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Postponing first colostrum collection: impact on immunoglobulin G in goat colostrum 推迟首次采集初乳:对山羊初乳中免疫球蛋白 G 的影响
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101277

This experiment was motivated by the need to understand the impacts of delaying the first colostrum collection on immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in goat colostrum, addressing a gap in caprine-specific research, despite its significance in dairy farming. Concurrently, we examined the relationship between colostral IgG, total protein (TP) and Brix values. Two colostrum samples were collected from 56 Saanen goats, one from each udder half. The first sample was collected from the right teat immediately postbirth, and the second sample was collected from the left teat at one of the predetermined postpartum intervals: 0, 4–6, 8–10, or 12–14 h postpartum, each time interval comprising 14 goats. Colostral IgG was determined by ELISA, Brix was determined by digital refractometry, and TP was determined by the Bradford protein method. Sperman’s correlations and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient were used to determine the direction and strength of the association and to assess agreement (prediction accuracy) between methods, respectively. Receiver operator characteristic analysis was used to determine Brix and TP thresholds for predicting good-quality colostrum using several cut-offs (20, 30, 40, and 50 g/L IgG). Mean (± SD) for colostral IgG, Brix, and TP were 54 ± 22.6 g/L, 22 ± 5.0%, and 12 ± 2.8 g/dL, respectively. The statistical analysis did not provide evidence of a significant impact of time of first collection (up to 14 h postpartum), on IgG, Brix, and TP. Brix and IgG values exhibited both a high degree of correlation (r = 0.89–90) and concordance (ρc = 0.89–90), indicating a strong and reliable relationship between the two measurements. The prevalence of samples ≥ 20, 30, 40, and 50 g of IgG/L were 96, 88, 71, and 54%, respectively. Optimal Brix and TP thresholds predicting IgG ≥ 20, 30, 40, and 50 g/L IgG were 13.8, 17.5, 20.1, and 22.5%, and 6.8, 9.3, 10.8, and 11.1 g/dL, respectively. Increasing the IgG threshold resulted in lower sensitivity but higher specificity for estimating colostral IgG using Brix or TP values. The present findings indicate that delaying the first colostrum collection up to 14 h postpartum did not result in conclusive changes in colostral IgG concentration, Brix values, or total protein levels. Our results also confirm the reliability of Brix refractometry as an on-farm tool for estimating IgG concentrations in goat colostrum. These results are particularly relevant to intensive dairy systems, offering insights to enhance colostrum management and task prioritisation, especially during the bustling kidding periods.

本实验的动机是需要了解延迟首次采集初乳对山羊初乳中免疫球蛋白 G (IgG) 浓度的影响,以填补针对山羊研究的空白,尽管这在奶牛养殖中意义重大。同时,我们还研究了初乳 IgG、总蛋白 (TP) 和 Brix 值之间的关系。我们从 56 只萨能山羊身上采集了两份初乳样本,每半边乳房各一份。第一份样本从产后右侧乳头采集,第二份样本从产后左侧乳头采集,采集间隔为产后 0、4-6、8-10 或 12-14 小时,每个时间间隔采集 14 只山羊。用酶联免疫吸附法测定初乳 IgG,用数字折射仪测定 Brix,用 Bradford 蛋白质法测定 TP。Sperman 相关性和 Lin 一致性相关系数分别用于确定相关性的方向和强度,以及评估不同方法之间的一致性(预测准确性)。采用接收者操作特征分析法确定 Brix 和 TP 临界值,以使用几个临界值(20、30、40 和 50 克/升 IgG)预测优质初乳。初乳 IgG、Brix 和 TP 的平均值(± SD)分别为 54 ± 22.6 g/L、22 ± 5.0% 和 12 ± 2.8 g/dL。统计分析并未证明首次采集时间(产后 14 小时以内)对 IgG、Brix 和 TP 有显著影响。Brix 和 IgG 值显示出高度的相关性(r = 0.89-90)和一致性(ρc = 0.89-90),表明这两种测量值之间存在牢固可靠的关系。IgG/L≥20、30、40 和 50 克的样本比例分别为 96%、88%、71% 和 54%。预测 IgG ≥ 20、30、40 和 50 克/升的最佳 Brix 和 TP 阈值分别为 13.8%、17.5%、20.1% 和 22.5%,以及 6.8%、9.3%、10.8% 和 11.1 克/分升。提高 IgG 临界值会降低使用 Brix 或 TP 值估计初乳 IgG 的灵敏度,但会提高特异性。本研究结果表明,将首次初乳采集时间推迟到产后 14 小时并不会导致初乳 IgG 浓度、Brix 值或总蛋白水平发生确凿的变化。我们的研究结果还证实了 Brix 折光测定法作为牧场上估测山羊初乳中 IgG 浓度的工具的可靠性。这些结果与集约化奶牛场系统特别相关,为加强初乳管理和任务优先级的确定提供了启示,尤其是在热闹的产仔期。
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引用次数: 0
Replacement Nellore heifers receiving supplementation under different herbage allowance: effects on forage characteristics, performance, physiology, and reproduction 在不同草料补贴条件下接受补饲的内洛尔小母牛:对饲料特性、性能、生理和繁殖的影响
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101260

In Brazil, heifers typically calve at 36–48 months. Due to the high demand for meat and the need to reduce slaughter age, high supplementation has become commonly used in beef cattle farming. However, the literature remains scarce on studies that explore the impact of grazing management during the background phase on the productivity and reproductive efficiency of young Nellore heifers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two-herbage allowances (HA) on forage characteristics, performance, physiology and reproductive parameters of replacement Nellore heifers. Ninety weaned heifers [169 ± 19 kg of shrunk body weight (SBW); 210 ± 28 days of age] were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to receive different HA: (1) High herbage allowance (HHA: 7.2 kg DM/kg BW) and (2) Low herbage allowance (LHA: 3.3 kg DM/kg BW); and divided into six paddocks, totaling 12 paddocks. The experimental period was divided into the growing phase (D173) and the reproductive season (D83). Continuous stocking with a variable stocking rate was used. The supplement was provided daily with expected intake of around 10 g/kg of BW. The HHA pasture showed greater values of canopy height, greater HA, and lower values of CP and CP: in vitro digestible DM ratio than the LHA pasture over the days of the study (P ≤ 0.05). Herbage mass and the green stem proportion were lower in LHA pasture (P < 0.01), while the green leaf (g/kg DM) and senescent stem proportions (g/kg DM) were higher (P = 0.080) when compared to HHA pasture. Heifers maintained on HHA pasture had a higher average daily gain (P < 0.01), forage intake (P < 0.003), higher SBW (P < 0.01), Longissimus area (P < 0.01), and 12th-rib fat thickness (P < 0.01) than those kept in the LHA pasture. The proportion of heifers that reached the weight at maturity on D173 (P = 0.027) and the proportion of pubertal pregnancy heifers (P = 0.042) were greatest in the HHA treatment. The blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.002) was higher in heifers maintained in the LHA pasture. Heifers maintained in HHA pasture showed higher values of relative abundance of mRNA for UGT1A6 (P = 0.004) and IGFBP3 (P = 0.072). The use of HHA criteria increased forage intake, body gain, and carcass attributes of animals, which led to better reproductive performance of Nellore heifers.

在巴西,母牛通常在 36-48 个月时产犊。由于对肉类的高需求和降低屠宰年龄的需要,高补饲已成为肉牛养殖业的普遍做法。然而,关于背景阶段放牧管理对年轻内洛尔母牛的生产力和繁殖效率的影响的研究文献仍然很少。本研究旨在评估两种牧草补贴(HA)对替代内洛尔小母牛的牧草特性、性能、生理和繁殖参数的影响。将 90 头断奶小母牛[169 ± 19 千克缩水体重(SBW);210 ± 28 日龄]按初始体重分群,随机分配到不同的 HA 中:(1) 高草料补贴(HHA:7.2 千克 DM/ 千克体重)和(2) 低草料补贴(LHA:3.3 千克 DM/ 千克体重);并分成 6 个围场,共 12 个围场。实验期分为生长期(D173)和繁殖期(D83)。采用连续放养,放养率可变。补充剂每天提供,预计摄入量约为每公斤体重 10 克。与LHA牧草相比,HHA牧草在研究期间表现出更高的冠层高度值、更高的HA值以及更低的CP值和CP:体外可消化DM比值(P≤0.05)。与HHA牧草相比,LHA牧草的垃圾量和绿茎比例较低(P < 0.01),而绿叶(克/千克DM)和衰老茎比例(克/千克DM)较高(P = 0.080)。与饲养在LHA牧场的母牛相比,饲养在HHA牧场的母牛平均日增重(P <0.01)、饲料摄入量(P <0.003)、SBW(P <0.01)、Longissimus面积(P <0.01)和第12肋脂肪厚度(P <0.01)更高。HHA处理的母牛在D173日达到成熟体重的比例(P = 0.027)和青春期怀孕母牛的比例(P = 0.042)最大。在LHA牧场饲养的母牛血液尿素氮(P = 0.002)较高。在HHA牧场饲养的母牛显示出较高的UGT1A6(P = 0.004)和IGFBP3(P = 0.072)mRNA相对丰度值。使用 HHA 标准提高了动物的饲料摄入量、体增重和胴体属性,从而改善了 Nellore 母牛的繁殖性能。
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引用次数: 0
Review: Improving residual feed intake modelling in the context of nutritional- and genetic studies for dairy cattle 回顾:在奶牛营养和遗传研究中改进剩余采食量建模
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101268

The residual feed intake (RFI) model has recently gained popularity for ranking dairy cows for feed efficiency. The RFI model ranks the cows based on their expected feed intake compared to the observed feed intake, where a negative phenotype (eating less than expected) is favourable. Yet interpreting the biological implications of the regression coefficients derived from RFI models has proven challenging. In addition, multitrait modelling of RFI has been proposed as an alternative to the least square RFI in nutrition and genetic studies. To solve the challenge with the biological interpretation of RFI regression coefficients and suggest ways to improve the modelling of RFI, an interdisciplinary effort was required between nutritionists and geneticists. Therefore, this paper aimed to explore the challenges with the traditional least square RFI model and propose solutions to improve the modelling of RFI. In the traditional least square RFI model, one set of fixed effects is used to solve systematic effects (e.g., seasonal effects and age at calving) for traits with different means and variances. Thereby, measurement and model fitting errors can accumulate in the phenotype, resulting in undesirable effects. A multivariate RFI model will likely reduce this problem, as trait-specific fixed effects are used. In addition, regression coefficients for DM intake on milk energy tend to have more biologically meaningful estimates in multitrait RFI models, which indicates a confounding effect between the fixed effects and regression coefficients in the least square RFI model. However, defining precise expectations for regression coefficients from RFI models or sourcing for accurate feed norm coefficients seems difficult, especially if the coefficients are applied to a wide cattle population with varying diets or management systems, for example. To improve multitrait modelling of RFI, we suggest improving the modelling of changes in energy status. Furthermore, a novel method to derive the energy density of the diet and individual digestive efficiency is proposed. Digestive efficiency is defined as the part of the efficiency associated with digestive processes, which primarily reflects the conversion from gross energy to metabolisable energy. We show the model was insensitive to prior values of energy density in feed and that there was individual variation in digestive efficiency. The proposed method needs further development and validation. In summary, using multitrait RFI can improve the accuracy of the ranking of dairy cows’ feed efficiency, consequently improving economic and environmental sustainability on dairy farms.

最近,剩余采食量(RFI)模型在奶牛饲料效率排名中越来越受欢迎。RFI 模型根据奶牛的预期采食量与观察到的采食量进行排序,其中负表型(采食量低于预期)对奶牛有利。然而,解释 RFI 模型得出的回归系数的生物学意义已被证明具有挑战性。此外,在营养和遗传研究中,RFI 的多特征建模已被提出作为最小平方 RFI 的替代方法。为了解决 RFI 回归系数的生物学解释难题,并提出改进 RFI 建模的方法,营养学家和遗传学家之间需要开展跨学科合作。因此,本文旨在探讨传统最小平方 RFI 模型面临的挑战,并提出改进 RFI 建模的解决方案。在传统的最小二乘法 RFI 模型中,一组固定效应用于解决具有不同均值和方差的性状的系统效应(如季节效应和产犊年龄)。因此,测量误差和模型拟合误差会在表型中累积,从而产生不良影响。多变量 RFI 模型由于使用了特定性状的固定效应,可能会减少这一问题。此外,在多性状 RFI 模型中,DM 摄入量对乳能量的回归系数往往具有更多的生物学意义,这表明在最小平方 RFI 模型中,固定效应和回归系数之间存在混杂效应。然而,从 RFI 模型中定义回归系数的精确期望值或寻找精确的饲料标准系数似乎很困难,尤其是当这些系数适用于日粮或管理系统各不相同的广泛牛群时。为了改进 RFI 的多性状建模,我们建议改进能量状态变化的建模。此外,我们还提出了一种推导日粮能量密度和个体消化效率的新方法。消化效率被定义为与消化过程相关的效率部分,主要反映了从总能量到可代谢能量的转化。我们发现该模型对饲料中能量密度的先验值并不敏感,而且消化效率存在个体差异。建议的方法需要进一步开发和验证。总之,使用多性状 RFI 可以提高奶牛饲料效率排名的准确性,从而改善奶牛场的经济和环境可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of reducing copper and zinc supplementation on the performance and mineral status of fattening pigs 减少铜和锌的补充对育肥猪的生产性能和矿物质状况的影响
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101270

Pig manure with high copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentration is applied to the soil, and these trace minerals can accumulate in the topsoil and decrease its fertility. Thus, adjusting concentrations of Cu and Zn in pig diets below current maximum allowance can prevent this risk. Reduction of dietary concentrations of Cu and Zn reduces their faecal excretion since only a small portion is retained in the pig’s body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of reducing concentration of dietary Cu and Zn or withdrawing their supplementation on the performance and mineral status of fattening pigs. Four dietary treatments were compared: a basal diet (WS; withdraw supplementation), with no Cu or Zn supplementation (5 and 29 mg/kg of native Cu and Zn, respectively); intermediate concentration (OINT), supplemented with Cu and Zn oxides to obtain mean dietary concentration of 7.4 and 47.5 mg/kg of Cu and Zn, respectively; and two diets supplemented with oxides (OREG) or sulphates (SREG) at concentration similar to European Union limits (i.e. 25 and 120 mg/kg of total Cu and Zn, respectively), as commonly used on commercial farms. Ninety-six pigs (24.3 ± 3.3 kg BW) were each assigned to one of the four treatments and reared in individual pens for 14 weeks (up to 110.3 ± 8.9 kg BW). Animal performances were measured, and samples of plasma (on day 1 and day 41 of experimentation and at slaughter), bones and the liver (at slaughter) were collected from all pigs. Faecal samples were collected from all pigs every 3 weeks to determine the Cu and Zn excretion. Over the entire experiment, neither the concentration nor the source of Cu and Zn influenced feed intake, BW or the feed conversion ratio. Plasma Cu and Zn concentrations were not influenced by the treatment but increased as the age of the pigs increased. Liver Cu concentration increased (P < 0.05) as dietary concentrations increased (OREG> WS). Neither the concentration nor the source of Cu and Zn influenced bone Cu and Zn concentration or physical bone parameters. However, SREG had a higher maximum load until bone breaking (P < 0.05) than OREG. As expected, faecal excretion of Cu and Zn decreased (P < 0.01) as dietary concentration decreased. Dietary Cu and Zn can be reduced without decreasing the performance or mineral status of pigs, and these results should be validated on commercial farms that have more challenging health conditions.

猪粪中含有高浓度的铜(Cu)和锌(Zn),施入土壤后,这些微量矿物质会在表土中积累,降低土壤肥力。因此,调整猪日粮中铜和锌的浓度,使其低于目前的最大允许量,可以防止这种风险。降低日粮中铜和锌的浓度可减少其粪便排泄量,因为只有一小部分会保留在猪体内。本研究旨在评估降低日粮中铜和锌的浓度或停止补充这两种元素对育肥猪的生产性能和矿物质状况的影响。对四种日粮处理进行了比较:基础日粮(WS;撤销补充),不补充铜或锌(本地铜和锌的含量分别为 5 和 29 毫克/千克);中间浓度(OINT),补充铜和锌氧化物,以获得平均日粮铜和锌浓度分别为 7.4 和 47.5 毫克/千克。此外,还有两种日粮补充了氧化物(OREG)或硫酸盐(SREG),其浓度与欧盟的限值相似(即总铜和总锌分别为 25 和 120 毫克/千克),这也是商业农场常用的方法。96 头猪(体重 24.3 ± 3.3 千克)分别被分配到四种处理中的一种,在单独的猪栏中饲养 14 周(体重达 110.3 ± 8.9 千克)。对动物的表现进行了测量,并收集了所有猪的血浆样本(实验第 1 天、第 41 天和屠宰时)、骨骼样本和肝脏样本(屠宰时)。每 3 周收集一次所有猪的粪便样本,以测定铜和锌的排泄量。在整个实验过程中,铜和锌的浓度和来源都不会影响采食量、体重或饲料转化率。血浆中的铜和锌浓度不受处理方法的影响,但随着猪龄的增加而增加。肝脏铜浓度随着日粮浓度的增加而增加(P < 0.05)(OREG> WS)。铜和锌的浓度和来源都不会影响骨骼中铜和锌的浓度或骨骼的物理参数。然而,与 OREG 相比,SREG 在骨骼断裂前的最大负荷更高(P < 0.05)。正如预期的那样,随着膳食中铜和锌浓度的降低,粪便中铜和锌的排泄量也会减少(P < 0.01)。减少日粮中铜和锌的含量不会降低猪的生产性能或矿物质状况,这些结果应在健康状况更具挑战性的商业猪场中得到验证。
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引用次数: 0
Animal board invited review: Dietary transition from animal to plant-derived foods: Are there risks to health? 动物委员会特邀评论:从动物源性食品到植物源性食品的膳食过渡:是否存在健康风险?
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101263

Animal-derived foods (ADFs) are a very varied group of foods, but many are nutrient rich and contain higher quality protein than provided by plant-derived foods such that a simple replacement of ADF protein is likely to lead to a reduction in overall protein quality. In addition, many ADFs are richer in some nutrients than plant-based foods (e.g. Fe, Ca) and these often have a higher bioavailability. ADFs also provide nutrients that plants cannot supply (e.g. vitamin B12) and some provide beneficial health functionality (e.g. hypotensive) which is not explained by traditional nutrition. However, there remains a good health reason to increase the proportion of plant−derived food in many diets to increase the intake of dietary fibre which is often consumed at very sub-optimal levels. It seems logical that the increased plant-derived foods should replace the ADFs that have the least benefit, the greatest risk to health and the highest environmental impact. Processed meat fits these characteristics and should be an initial target for replacement with plant-based based protein-rich foods that additionally provide the necessary nutrients and have high−quality dietary fibre. Processed meat covers a wide range of products including several traditional foods (e.g. sausages) which will make decisions on food replacement challenging. There is therefore an urgent need for research to better define the relative health risks associated with the range of processed meat-based foods. The aim of this review is to examine the evidence on the benefits and risks of this dietary transition including the absolute necessity to consider initial nutrient status before the replacement of ADFs is considered.

动物源性食品(ADF)是一类种类繁多的食品,但许多动物源性食品营养丰富,含有比植物源性食品更优质的蛋白质,因此简单地替代 ADF 蛋白质很可能会导致整体蛋白质质量下降。此外,许多 ADF 的某些营养成分(如铁、钙)比植物性食品更丰富,而且生物利用率通常更高。ADF 还能提供植物无法提供的营养物质(如维生素 B12),有些还能提供传统营养学无法解释的有益健康的功能(如降血压)。然而,在许多膳食中增加植物源性食物的比例,以增加膳食纤维的摄入量,这仍然是一个很好的健康理由,因为膳食纤维的摄入量往往低于最佳水平。似乎合乎逻辑的是,增加的植物源性食品应该替代那些对健康益处最小、风险最大、对环境影响最大的 ADF。加工肉类符合这些特点,应成为以植物为基础的富含蛋白质食品替代的最初目标,这些食品还能提供必要的营养素和优质膳食纤维。加工肉类产品种类繁多,包括几种传统食品(如香肠),这将使有关食品替代的决策具有挑战性。因此,迫切需要开展研究,以更好地界定与各种加工肉类食品相关的相对健康风险。本综述旨在研究有关这种膳食转变的益处和风险的证据,包括在考虑替代 ADFs 之前考虑初始营养状况的绝对必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Morphometric traits to estimate brain and liver weight and their ratio for the diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction in newborn piglets 通过形态特征估算脑重和肝重及其比例,诊断新生仔猪宫内生长受限症
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101262

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is defined as inadequate foetal growth during gestation. In response to placenta insufficiency, IUGR piglets prioritise brain development as a survival mechanism. This adaptation leads to a higher brain-to-liver weight ratio (BrW/LW) at birth. This study assessed the potential of using morphometric traits to estimate brain (BrW) and liver (LW) weights, enabling non-invasive diagnosis of IUGR in newborn piglets. At birth, body weight (BtW) of individual piglets (n = 144) was recorded. One day (± 1) after birth, BrW and LW were measured with computed tomography (n = 94) or by weighing the organs after natural death or euthanasia (n = 50). Additionally, 20 morphometric traits were captured from images of each piglet and correlated with the BrW and LW. The morphometric traits that showed a r ≥ 0.70 in linear correlation with the BrW or LW were selected. Each selected trait was combined as an independent variable with BtW to develop multiple linear regression models to predict the BrW and LW. Six models were chosen based on the highest adjusted R2 value: three for estimating BrW and three for LW. The dataset was then randomly divided into a training (75% of the data) and a testing (remaining 25%) subsets. Within the training subset, three equations to predict the BrW and three to predict the LW were extrapolated from the six selected models. The equations were then applied to the testing subset. The accuracy of the equations in predicting organ weight was assessed by calculating mean absolute and mean absolute percentage error (MAE and MAPE) between predicted and actual BrW and LW. To predict the BrW/LW, an equation including BtW and the two morphometric traits which better predicted BrW and LW was used. In the testing dataset, the equation combining ear distance and BtW better estimated the BrW. The equation performed with a MAE of 1.95 and a MAPE of 0.06 between the true and estimated weight of the brain. For the liver, the equation combining the abdominal area delimited by a square and BtW displayed the best performance, with a MAE of 9.29 and a MAPE of 0.17 between the true and estimated weight. Finally, the MAE and MAPE between the actual and estimated BrW/LW were 0.14 and 0.17, respectively. These findings suggest that specific morphometric traits can be used to estimate brain and liver weights, facilitating accurate and non-invasive identification of IUGR in newborn piglets.

宫内生长受限(IUGR)是指胎儿在妊娠期间生长不足。为了应对胎盘不足,IUGR 仔猪会优先考虑大脑发育,以此作为一种生存机制。这种适应性导致仔猪出生时脑重/肝重比率(BrW/LW)较高。本研究评估了利用形态特征估算脑重(BrW)和肝重(LW)的潜力,从而对新生仔猪的 IUGR 进行无创诊断。出生时,记录每头仔猪(n = 144)的体重(BtW)。出生后一天(±1),用计算机断层扫描(n = 94)或自然死亡或安乐死后的器官称重(n = 50)测量BrW和LW。此外,还从每头仔猪的图像中捕获了 20 个形态特征,并将其与胸围和体重相关联。挑选出与净重或长重线性相关的 r≥0.70 的形态特征。将每个选定的性状作为自变量与BtW相结合,建立多元线性回归模型,以预测BrW和LW。根据最高的调整 R2 值选择了六个模型:三个用于估算净重,三个用于估算长重。然后将数据集随机分为训练子集(75% 的数据)和测试子集(剩余的 25%)。在训练子集中,从选定的六个模型中推导出三个用于预测胸围的方程和三个用于预测长臂的方程。然后将这些方程应用于测试子集。预测器官重量的方程的准确性是通过计算 BrW 和 LW 预测值与实际值之间的平均绝对误差和平均绝对百分比误差(MAE 和 MAPE)来评估的。为了预测BrW/LW,使用了一个包括BtW和两个形态特征的方程,该方程能更好地预测BrW和LW。在测试数据集中,结合耳距和净重的方程能更好地预测净重。该方程对脑的真实重量和估计重量的 MAE 为 1.95,MAPE 为 0.06。在肝脏方面,将腹部正方形区域和 BtW 相结合的方程显示出最佳性能,其 MAE 为 9.29,真实重量和估计重量之间的 MAPE 为 0.17。最后,实际 BrW/LW 与估计 BrW/LW 之间的 MAE 和 MAPE 分别为 0.14 和 0.17。这些研究结果表明,特定的形态特征可用于估算脑重和肝重,从而有助于准确、无创地鉴定新生仔猪的 IUGR。
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引用次数: 0
Insights on early response to acute heat shock of bovine mammary epithelial cells through a multimethod approach 通过多种方法了解牛乳腺上皮细胞对急性热休克的早期反应
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101264

Heat stress is a significant challenge in dairy cattle herds, affecting milk production and quality, and generating important changes at the cellular level. Most in vitro research on heat shock (HS) effects on dairy cow mammary cells was focused on medium-long-term effects. In recent years, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) micro-spectroscopy has been increasingly used to study the effects of several external stresses on different cell lines, down to the level of single cellular components, such as DNA/RNA, lipids, and proteins. In this study, the possible changes at the biochemical and molecular level induced by acute (30 min-2 h) HS in bovine mammary epithelial (BME-UV1) cells were investigated. The cells were exposed to different temperatures, thermoneutral (TN, 37 °C) and HS (42 °C), and FT-IR spectra were acquired to analyse the effects of HS on biochemical characteristics of BME-UV1 cellular components (proteins, lipids, and DNA/RNA). Moreover, cell viability assay, reactive oxygen species production, and mRNA expression of heat shock proteins (HSPA1A, HSP90AA1, GRP78, GRP94) and antioxidant genes (SOD1, SOD2) by RT-qPCR were also analysed. The FT-IR results showed a change already at 30 min of HS exposure, in the content of long-chain fatty acids, which probably acted as a response to a modification of membrane fluidity in HS cells compared with TN cells. After 2 h of HS exposure, modification of DNA/RNA activity and accumulation of aggregated proteins was highlighted in HS cells. The gene expression analyses showed the overexpression of HSPA1A and HSP90AA1 starting from 30 min up to 2 h in HS cells compared with TN cells. At 2 h of HS exposure, also the overexpression of GRP94 was observed in HS cells. Acute HS did not affect cell viability, reactive oxygen species level, and SOD1 and SOD2 gene expression of BME-UV1 cells. According to the results obtained, cells initiate early defence mechanisms in case of acute HS and probably this efficient response capacity may be decisive for tolerance to heat stress of dairy cattle.

热应激是奶牛场面临的一项重大挑战,会影响牛奶产量和质量,并在细胞水平上产生重要变化。有关热休克(HS)对奶牛乳腺细胞影响的体外研究大多侧重于中长期影响。近年来,傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)显微光谱技术被越来越多地用于研究多种外部应激对不同细胞系的影响,直至单个细胞成分(如 DNA/RNA、脂质和蛋白质)的水平。本研究对牛乳腺上皮细胞(BME-UV1)在急性 HS(30 分钟-2 小时)诱导下可能发生的生化和分子水平变化进行了研究。将细胞暴露于不同的温度,即中性温度(TN,37 °C)和 HS 温度(42 °C),并获取傅立叶变换红外光谱,以分析 HS 对 BME-UV1 细胞成分(蛋白质、脂类和 DNA/RNA)的生化特性的影响。此外,还通过 RT-qPCR 分析了细胞活力测定、活性氧生成、热休克蛋白(HSPA1A、HSP90AA1、GRP78、GRP94)和抗氧化基因(SOD1、SOD2)的 mRNA 表达。傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)结果显示,与 TN 细胞相比,HS 细胞在接触 HS 30 分钟后,长链脂肪酸的含量就发生了变化,这可能是对 HS 细胞膜流动性改变的反应。暴露于 HS 2 小时后,HS 细胞中 DNA/RNA 活性的改变和聚集蛋白的积累凸显出来。基因表达分析表明,与 TN 细胞相比,HS 细胞中的 HSPA1A 和 HSP90AA1 在 30 分钟至 2 小时内过度表达。在接触 HS 2 小时后,HS 细胞中的 GRP94 也出现了过表达。急性 HS 并不影响 BME-UV1 细胞的活力、活性氧水平以及 SOD1 和 SOD2 基因的表达。根据研究结果,细胞在急性HS情况下会启动早期防御机制,这种高效的反应能力可能是奶牛耐受热应激的决定性因素。
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引用次数: 0
Genetic analysis of a maternal assistance score in sheep 绵羊母性辅助评分的遗传分析
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101265

Maternal behaviour is important for lamb survival, as ewes perform many behaviours that affect the chances of a lamb surviving. Collecting maternal behaviour data directly at lambing is time−consuming and not considered suitable for acquiring the large volumes of data that would be required for using as selection criteria within commercial breeding flocks. The aim of this study was to investigate if a simple scoring system is heritable and assesses the expression of behaviours that reduce the probability of lamb mortality. Ewe behaviour was scored on a 3-point Maternal Assistance Score (MAS): (1) the ewe shows a high level of maternal interest (assumed if no intervention required); (2) the ewe shows limited interest in her lamb; and (3) the ewe shows no interest in her lamb. A total of 19 453 MAS were collected over 12 years, across 24 farms (including both indoor and outdoor lambing systems) and 12 different breed lines that make up the Innovis breeding programme. Ewe parity, breed, number of lambs carried, flock, lambing batch, lambing day within flock and pre-mating weight all had a significant effect on MAS (P < 0.05). The maternal assistance score was shown to be heritable (h2 = 0.05) and repeatable (0.10), positively genetically correlated to lambing difficulty (rg = 0.29) and amount of assistance the lamb required to suckle from the ewe (rg = 0.88), and negatively genetically correlated with the number of lambs successfully reared (rg = 0.49). This study shows that an easy−to−measure score can be used by shepherds with large breeding flocks, based on whether the ewe requires further assistance to support her lamb rearing. The score could be used in breeding programmes to select for lamb rearing ability in the future and potentially lead to an improvement in lamb welfare through a reduction in mortality.

母性行为对羔羊的存活非常重要,因为母羊的许多行为都会影响羔羊的存活几率。在产羔时直接收集母性行为数据非常耗时,而且不适于获取大量数据,而这些数据需要用作商业育种群的选择标准。本研究的目的是调查一种简单的评分系统是否具有遗传性,并评估可降低羔羊死亡率的行为表现。母羊的行为以 3 点母性协助得分(MAS)进行评分:(1) 母羊表现出高度的母性兴趣(假定不需要干预);(2) 母羊对羔羊表现出有限的兴趣;(3) 母羊对羔羊没有兴趣。在 12 年中,共收集了 19 453 次 MAS,涉及 24 个牧场(包括室内和室外产羔系统)和 12 个不同的品种系,这些品种系构成了 Innovis 育种计划。母羊奇数、品种、产羔数、羊群、产羔批次、羊群内的产羔日和交配前体重都对母性辅助评分有显著影响(P < 0.05)。结果表明,母性辅助评分具有遗传性(h2 = 0.05)和可重复性(0.10),与产羔难度(rg = 0.29)和羔羊吸吮母羊乳汁所需的辅助量(rg = 0.88)呈正相关,与成功饲养的羔羊数(rg = 0.49)呈负相关。这项研究表明,对于拥有庞大繁殖群的牧民来说,可以根据母羊是否需要进一步帮助来支持其羔羊饲养,使用一种易于测量的评分方法。该评分可用于育种计划,以便在未来选择羔羊饲养能力,并有可能通过降低死亡率来改善羔羊福利。
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引用次数: 0
Review: Ruminant heat-stress terminology 回顾:反刍动物热应激术语
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101267

With increasing climate variability, there is a rise in the exposure to, and incidence of, ruminant heat stress (HS), increasing the requirement for focused research. As such, precise terminology is crucial to maintain effective communication and knowledge advancement. Despite this, several key terms are currently defined inconsistently, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. This paper examines the historical and contemporary use of the terms ‘resistance’, ‘tolerance’, ‘resilience’, and ‘susceptibility’ across various disciplines, revealing significant ambiguities that hinder both research and practice. Through this comprehensive review, we propose new definitions for each term as they are used relating to HS, with a focus on ruminant production. Proposed definitions align with current scientific understanding, providing a robust framework for future research and application. As further research is conducted, we hope these definitions can be improved through the inclusion of quantitative measures which align with these classifications. This present review provides definition clarity for common heat abatement terminology, enabling consistency and from this, progress in the field to ameliorate HS for ruminants.

随着气候变异性的增加,反刍动物热应激(HS)的接触率和发病率也在上升,这就增加了对重点研究的需求。因此,准确的术语对于保持有效沟通和知识进步至关重要。尽管如此,目前几个关键术语的定义并不一致,导致混淆和误解。本文研究了 "抵抗力"、"耐受力"、"复原力 "和 "易感性 "等术语在不同学科中的历史和当代使用情况,揭示了阻碍研究和实践的重大模糊之处。通过这次全面回顾,我们为每个术语都提出了新的定义,因为它们都与 HS 有关,重点是反刍动物生产。提出的定义符合当前的科学理解,为未来的研究和应用提供了一个强有力的框架。随着进一步研究的开展,我们希望通过纳入与这些分类相一致的定量指标来改进这些定义。本综述为常见的热量消减术语提供了清晰的定义,使其具有一致性,并由此推动该领域在改善反刍动物热稳定性方面取得进展。
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引用次数: 0
Direct and carry-over effect of grassland herbage allowance on metabolic hormones and reproduction in primiparous beef cows undergoing temporary weaning and flushing 草地草料补贴对临时断奶和冲奶的初产肉牛代谢激素和繁殖的直接影响和延续影响
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101261

Grazing management significantly contributes to low beef production in cow-calf systems within the Rio de la Plata native grasslands. An herbage allowance (HA) of 4 kg DM/kg BW increased the productive response of primiparous cows grazing shallow soils compared to 2.5. However, the impact of HA on metabolic changes and its association with productive response were not studied. We studied two levels of native grassland HA from −150 days relative to calving (DC) to weaning (195 DC) in spring-calving primiparous beef cows undergoing temporary weaning (TW) and flushing at 86 ± 12 DC on herbage intake (HI), body condition score (BCS), BW, milk yield, calf weight, concentrations of metabolic hormones, and the probability of ovulation and pregnancy. Thirty-one heifers were assigned to HA treatments that fluctuated throughout seasons: autumn (−150 to −90 DC) at 5 and 3 kg DM/kg BW, winter (−90 to 0 DC) at 3 and 3 kg DM/kg BW, and spring-summer (0 to 195 DC) at 4 and 2 kg DM/kg BW for High and Low HA, respectively. Data were analysed using linear models and generalised linear models for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. During the autumn period, HI, insulin, IGF-I, BCS, and BW were higher in High HA than Low, despite small differences in herbage mass between HA. Throughout the winter, spring, and summer, HI, insulin, leptin, and BCS changes did not differ between HA. However, IGF-I concentrations were greater at −65 and −40 DC (84 vs 55 ± 8.6 ng/mL; P < 0.05) and tended to be greater after TW in High HA than Low. The probability of ovulation did not reach significance (0.94 vs 0.75 ± 0.11 for High and Low HA, respectively; P = 0.125), while the probability of pregnancy was greater in High HA than in Low HA (0.9 vs 0.61 ± 0.10; P = 0.07). Ovulation probability exhibited a positive association with IGF-I concentrations at −90 and −40 DC (P < 0.05), but not postpartum. Milk yield did not differ between treatments, while calf weight was heavier at weaning in High HA cows (194 vs 178 ± 3.3 kg; P < 0.05). High HA enhances autumn HI and BCS and generates a carry-over effect on IGF-I concentrations throughout winter and after TW (“metabolic memory”), explaining the better reproductive response. Moderate changes in cows’ nutrition during autumn contribute to changes in metabolic status and reproductive outcomes in primiparous cows grazing moderate herbage production native grasslands.

放牧管理是导致拉普拉塔河原生草地牛-牛系统牛肉产量低的重要原因。与2.5公斤DM/公斤体重相比,4公斤DM/公斤体重的草料补贴(HA)提高了初产奶牛对浅层土壤的生产反应。然而,我们并未研究HA对代谢变化的影响及其与生产响应的关系。我们研究了从相对产犊-150天(DC)到断奶(195 DC)期间,两种水平的原生草地HA对春播初产肉牛的影响,即在86 ± 12 DC时进行临时断奶(TW)和冲洗,对草料摄入量(HI)、体况评分(BCS)、体重、产奶量、犊牛体重、代谢激素浓度以及排卵和怀孕概率的影响。31头小母牛被分配到四季波动的HA处理中:秋季(-150至-90 DC),5和3千克DM/千克体重;冬季(-90至0 DC),3和3千克DM/千克体重;春夏季(0至195 DC),高HA和低HA,分别为4和2千克DM/千克体重。对连续变量和分类变量的数据分别采用线性模型和广义线性模型进行分析。在秋季,尽管高HA和低HA的草料质量差异很小,但高HA的HI、胰岛素、IGF-I、BCS和体重均高于低HA。在整个冬季、春季和夏季,HI、胰岛素、瘦素和BCS的变化在HA之间没有差异。然而,IGF-I浓度在-65和-40 DC时更高(84 vs 55 ± 8.6 ng/mL;P <0.05),而且高HA在TW后的浓度往往高于低HA。排卵概率未达到显著性水平(高HA和低HA分别为0.94 vs 0.75 ± 0.11;P = 0.125),而高HA的怀孕概率高于低HA(0.9 vs 0.61 ± 0.10;P = 0.07)。排卵概率与-90和-40直流电时的IGF-I浓度呈正相关(P <0.05),但与产后无关。不同处理的产奶量没有差异,而高HA奶牛断奶时的犊牛体重更大(194 vs 178 ± 3.3 kg; P < 0.05)。高HA提高了秋季HI和BCS,并对整个冬季和断奶后的IGF-I浓度产生了延续效应("代谢记忆"),这就是繁殖反应更好的原因。秋季奶牛营养的适度变化有助于初产奶牛在放牧中等牧草产量的原生草地上的代谢状态和繁殖结果的变化。
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