔营养中的作用却鲜有研究，现有的研究主要集中在低添加量（1%）及其对兔生长和免疫反应的影响。本研究评估了饲喂不同小球藻和粗脂肪添加量日粮的生长兔的生长性能、营养物质消化率、血浆代谢物、盲肠发酵活性和盲肠微生物群组成。共饲喂了 648 只格里莫杂交兔（33 日龄；841 ± 140 克活体重），采用双因子设计，饲喂六种试验日粮（生长试验中每种日粮饲喂 96 只兔子），日粮中含有三种水平的小球藻（0、1 和 2%）和两种水平的粗脂肪（3% 和 5%），粗脂肪是通过添加大豆油（分别为 1% 和 3%）获得的。试验持续了 38 天，直至屠宰。从 47 天龄到 51 天龄，72 只兔子（每种日粮 12 只）接受了消化率试验。51 日龄时，收集了 36 只兔子（每种饲料 6 只）的血浆和盲肠样本，以分析血浆代谢物、盲肠发酵物和盲肠微生物群。加入小球藻后，家兔 71 日龄时的活重（平均 2 700 克）、增重（48.8 克/天）和饲料转化率（3.27）均未受影响，而粗脂肪从 3% 增加到 5% 时，饲料转化率有所提高（-5%；P <；0.001）。粗脂肪添加量为 2% 时，ADF（23.2 vs 20.9%; P <0.05）和粗脂肪（83.8 vs 85.6%; P <0.01）的消化率有所提高；粗脂肪添加量为 5% 时，粗脂肪（82.4 vs 86.9%; P <0.001）和总能（57.3 vs 58.7%; P <0.001）的消化率也有所提高。在粗脂肪含量为 5%的日粮中，血浆非酯化脂肪酸减少（-19%；P <；0.05）。小球藻和粗脂肪添加量都不会影响其他血浆代谢物、盲肠发酵或盲肠微生物群。总之，在生长兔日粮中添加最高达 2% 的小球藻不会对日粮营养价值、动物表现或盲肠活动产生显著影响。另一方面，将粗脂肪提高到 5%可提高总体饲料效率。

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引用次数: 0

Particle size of straw and gelation of pectin influence gastric mixing and emptying in pigs 稻草的粒度和果胶的凝胶化对猪胃混合和排空的影响

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101362

C. Lannuzel , R.J. Veersma , G.M. Bornhorst , G. van Erven , M.A. Kabel , W.J.J. Gerrits , S. de Vries

Physicochemical properties of fibres can strongly impact gastric processes such as emptying and sieving. This study evaluated the influence of particle size of insoluble fibres, and gelation of soluble fibres when added to insoluble fibres, on gastric emptying of digesta phases from the proximal and distal stomach of pigs. Twenty-four boars (51.6 ± 4.90 kg) were assigned to one of four diets, containing either 150 g/kg coarse or finely milled wheat straw (median particle area of 5.4 vs 0.3 mm²), or 270 g/kg wheat bran without or with the addition of 100 g/kg low-methylated pectin. Tracers were used to quantify the mean retention time (MRT) of digesta liquids (Co-EDTA), fine solids (TiO₂), and fibrous particles (Chromium-mordanted fibres). For all diets, digesta pH was lower in the distal stomach than in the proximal stomach (−1.1 – 2.1 units; P < 0.05). In the proximal stomach, particle size reduction of straw tended to decrease digesta pH (−0.8 units; P = 0.072), reduced the MRT of fine solids (−117 min; P = 0.009) and the separation between fine solids and liquids (−88 min; P = 0.030). When particle size of straw was reduced, the MRT of liquids was no longer greater in the proximal stomach compared with the distal stomach (P > 0.10), while in both regions, the MRT of fibrous particles (−213 – 238 min; P < 0.05) and the difference between fibrous particles and fine solids were reduced (−96 – 181 min; P < 0.05). Accordingly, sieving of nutrients, such as starch and non-starch polysaccharides was reduced. In the proximal stomach, the greater water holding capacity and resistance to deformation conferred by the addition of pectin decreased the MRT of fine solids (−138 min; P = 0.003), and fibrous particles (−227 min; P < 0.001), reducing the difference between fine solids and liquids (−148 min; P < 0.001), and between fibrous particles and fine solids (−89 min; P < 0.001). In the distal stomach, pectin addition reduced the MRT of fibrous particles (−203 min; P = 0.007), and the difference between fibrous particles and fine solids (−154 min; P < 0.001). Concomitantly, sieving of nutrients across stomach regions was reduced. In conclusion, particle size reduction of straw and pectin addition accelerated the emptying of fine and coarse solids, and reduced sieving of digesta phases and nutrients in the proximal and distal stomach of pigs.

纤维的理化特性会对胃排空和筛分等胃过程产生强烈影响。本研究评估了不溶性纤维的粒度和可溶性纤维加入不溶性纤维后的凝胶化对猪近端和远端胃消化相胃排空的影响。24 头公猪（51.6 ± 4.90 千克）被分配到四种日粮中的一种，其中一种日粮含有 150 克/千克粗粉碎或细粉碎小麦秸秆（颗粒面积中位数为 5.4 vs 0.3 mm2），或 270 克/千克小麦麸皮（不含或添加 100 克/千克低甲基化果胶）。示踪剂用于量化消化液（Co-EDTA）、细小固体（TiO2）和纤维颗粒（铬媒化纤维）的平均滞留时间（MRT）。在所有日粮中，远胃消化液 pH 值均低于近胃（-1.1 - 2.1 个单位；P < 0.05）。在近胃中，减少秸秆的粒径往往会降低消化液的pH值（-0.8个单位；P = 0.072），减少细固体的MRT（-117分钟；P = 0.009）和细固体与液体的分离（-88分钟；P = 0.030）。当秸秆的粒径减小时，近端胃中液体的 MRT 不再大于远端胃（P >0.10），而在这两个区域，纤维颗粒的 MRT（-213 - 238 分钟；P <0.05）以及纤维颗粒和细固体之间的差异都减小了（-96 - 181 分钟；P <0.05）。相应地，淀粉和非淀粉多糖等营养物质的筛分也减少了。在近端胃中，果胶提高了持水能力和抗变形能力，从而降低了细固体（-138 分钟；P = 0.003）和纤维颗粒（-227 分钟；P <；0.001）的 MRT，减少了细固体和液体之间的差异（-148 分钟；P <；0.001）以及纤维颗粒和细固体之间的差异（-89 分钟；P <；0.001）。在远端胃中，果胶的加入降低了纤维颗粒的 MRT（-203 分钟；P = 0.007）以及纤维颗粒和细小固体之间的差异（-154 分钟；P <；0.001）。同时，胃内营养物质的筛分也减少了。总之，减小秸秆的粒度和添加果胶加速了细固体和粗固体的排空，并减少了猪近端和远端胃中消化相和营养物质的筛分。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of protease supplementation in broiler chicken diets containing maize from different batches on growth performance and nutrient digestibility 在含有不同批次玉米的肉鸡日粮中添加蛋白酶对生长性能和营养物质消化率的影响

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101363

V.A.B. Zavelinski, V.I. Vieira, L.S. Bassi, L.M. de Almeida, V.G. Schramm, A. Maiorka, S.G. de Oliveira

Maize is the primary energy source in poultry diets. Nutritional and physical traits related to maize composition can affect nutrient utilization, as well as the efficacy of exogenous enzymes. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of maize from different batches and protease supplementation on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens from 1 to 40 days of age. A total of 1 920-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were assigned in a complete randomized design distributed into a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement comprising maize from two different batches (A and B) without and with protease (0 and 200 g/t), totaling 4 treatments and 12 replicates of 40 broiler chickens each. Experimental diets were divided into starter, grower I, grower II, and finisher phases. Both maize types were analyzed for nutritional composition, hardness, and structural differences in the starch granules via scanning electron microscopy. Feed intake, weight gain (WG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were evaluated. Ileal digesta was collected at 35 days to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM, CP, and ileal digestible energy (IDE). Hardness was higher in maize grains from batch A (P < 0.05), which may be associated with the denser and compact starch granules observed in electron microscopy. Broiler chickens fed maize from batch B and supplemented with protease showed greater WG and better FCR from 9 to 19 days (P < 0.05). From 1 to 40 days, birds fed the maize B diet had greater WG and lower FCR compared to those fed the maize A diet (P < 0.05). In the total period, protease supplementation reduced FCR (P < 0.01). No differences were found for AID of DM and CP, but broilers fed maize B diets had greater IDE (P < 0.05). In conclusion, although nutrient ileal digestibility was unaffected by treatments, the use of maize B led to superior growth performance and energy utilization due to its softer endosperm and starch composition, and protease supplementation reduced FCR and increased IDE regardless of maize batch.

玉米是家禽日粮中的主要能量来源。与玉米成分相关的营养和物理特性会影响营养物质的利用以及外源酶的功效。本研究旨在评估不同批次的玉米和蛋白酶补充剂对 1 至 40 日龄肉鸡生长性能和回肠营养消化率的影响。采用完全随机设计法，将 1 920 日龄的 Ross 308 雄性雏鸡分配到 2 × 2 因子排列中，包括不添加蛋白酶（0 克/吨）和添加蛋白酶（200 克/吨）的两个不同批次（A 和 B）的玉米，共 4 个处理和 12 个重复，每个重复 40 只肉鸡。实验日粮分为开食期、生长期 I、生长期 II 和育成期。通过扫描电子显微镜分析了两种玉米的营养成分、硬度和淀粉颗粒的结构差异。对饲料摄入量、增重（WG）和饲料转化率（FCR）进行了评估。在 35 天时收集回肠消化物，以测定 DM、CP 和回肠可消化能量（IDE）的表观回肠消化率（AID）。批次 A 的玉米粒硬度较高（P

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引用次数: 0

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