IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101373

F. Pilger , L. Kroschel , J. Aurich , C. Nagel , G. Hoffmann , U. Hartmann , C. Aurich

Warmblood sires traditionally have been presented for stallion licencing at 2 years of age, but the age at which horses are mentally fit for training is a point of controversy. We have therefore investigated the stress response of young stallions to pretraining for licencing. Salivary cortisol concentration, heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) were determined repeatedly over 12 weeks. Stallions were 24 and 30 months old and either housed in groups or individual boxes (Group 24, n = 9; Box 24, n = 10; Box 30, n = 10). Pretraining included free movement in an indoor arena, training in a horse walker, lunging and jumping of obstacles without rider. In addition, group-housed 18-month-old stallions (Group 18, n = 10) underwent an abbreviated programme with only free movement and horse walker exercise. We hypothesised that the stress response to pretraining is reduced by group housing but not affected by age. In stallions of all groups, cortisol concentration increased in response to pretraining events (P < 0.001). Cortisol release differed among events (P < 0.001) was most pronounced after free movement in weeks 1 and 2 and became less pronounced with event repetition (P < 0.001). When horses were in the horse walker for the first time, cortisol release was increased in group-housed in comparison to individually housed stallions (time × stable P < 0.001). An increase (P < 0.001) in heart rate differed among events (P < 0.001) and became smaller with repetition (P < 0.001). The HRV decreased transiently in response to pretraining events (P < 0.001) indicating sympathoadrenal activation. In conclusion, pretraining of young stallions is both a physical and a mental demand and induces a stress response. With the repetition of events, even stallions as young as 18 months adapted rapidly to these demands. Group housing had no stress-reducing effects. Our study does not provide evidence that the systematic pretraining of young Warmblood stallions raises animal welfare concerns.

传统上，温血种马在两岁时就可以获得种马执照，但马的心理适合训练的年龄是一个有争议的问题。因此，我们调查了年轻种马对许可前训练的应激反应。在12周内反复测定唾液皮质醇浓度、心率和心率变异性（HRV）。24个月和30个月大的种马，被饲养在群体或单独的盒子里(24组，n = 9；框24，n = 10；方格30，n = 10)。预训练包括在室内竞技场的自由运动，在马步行者的训练，在没有骑手的情况下冲刺和跳跃障碍。此外，群养的18个月大的种马（第18组，n = 10）进行了一个简短的计划，只有自由活动和遛马运动。我们假设对预训练的应激反应会因集体住宿而降低，但不受年龄的影响。在所有组的种马中，皮质醇浓度对训练前事件的反应增加(P <；0.001)。皮质醇释放在不同事件间存在差异(P <；0.001)在第1周和第2周自由活动后最为明显，随着事件的重复而变得不那么明显(P <；0.001)。当马第一次进入马步行者时，与单独饲养的种马相比，群养的种马皮质醇释放增加(时间×稳定P <；0.001)。增加(P <；0.001)，不同事件间心率差异较大(P <；0.001)，并随着重复而变小(P <；0.001)。HRV在训练前事件的反应中短暂下降(P <；0.001)表明交感肾上腺激活。综上所述，公马的预训练是一种生理和心理需求，并引起应激反应。随着事件的不断重复，即使是18个月大的种马也能迅速适应这些要求。集体住房没有减轻压力的效果。我们的研究并没有提供证据表明对温血种马进行系统的预训练会引起动物福利问题。

{"title":"Stress response of 18-, 24- and 30-month-old sport horse stallions to a pretraining programme","authors":"F. Pilger , L. Kroschel , J. Aurich , C. Nagel , G. Hoffmann , U. Hartmann , C. Aurich","doi":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Warmblood sires traditionally have been presented for stallion licencing at 2 years of age, but the age at which horses are mentally fit for training is a point of controversy. We have therefore investigated the stress response of young stallions to pretraining for licencing. Salivary cortisol concentration, heart rate and heart rate variability (<strong>HRV</strong>) were determined repeatedly over 12 weeks. Stallions were 24 and 30 months old and either housed in groups or individual boxes (Group 24, n = 9; Box 24, n = 10; Box 30, n = 10). Pretraining included free movement in an indoor arena, training in a horse walker, lunging and jumping of obstacles without rider. In addition, group-housed 18-month-old stallions (Group 18, n = 10) underwent an abbreviated programme with only free movement and horse walker exercise. We hypothesised that the stress response to pretraining is reduced by group housing but not affected by age. In stallions of all groups, cortisol concentration increased in response to pretraining events (<em>P</em> < 0.001). Cortisol release differed among events (<em>P</em> < 0.001) was most pronounced after free movement in weeks 1 and 2 and became less pronounced with event repetition (<em>P</em> < 0.001). When horses were in the horse walker for the first time, cortisol release was increased in group-housed in comparison to individually housed stallions (time × stable <em>P</em> < 0.001). An increase (<em>P</em> < 0.001) in heart rate differed among events (<em>P</em> < 0.001) and became smaller with repetition (<em>P</em> < 0.001). The HRV decreased transiently in response to pretraining events (<em>P</em> < 0.001) indicating sympathoadrenal activation. In conclusion, pretraining of young stallions is both a physical and a mental demand and induces a stress response. With the repetition of events, even stallions as young as 18 months adapted rapidly to these demands. Group housing had no stress-reducing effects. Our study does not provide evidence that the systematic pretraining of young Warmblood stallions raises animal welfare concerns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50789,"journal":{"name":"Animal","volume":"18 12","pages":"Article 101373"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How closely do ecosystem services and life cycle assessment frameworks concur when evaluating contrasting animal-production systems with ruminant or monogastric species? 在评估反刍动物或单胃动物的对比动物生产系统时，生态系统服务和生命周期评估框架的一致性有多高？

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101368

F. Joly , P. Roche , M. Fossey , A. Rebeaud , J. Dewulf , H.M.G. van der Werf , L. Boone

Life cycle assessment (LCA) and ecosystem services assessment (ESA) are often used for environmental assessment. LCA has been increasingly used over the past two decades to assess agri-food systems and has established that ruminant products have higher impacts per kg of protein than products from monogastric species. Conversely, ESA is used less but is likely to rank ruminant systems higher than monogastric systems, as the former often include grasslands that can provide high levels of regulating ecosystem services (ESs). Here, we applied both methods to a selection of contrasting meat-oriented animal-production systems that included either ruminants or monogastrics (6 of each). We considered 16 environmental impact categories in the LCA and two functional units: 1 kg of human-edible protein (HEP) and 1 m²yr of land occupied. We used the life-cycle inventory step of LCA to characterise the land occupation of the systems, i.e. the land cover types used, such as croplands and grasslands. Based on these land covers and quantification of the ES they provide, we performed ESA. We estimated that ruminant systems had higher environmental impacts than monogastric systems per kg of HEP for all 16 LCA impact categories studied. For example, for ruminants and monogastrics, mean greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were 280 vs 32 kg CO₂-eq., respectively (P = 0.002), and mean fossil energy use was 351 vs 189 MJ, respectively (P = 0.009). The trend was the opposite for impacts per m²yr, with mean GHG emissions of 0.50 vs 0.57 kg CO₂-eq. (P = 0.485) and mean fossil energy use of 0.71 vs 3.63 MJ (P = 0.002) for ruminants and monogastrics, respectively. We also estimated that ruminant systems had a higher capacity to supply regulating ES than monogastric systems did, with mean scores of 2.4 and 1.2, respectively (P = 0.002), due to multiple types of grasslands in ruminant systems. Applying both LCA and ESA to a range of contrasting animal-production systems was a novelty of this study, and ESA indicated that ruminant systems have higher positive environmental contributions than monogastric systems. The study also found that LCA and ESA frameworks can agree or disagree on the assessments of animal-production systems depending on functional unit used (i.e. agreement per unit of land occupied but disagreement per unit of HEP).

生命周期评价（LCA）和生态系统服务评价（ESA）是环境评价常用的方法。在过去的二十年中，LCA越来越多地用于评估农业食品系统，并已确定反刍动物产品比单胃动物产品对每公斤蛋白质的影响更高。相反，ESA的使用较少，但反刍动物系统的排名可能高于单胃系统，因为前者通常包括可以提供高水平调节生态系统服务（ESs）的草原。在这里，我们将这两种方法应用于选择对比鲜明的以肉类为导向的动物生产系统，其中包括反刍动物或单一动物（每种6只）。我们在LCA中考虑了16个环境影响类别和两个功能单位：1公斤人类食用蛋白（HEP）和1平方米的土地占用。我们使用LCA的生命周期盘点步骤来描述系统的土地占用，即使用的土地覆盖类型，如农田和草地。基于这些土地覆盖及其提供的生态系统量化，我们执行了生态系统评估。我们估计，在所有16种LCA影响类别中，反刍动物系统比单胃系统每公斤HEP具有更高的环境影响。例如，反刍动物和单目动物的平均温室气体（GHG）排放量分别为280千克和32千克二氧化碳当量。（P = 0.002），平均化石能源使用量分别为351兆焦耳对189兆焦耳（P = 0.009）。对于每立方米年的影响，趋势正好相反，平均温室气体排放量为0.50对0.57千克二氧化碳当量。反刍动物和单目动物的平均化石能源消耗分别为0.71兆焦耳和3.63兆焦耳（P = 0.002）。我们还估计反刍动物系统比单胃系统具有更高的调节ES的能力，平均得分分别为2.4和1.2 (P = 0.002)，因为反刍动物系统中有多种类型的草地。将LCA和ESA应用于一系列对比动物生产系统是本研究的新颖之处，ESA表明反刍动物系统比单胃系统具有更高的积极环境贡献。该研究还发现，LCA和ESA框架对动物生产系统的评估可能同意或不同意，这取决于所使用的功能单位（即每单位占用土地达成一致，但每单位HEP存在分歧）。

{"title":"How closely do ecosystem services and life cycle assessment frameworks concur when evaluating contrasting animal-production systems with ruminant or monogastric species?","authors":"F. Joly , P. Roche , M. Fossey , A. Rebeaud , J. Dewulf , H.M.G. van der Werf , L. Boone","doi":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Life cycle assessment (<strong>LCA</strong>) and ecosystem services assessment (<strong>ESA</strong>) are often used for environmental assessment. LCA has been increasingly used over the past two decades to assess agri-food systems and has established that ruminant products have higher impacts per kg of protein than products from monogastric species. Conversely, ESA is used less but is likely to rank ruminant systems higher than monogastric systems, as the former often include grasslands that can provide high levels of regulating ecosystem services (<strong>ESs</strong>). Here, we applied both methods to a selection of contrasting meat-oriented animal-production systems that included either ruminants or monogastrics (6 of each). We considered 16 environmental impact categories in the LCA and two functional units: 1 kg of human-edible protein (<strong>HEP</strong>) and 1 m<sup>2</sup>yr of land occupied. We used the life-cycle inventory step of LCA to characterise the land occupation of the systems, i.e. the land cover types used, such as croplands and grasslands. Based on these land covers and quantification of the ES they provide, we performed ESA. We estimated that ruminant systems had higher environmental impacts than monogastric systems per kg of HEP for all 16 LCA impact categories studied. For example, for ruminants and monogastrics, mean greenhouse gas (<strong>GHG</strong>) emissions were 280 vs 32 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq., respectively (<em>P</em> = 0.002), and mean fossil energy use was 351 vs 189 MJ, respectively (<em>P</em> = 0.009). The trend was the opposite for impacts per m<sup>2</sup>yr, with mean GHG emissions of 0.50 vs 0.57 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. (<em>P</em> = 0.485) and mean fossil energy use of 0.71 vs 3.63 MJ (<em>P</em> = 0.002) for ruminants and monogastrics, respectively. We also estimated that ruminant systems had a higher capacity to supply regulating ES than monogastric systems did, with mean scores of 2.4 and 1.2, respectively (<em>P</em> = 0.002), due to multiple types of grasslands in ruminant systems. Applying both LCA and ESA to a range of contrasting animal-production systems was a novelty of this study, and ESA indicated that ruminant systems have higher positive environmental contributions than monogastric systems. The study also found that LCA and ESA frameworks can agree or disagree on the assessments of animal-production systems depending on functional unit used (i.e. agreement per unit of land occupied but disagreement per unit of HEP).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50789,"journal":{"name":"Animal","volume":"18 12","pages":"Article 101368"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of live yeast and selenium supplementation on blood metabolites and rumen pH of young bulls after long-transport to the fattening unit 添加活酵母和硒对犊牛长途运输至育肥单位后血液代谢物和瘤胃pH的影响。

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101375

M. Santinello , I. Lora , C. Villot , G. Cozzi , M. Penasa , E. Chevaux , B. Martin , A. Guerra , M. Simoni , M. De Marchi

Long-distance transport and the receiving phase at the fattening unit are sources of stress for young beef cattle. This randomised controlled study involved 80 Charolais young bulls that underwent 12 h of transport from France to Italy and aimed at testing whether the animals have some benefits from the supplementation of live yeast and selenium through slow-release boluses and diet. The bulls were randomly allocated into two supplementation groups of 40 animals each, named Yeast and Control groups. Bulls of the Yeast group received a supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and selenium-enriched yeast (1.5 × 10¹⁰ CFU/bull per day of live yeast and 1.5 mg/bull per day of selenium) by two slow-release ruminal boluses 1 day before leaving France, and a live yeast supplemented diet once in Italy (8 × 10⁹ CFU/bull per day of live yeast). Yeast and control bulls underwent the same manipulations. Individual BW and complete blood metabolic profile were assessed at the arrival to the Italian fattening unit (day 0), after 7 days (day 7), and at the end of the receiving phase (day 30). The rumen environment was continuously monitored through reticulum-rumen sensors that measured several parameters in a subsample of 60 bulls, equally distributed between Yeast and Control groups. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and selenium supplementation did not affect growth performance and metabolic profile. However, the supplementation stabilised the rumen environment by limiting the daily pH amplitude and SD and the inter-animal variability. The Yeast group increased the time spent ruminating (+39 min/day) at day 30 compared to Control group. More stable ruminal conditions are important to support beef cattle health during the receiving period at the fattening unit, when animals face the delicate transition to high-energy diets.

长途运输和育肥单位的接收阶段是小肉牛的压力来源。这项随机对照研究涉及80头夏洛莱（Charolais）公牛，这些公牛经历了12小时从法国到意大利的运输，旨在测试通过缓释丸和饮食补充活酵母和硒是否对这些动物有益。公牛被随机分为两个补充组，每组40头，分别称为酵母菌组和对照组。酵母组公牛在离开法国前1天通过2次缓释瘤胃饲粮添加酿酒酵母和富硒酵母（活酵母1.5 × 1010 CFU/头/天，活酵母1.5 mg/头/天），在意大利添加1次活酵母饲粮（活酵母8 × 109 CFU/头/天）。酵母公牛和对照公牛进行了相同的操作。分别在到达意大利育肥场时（第0天）、7天后（第7天）和饲喂期结束时（第30天）评估个体体重和全血代谢谱。通过网状-瘤胃传感器连续监测瘤胃环境，测量60头公牛的几个参数，均匀分布在酵母组和对照组之间。添加酵母和硒对猪的生长性能和代谢特征没有影响。然而，通过限制每日pH振幅和SD以及动物间变异性，该添加物稳定了瘤胃环境。与对照组相比，酵母组在第30天的反刍时间增加了39分钟/天。在育肥单位接收期间，当动物面临向高能日粮的微妙过渡时，更稳定的瘤胃条件对于支持肉牛的健康至关重要。

{"title":"Impact of live yeast and selenium supplementation on blood metabolites and rumen pH of young bulls after long-transport to the fattening unit","authors":"M. Santinello , I. Lora , C. Villot , G. Cozzi , M. Penasa , E. Chevaux , B. Martin , A. Guerra , M. Simoni , M. De Marchi","doi":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-distance transport and the receiving phase at the fattening unit are sources of stress for young beef cattle. This randomised controlled study involved 80 Charolais young bulls that underwent 12 h of transport from France to Italy and aimed at testing whether the animals have some benefits from the supplementation of live yeast and selenium through slow-release boluses and diet. The bulls were randomly allocated into two supplementation groups of 40 animals each, named <strong>Yeast</strong> and <strong>Control</strong> groups. Bulls of the Yeast group received a supplementation of <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> and selenium-enriched yeast (1.5 × 10<sup>10</sup> CFU/bull per day of live yeast and 1.5 mg/bull per day of selenium) by two slow-release ruminal boluses 1 day before leaving France, and a live yeast supplemented diet once in Italy (8 × 10<sup>9</sup> CFU/bull per day of live yeast). Yeast and control bulls underwent the same manipulations. Individual BW and complete blood metabolic profile were assessed at the arrival to the Italian fattening unit (<strong>day 0</strong>), after 7 days (<strong>day 7</strong>), and at the end of the receiving phase (<strong>day 30</strong>). The rumen environment was continuously monitored through reticulum-rumen sensors that measured several parameters in a subsample of 60 bulls, equally distributed between Yeast and Control groups. <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> and selenium supplementation did not affect growth performance and metabolic profile. However, the supplementation stabilised the rumen environment by limiting the daily pH amplitude and SD and the inter-animal variability. The Yeast group increased the time spent ruminating (+39 min/day) at day 30 compared to Control group. More stable ruminal conditions are important to support beef cattle health during the receiving period at the fattening unit, when animals face the delicate transition to high-energy diets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50789,"journal":{"name":"Animal","volume":"18 12","pages":"Article 101375"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of storage period on hatching egg quality, extra-embryonic structures, embryo morphometry, hatchability, and Rosa 1 chick quality 贮藏期对孵化蛋品质、胚外结构、胚形态、孵化率及罗莎1号鸡品质的影响

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101366

J. Biesek, S. Wlaźlak, Z. Brzycka, W. Ragus, M. Adamski

Storage duration affects the biological value of hatching eggs. The study evaluated the composition and characteristics of hatching eggs from Rosa 1 hens, the morphometric traits of embryos and chicks, and hatching results based on storage time. A total of 1 200 hatching eggs were divided into three groups: NS (control, non-stored), S4 (stored up to day 4), and S7 (stored up to day 7). Storage conditions were 17 °C and approx. 60% relative humidity. Each group’s egg quality was measured for 30 eggs. Weight loss during storage was monitored. Lysozyme activity and viscosity were analysed from fresh eggs and incubated eggs on days 7 and 14, using thin and thick albumen or amniotic fluid. Embryo morphometry was measured on days 7, 10, 14, and 18, and posthatching results and the quality of 1-day-old chicks were assessed. Eggs stored for 7 days (S7) had higher (P < 0.05) weight loss compared to the NS group. The proportions of eggshell and yolk increased (P < 0.05) after storage, and the yolk index decreased. Vitelline membrane strength was lower (P < 0.001) in the S4 and S7 groups than in the NS group. The lowest (P < 0.05) pH levels of thin, thick albumen and yolk were observed in the NS group. Lysozyme activity increased (P < 0.001) in the thin albumen of eggs in the NS and S4 groups and the thick albumen from the NS group than in others. On day 7 of incubation, group S7 showed higher (P < 0.05) lysozyme activity in thick albumen, with no activity in amniotic fluid. By day 14, lysozyme activity increased (P < 0.001) in group S7′s thick albumen and S4 and S7 groups’ amniotic fluid. Viscosity was highest (P < 0.05) in fresh eggs’ thin and thick albumen from group S7, but on day 7, thick albumen viscosity was lowest. On day 14, amniotic fluid viscosity was higher (P = 0.009) in group S4 than in NS. Seven-day-old embryos in group S7 had lower (P = 0.004) weight than others. Eye diameter in S7 embryos was also smaller on days 7 and 18. On day 10, NS group embryos had shorter body diagonal lengths. Storage up to 7 days adversely affected hatching efficiency. Storage affected the navel area of 1-day-old chicks, with the highest neck length in male chicks from group S4 and the lowest in females from group S4. It is concluded that egg storage at 17 °C and 60% relative humidity could be limited to 4 days to maintain hatchability and qualitative features.

贮藏时间影响孵化卵的生物学价值。本研究对罗莎1号母鸡孵化蛋的组成和特征、胚胎和雏鸡的形态计量学特征以及基于储存时间的孵化结果进行了评价。将1 200只孵化蛋分为3组：NS组（对照，未保存）、S4组（保存至第4天）和S7组（保存至第7天）。相对湿度60%。每组用30个鸡蛋测量鸡蛋质量。监测储存期间的体重下降情况。用薄蛋白和厚蛋白或羊水分别对新鲜鸡蛋和孵化鸡蛋第7天和第14天的溶菌酶活性和黏度进行分析。分别于第7、10、14和18天进行胚胎形态测定，并对1日龄雏鸡的育后结果和质量进行评价。贮藏7 d的鸡蛋（S7） P <；与NS组比较，体重减轻0.05)。蛋壳和蛋黄比例增加(P <；0.05)，蛋黄指数下降。卵黄膜强度较低(P <；0.001)， S4组和S7组较NS组明显增高。最低(P <；0.05)观察NS组薄蛋白、厚蛋白和蛋黄的pH水平。溶菌酶活性升高(P <；NS组和S4组的鸡蛋薄蛋白和NS组的鸡蛋厚蛋白含量均高于其他组（0.001）。孵育第7天，S7组(P <；在厚蛋白中溶菌酶活性为0.05)，在羊水中无活性。第14天溶菌酶活性升高(P <；S7组粗蛋白和S4、S7组羊水的差异均为0.001)。粘度最高(P <；S7组鲜蛋薄蛋白和厚蛋白的黏度为0.05)，但第7天厚蛋白黏度最低。第14天，S4组羊水粘度高于NS组（P = 0.009）。S7组7日龄胚胎重量低于其他组（P = 0.004）。S7胚胎的眼直径在第7天和第18天也较小。第10天，NS组胚胎体对角长度较短。储存7天对孵化效率有不利影响。贮藏影响了1日龄雏鸡的肚脐面积，其中S4组雄性雏鸡颈长最高，S4组雌性雏鸡颈长最低。综上所述，在17°C和60%相对湿度条件下，可将鸡蛋贮藏限制在4 d，以保持孵化率和品质特征。

{"title":"Impact of storage period on hatching egg quality, extra-embryonic structures, embryo morphometry, hatchability, and Rosa 1 chick quality","authors":"J. Biesek, S. Wlaźlak, Z. Brzycka, W. Ragus, M. Adamski","doi":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Storage duration affects the biological value of hatching eggs. The study evaluated the composition and characteristics of hatching eggs from Rosa 1 hens, the morphometric traits of embryos and chicks, and hatching results based on storage time. A total of 1 200 hatching eggs were divided into three groups: <strong>NS</strong> (control, non-stored), <strong>S4</strong> (stored up to day 4), and <strong>S7</strong> (stored up to day 7). Storage conditions were 17 °C and approx. 60% relative humidity. Each group’s egg quality was measured for 30 eggs. Weight loss during storage was monitored. Lysozyme activity and viscosity were analysed from fresh eggs and incubated eggs on days 7 and 14, using thin and thick albumen or amniotic fluid. Embryo morphometry was measured on days 7, 10, 14, and 18, and posthatching results and the quality of 1-day-old chicks were assessed. Eggs stored for 7 days (S7) had higher (<em>P</em> < 0.05) weight loss compared to the NS group. The proportions of eggshell and yolk increased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) after storage, and the yolk index decreased. Vitelline membrane strength was lower (<em>P</em> < 0.001) in the S4 and S7 groups than in the NS group. The lowest (<em>P</em> < 0.05) pH levels of thin, thick albumen and yolk were observed in the NS group. Lysozyme activity increased (<em>P</em> < 0.001) in the thin albumen of eggs in the NS and S4 groups and the thick albumen from the NS group than in others. On day 7 of incubation, group S7 showed higher (<em>P</em> < 0.05) lysozyme activity in thick albumen, with no activity in amniotic fluid. By day 14, lysozyme activity increased (<em>P</em> < 0.001) in group S7′s thick albumen and S4 and S7 groups’ amniotic fluid. Viscosity was highest (<em>P</em> < 0.05) in fresh eggs’ thin and thick albumen from group S7, but on day 7, thick albumen viscosity was lowest. On day 14, amniotic fluid viscosity was higher (<em>P</em> = 0.009) in group S4 than in NS. Seven-day-old embryos in group S7 had lower (<em>P</em> = 0.004) weight than others. Eye diameter in S7 embryos was also smaller on days 7 and 18. On day 10, NS group embryos had shorter body diagonal lengths. Storage up to 7 days adversely affected hatching efficiency. Storage affected the navel area of 1-day-old chicks, with the highest neck length in male chicks from group S4 and the lowest in females from group S4. It is concluded that egg storage at 17 °C and 60% relative humidity could be limited to 4 days to maintain hatchability and qualitative features.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50789,"journal":{"name":"Animal","volume":"18 12","pages":"Article 101366"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Factors influencing calving difficulty and gestation length in dairy cows inseminated with beef sires 牛种授精奶牛产犊困难和妊娠期长短的影响因素

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101369

R.H. Ahmed , C. Schmidtmann , J. Mugambe , G. Thaller

Producing calves with higher economic value by utilising semen from beef breeds in dairy herds (Beef-on-Dairy, BoD) has become more common in recent times. Such crossbreed calves promise better carcass conformation and higher consumer acceptance due to the better flavour, but the widespread adaptation of BoD requires careful consideration of the sire breed to maximise the benefits. In this regard, two major traits of interest are calving difficulty and gestation length due to associated costs. In this study, 3 966 BoD calves from crossing Holstein dams with beef sires of the breeds Angus (n = 811), Belgian Blue (n = 2841), Limousin (n = 169) and Wagyu (n = 145) from 122 farms were evaluated to determine differences in calving difficulty and gestation length using binary logit and linear regression models. Lowest calving difficulty was observed for Wagyu crossbreds while Limousin crossbreds had the highest calving difficulty incidences. Selected sires from Angus and Belgian Blue breeds were also compared using chi-square analysis for differences in calving difficulty. The risk of calving difficulty was 1.94 times higher for male calves. Heifers had a significantly higher risk for calving difficulty when compared with the multiparous cows in the study. Calves with higher birth weight and longer gestation length were more prone to calving problems. For gestation length, Angus crossbreds had the shortest gestation (280.2 d), while the longest gestation (287.6) was observed in Limousin crossbreds. To maximise the benefits of the BoD breeding strategy, selecting appropriate sire breeds and within-breed sire selection for economically important traits, such as birth weight, appropriate gestation length, and reduced calving difficulty, may provide a viable solution.

近年来，利用奶牛群中牛肉品种的精液生产具有更高经济价值的小牛（BoD）已经变得越来越普遍。由于味道更好，这种杂交犊牛有更好的胴体结构和更高的消费者接受度，但BoD的广泛适应需要仔细考虑父系品种，以最大限度地提高效益。在这方面，两个主要的特征是产犊困难和由于相关成本导致的妊娠期长度。本研究采用二元logit和线性回归模型，对来自122个养殖场的3 966头BoD犊牛与安格斯（n = 811）、比利时蓝（n = 2841）、利木赞（n = 169）和和牛（n = 145）杂交的荷斯坦犊牛的产犊难度和妊娠期长短进行了评价。和牛杂交种产犊困难发生率最低，利木赞杂交种产犊困难发生率最高。选择安格斯和比利时蓝品种的母猪，用卡方分析比较产犊困难的差异。雄犊产犊困难的风险是雌犊的1.94倍。与研究中产多胎的奶牛相比，小母牛产犊困难的风险明显更高。出生体重较高、妊娠期较长的小牛更易出现产犊问题。在妊娠期上，安格斯杂交品种妊娠期最短（280.2 d），利木赞杂交品种妊娠期最长（287.6 d）。为了使BoD育种策略的效益最大化，选择合适的父系品种和品种内父系选择经济上重要的性状，如出生体重、适当的妊娠期和降低产犊困难，可能是一个可行的解决方案。

{"title":"Factors influencing calving difficulty and gestation length in dairy cows inseminated with beef sires","authors":"R.H. Ahmed , C. Schmidtmann , J. Mugambe , G. Thaller","doi":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Producing calves with higher economic value by utilising semen from beef breeds in dairy herds (Beef-on-Dairy, <strong>BoD</strong>) has become more common in recent times. Such crossbreed calves promise better carcass conformation and higher consumer acceptance due to the better flavour, but the widespread adaptation of BoD requires careful consideration of the sire breed to maximise the benefits. In this regard, two major traits of interest are calving difficulty and gestation length due to associated costs. In this study, 3 966 BoD calves from crossing Holstein dams with beef sires of the breeds Angus (n = 811), Belgian Blue (n = 2841), Limousin (n = 169) and Wagyu (n = 145) from 122 farms were evaluated to determine differences in calving difficulty and gestation length using binary logit and linear regression models. Lowest calving difficulty was observed for Wagyu crossbreds while Limousin crossbreds had the highest calving difficulty incidences. Selected sires from Angus and Belgian Blue breeds were also compared using chi-square analysis for differences in calving difficulty. The risk of calving difficulty was 1.94 times higher for male calves. Heifers had a significantly higher risk for calving difficulty when compared with the multiparous cows in the study. Calves with higher birth weight and longer gestation length were more prone to calving problems. For gestation length, Angus crossbreds had the shortest gestation (280.2 d), while the longest gestation (287.6) was observed in Limousin crossbreds. To maximise the benefits of the BoD breeding strategy, selecting appropriate sire breeds and within-breed sire selection for economically important traits, such as birth weight, appropriate gestation length, and reduced calving difficulty, may provide a viable solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50789,"journal":{"name":"Animal","volume":"18 12","pages":"Article 101369"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Review: A hierarchical research model to foster dialog between grazing ecology and beef cow energetics to support ecological intensification of native grassland.

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101372

P Soca, M Do Carmo, I Paparamborda, V Figueroa, S Scarlato, A Ruggia, S Dogliotti, M Claramunt

Cow-calf systems grazing native grasslands must transition toward improved economic performance simultaneously with the conservation and improvement of ecosystem services they provide. We present an innovation model with this objective based on a hierarchical model that links functional relationships between state variables, grazing experiments and its validation, and co-innovation at the farm level. This paper describes the hypotheses, designs, and results of the studies, and the role of grazing ecology and herbivore nutrition to support the process of ecological intensification of livestock systems on native grasslands. The model consists of records analysis, grazing experiments, employment of econometric and simulation models, and proposal of validation and co-innovation studies in production systems. Analysis of records could identify forage height and cow body condition score at calving as state variables and their relationship with pregnancy rates. Grazing experiments were designed to identify seasonal levels of state variables, and a management model was proposed to enhance cow-calf performance. The next stage examined the effects of Forage Allowance (FA) levels (Low [3] vs High [5] kg DM/kg BW) on state variables, main ecosystem processes, and beef production per cow and hectare. High FA increases forage production, forage intake, and energy use efficiency of cows, which explains the 30-50% improvements in meat production per hectare. The increase in FA was associated with improved forage structure, cow DM intake, and levels of metabolic hormones. A validation of the management proposal and 'optimal' FA coefficients from analytical research confirmed improvements in productive and economic commercial systems results. Co-innovation on 60 livestock farms led to better economic results through increased meat production per hectare without elevating production costs. This adjustment, along with a small reduction in stocking rate, helps account for the reduction in CO₂ equivalent emissions per product unit. The innovation platform promotes a hierarchical model linking Grazing Ecology and Herbivore Nutrition and contributes to improving the sustainability of livestock systems on native grasslands.

{"title":"Review: A hierarchical research model to foster dialog between grazing ecology and beef cow energetics to support ecological intensification of native grassland.","authors":"P Soca, M Do Carmo, I Paparamborda, V Figueroa, S Scarlato, A Ruggia, S Dogliotti, M Claramunt","doi":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2024.101372","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cow-calf systems grazing native grasslands must transition toward improved economic performance simultaneously with the conservation and improvement of ecosystem services they provide. We present an innovation model with this objective based on a hierarchical model that links functional relationships between state variables, grazing experiments and its validation, and co-innovation at the farm level. This paper describes the hypotheses, designs, and results of the studies, and the role of grazing ecology and herbivore nutrition to support the process of ecological intensification of livestock systems on native grasslands. The model consists of records analysis, grazing experiments, employment of econometric and simulation models, and proposal of validation and co-innovation studies in production systems. Analysis of records could identify forage height and cow body condition score at calving as state variables and their relationship with pregnancy rates. Grazing experiments were designed to identify seasonal levels of state variables, and a management model was proposed to enhance cow-calf performance. The next stage examined the effects of Forage Allowance (FA) levels (Low [3] vs High [5] kg DM/kg BW) on state variables, main ecosystem processes, and beef production per cow and hectare. High FA increases forage production, forage intake, and energy use efficiency of cows, which explains the 30-50% improvements in meat production per hectare. The increase in FA was associated with improved forage structure, cow DM intake, and levels of metabolic hormones. A validation of the management proposal and 'optimal' FA coefficients from analytical research confirmed improvements in productive and economic commercial systems results. Co-innovation on 60 livestock farms led to better economic results through increased meat production per hectare without elevating production costs. This adjustment, along with a small reduction in stocking rate, helps account for the reduction in CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent emissions per product unit. The innovation platform promotes a hierarchical model linking Grazing Ecology and Herbivore Nutrition and contributes to improving the sustainability of livestock systems on native grasslands.</p>","PeriodicalId":50789,"journal":{"name":"Animal","volume":" ","pages":"101372"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143069312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Friend or foe: effects of social experience and genetic line on responses of young gilts in a social challenge paired interaction test 是敌是友：社会经验和遗传系对后备母猪在社会挑战配对交互试验中反应的影响。

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101349

L.M. Backeman Hannius, L. Keeling, D. de Oliveira, C. Anderson, A. Wallenbeck

The increased focus on group housing of sows in commercial pig production emphasises the importance of saving appropriate gilts which later become sows that are well-adapted to group housing systems. This study aimed to assess the short-term effects of social mixing experience and genetic line on social and exploration responses of young gilts in standardised 3-min social challenge paired interaction tests. The study included 96 gilts, from 26 litters, of two different genetic lines (Swedish Yorkshire and Dutch Yorkshire). These lines were chosen because the dam lines have been selected in group-housed and individual stall systems, respectively, a background which was hypothesised to have modified their social behaviour over time. The gilts were subjected to different early (opportunity to co-mingle with piglets in the neighbouring farrowing pen vs. no opportunity to co-mingle) and late (mixed with unfamiliar piglets at weaning vs. kept with familiar littermates after weaning) social mixing treatments, to test whether the enhanced social experience was beneficial in a socially challenging situation. Paired interaction tests were conducted at 5 and 20 weeks of age, and social and exploration behaviour of the gilts was recorded and analysed. The results showed that Swedish Yorkshire gilts explored the pen fittings more than Dutch Yorkshire gilts during the 5-week test, whereas Dutch Yorkshire gilts explored the pen fittings more than Swedish Yorkshire gilts during the 20-week test. No differences in play behaviour were found during the 5-week test, but in the 20-week test, gilts with early social mixing experience in their farrowing pen showed more locomotor play behaviour than gilts without this experience. Overall, these results suggest that genetic line and early social mixing experience can influence the social and exploration behaviours of young gilts in paired interaction tests. There was no support for the hypothesis that genetic selection in different housing systems has altered social behaviour, but it may have affected the level of exploration behaviour. There was little support for our prediction that early social experience has beneficial effects in a socially challenging situation.

商业化养猪生产越来越重视母猪群养，这就强调了保存适当后备母猪的重要性，这些后备母猪日后将成为适应群养系统的母猪。本研究旨在评估在标准化的 3 分钟社交挑战配对互动测试中，社会混合经验和遗传系对后备母猪社交和探索反应的短期影响。该研究包括来自两个不同基因品系（瑞典约克夏和荷兰约克夏）26窝的96头后备母猪。之所以选择这两个品系，是因为它们的母系分别是在群居和单群饲养系统中选育出来的。对后备母猪进行了不同的早期（有机会与邻近产仔栏中的仔猪混合与没有机会混合）和晚期（断奶时与陌生仔猪混合与断奶后与熟悉的同窝仔猪混合）社会混合处理，以检验在具有社会挑战性的情况下，增强的社会经验是否有益。分别在 5 周龄和 20 周龄时进行配对互动测试，并记录和分析后备母猪的社交和探索行为。结果表明，瑞典约克夏后备母猪在5周龄测试期间比荷兰约克夏后备母猪更多地探索围栏装置，而荷兰约克夏后备母猪在20周龄测试期间比瑞典约克夏后备母猪更多地探索围栏装置。在5周试验中，玩耍行为没有发现差异，但在20周试验中，在产仔栏中有早期社会混合经验的后备母猪比没有这种经验的后备母猪表现出更多的运动玩耍行为。总之，这些结果表明，在配对互动试验中，遗传系和早期社会混群经验会影响青年后备母猪的社会和探索行为。不同饲养系统中的遗传选择改变了社会行为，但这一假设没有得到支持，但可能影响了探索行为的水平。我们关于早期社会经验在具有社会挑战性的环境中会产生有益影响的预测几乎没有得到支持。

{"title":"Friend or foe: effects of social experience and genetic line on responses of young gilts in a social challenge paired interaction test","authors":"L.M. Backeman Hannius, L. Keeling, D. de Oliveira, C. Anderson, A. Wallenbeck","doi":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increased focus on group housing of sows in commercial pig production emphasises the importance of saving appropriate gilts which later become sows that are well-adapted to group housing systems. This study aimed to assess the short-term effects of social mixing experience and genetic line on social and exploration responses of young gilts in standardised 3-min social challenge paired interaction tests. The study included 96 gilts, from 26 litters, of two different genetic lines (Swedish Yorkshire and Dutch Yorkshire). These lines were chosen because the dam lines have been selected in group-housed and individual stall systems, respectively, a background which was hypothesised to have modified their social behaviour over time. The gilts were subjected to different early (opportunity to co-mingle with piglets in the neighbouring farrowing pen vs. no opportunity to co-mingle) and late (mixed with unfamiliar piglets at weaning vs. kept with familiar littermates after weaning) social mixing treatments, to test whether the enhanced social experience was beneficial in a socially challenging situation. Paired interaction tests were conducted at 5 and 20 weeks of age, and social and exploration behaviour of the gilts was recorded and analysed. The results showed that Swedish Yorkshire gilts explored the pen fittings more than Dutch Yorkshire gilts during the 5-week test, whereas Dutch Yorkshire gilts explored the pen fittings more than Swedish Yorkshire gilts during the 20-week test. No differences in play behaviour were found during the 5-week test, but in the 20-week test, gilts with early social mixing experience in their farrowing pen showed more locomotor play behaviour than gilts without this experience. Overall, these results suggest that genetic line and early social mixing experience can influence the social and exploration behaviours of young gilts in paired interaction tests. There was no support for the hypothesis that genetic selection in different housing systems has altered social behaviour, but it may have affected the level of exploration behaviour. There was little support for our prediction that early social experience has beneficial effects in a socially challenging situation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50789,"journal":{"name":"Animal","volume":"18 11","pages":"Article 101349"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development and validation of a model for early prediction of residual feed intake in beef cattle using plasma biomarkers 利用血浆生物标志物开发和验证肉牛剩余采食量早期预测模型

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101354

H.M. Aboshady , E. Jorge-Smeding , S. Taussat , G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar

Identification of plasma biomarkers for feed efficiency in growing beef cattle offers a promising opportunity for developing prediction models to improve precision feeding strategies. However, these models must accurately predict feed efficiency at early stages of fattening. Our study aimed to evaluate the reliability of candidate biomarkers previously identified in late-fattening cattle when analysed during early fattening stages and to develop diet-specific prediction equations for residual feed intake (RFI). From a total of 364 Charolais bulls across seven cohorts, we selected 64 animals with extreme RFI values. The animals were fed either a corn‑ or grass-silage diets. These animals were chosen from four out of the available seven cohorts. Animals from three cohorts (24 high-RFI and 24 low-RFI, having a mean RFI difference of 1.48 kg/d) were used for biomarker confirmation and prediction model training. Animals from a fourth cohort (8 high-RFI and 8 low-RFI, having a mean RFI difference of 0.98 kg/d) were used for model external validation. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the feed efficiency test (333 ± 20 days), and plasma underwent targeted metabolomic for 630 metabolites, natural abundance of ¹⁵N (δ¹⁵N), insulin, and IGF-1 analysis. Seven previously identified plasma biomarkers for RFI in late-fattening beef cattle still kept their capability for discriminating low and high RFI animals when analysed during early fattening stages (P < 0.05). Among these confirmed biomarkers, five were common for both grass- and corn-fed animals (creatinine, β-alanine, triglyceride TG18:0_34:2, symmetric dimethyl-arginine and phosphatidylcholine PC aa C30:2) while two were diet-specific (IGF-1 for grass silage-based diet, and isoleucine for corn silage-based diet. No new plasma biomarkers of RFI were identified at early-fattening stages (false discovery rate > 0.05). Prediction models were developed based on seven confirmed RFI biomarkers analysed during early-fattening. Two logistic regression models incorporating creatinine and either IGF-1 (for grass silage-based diet) or PC aa C30:2 (for corn silage-based diet) effectively distinguished between high− and low-RFI animals with high sensitivity and specificity (area under the curve > 0.80). The biomarkers used in the models showed moderate to high repeatability between early and late fattening stages (0.45 < r < 0.65). The models were successfully externally validated, with more than 85% of animals from the fourth cohort correctly classified. Once validated in larger cohorts and utilising cost-effective and rapid analytical methods, these models could support precision feeding and breeding programmes, aiming to reduce the cost of raising beef cattle.

鉴定生长肉牛饲料效率的血浆生物标志物为开发预测模型以改进精准饲喂策略提供了一个大有可为的机会。然而，这些模型必须准确预测肥育早期阶段的饲料效率。我们的研究旨在评估先前在后期育肥牛中发现的候选生物标志物在早期育肥阶段进行分析的可靠性，并开发特定日粮的剩余采食量（RFI）预测方程。我们从七个队列的 364 头夏洛莱公牛中挑选了 64 头 RFI 值极高的动物。这些动物饲喂玉米或青草饲料。这些动物是从现有的七个群组中的四个群组中挑选出来的。来自三个群组的动物（24 头高 RFI 动物和 24 头低 RFI 动物，平均 RFI 差值为 1.48 千克/天）被用于生物标记物确认和预测模型训练。第四组动物（8 个高 RFI 和 8 个低 RFI，平均 RFI 差值为 0.98 kg/d）用于模型外部验证。在饲料效率测试开始时（333 ± 20 天）采集血样，并对血浆中的 630 种代谢物、15N 自然丰度（δ15N）、胰岛素和 IGF-1 进行定向代谢组学分析。在早期育肥阶段进行分析时，先前确定的七种肉牛后期育肥期RFI血浆生物标志物仍具有区分低RFI和高RFI动物的能力（P <0.05）。在这些已确认的生物标志物中，有五个是草饲动物和玉米饲动物共有的（肌酐、β-丙氨酸、甘油三酯 TG18:0_34:2、对称二甲基精氨酸和磷脂酰胆碱 PC aa C30:2），而有两个是日粮特异性的（青贮草料日粮中的 IGF-1 和青贮玉米日粮中的异亮氨酸）。在早期育肥阶段，没有发现新的 RFI 血浆生物标志物（假发现率为 0.05）。根据早期育肥阶段分析的七种已确认的 RFI 生物标志物建立了预测模型。两个逻辑回归模型包含肌酐和 IGF-1（青贮饲料）或 PC aa C30:2（玉米青贮饲料），能有效区分高和低 RFI 动物，灵敏度和特异性都很高（曲线下面积为 0.80）。模型中使用的生物标志物在育肥早期和后期表现出中等到较高的重复性（0.45 < r < 0.65）。这些模型成功通过了外部验证，第四批动物中有 85% 以上被正确分类。一旦在更大的群组中得到验证，并利用具有成本效益的快速分析方法，这些模型可支持精准饲养和育种计划，从而降低肉牛饲养成本。

{"title":"Development and validation of a model for early prediction of residual feed intake in beef cattle using plasma biomarkers","authors":"H.M. Aboshady , E. Jorge-Smeding , S. Taussat , G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar","doi":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Identification of plasma biomarkers for feed efficiency in growing beef cattle offers a promising opportunity for developing prediction models to improve precision feeding strategies. However, these models must accurately predict feed efficiency at early stages of fattening. Our study aimed to evaluate the reliability of candidate biomarkers previously identified in late-fattening cattle when analysed during early fattening stages and to develop diet-specific prediction equations for residual feed intake (<strong>RFI</strong>). From a total of 364 Charolais bulls across seven cohorts, we selected 64 animals with extreme RFI values. The animals were fed either a corn‑ or grass-silage diets. These animals were chosen from four out of the available seven cohorts. Animals from three cohorts (24 high-RFI and 24 low-RFI, having a mean RFI difference of 1.48 kg/d) were used for biomarker confirmation and prediction model training. Animals from a fourth cohort (8 high-RFI and 8 low-RFI, having a mean RFI difference of 0.98 kg/d) were used for model external validation. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the feed efficiency test (333 ± 20 days), and plasma underwent targeted metabolomic for 630 metabolites, natural abundance of <sup>15</sup>N (δ<sup>15</sup>N), insulin, and IGF-1 analysis. Seven previously identified plasma biomarkers for RFI in late-fattening beef cattle still kept their capability for discriminating low and high RFI animals when analysed during early fattening stages (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Among these confirmed biomarkers, five were common for both grass- and corn-fed animals (creatinine, β-alanine, triglyceride TG18:0_34:2, symmetric dimethyl-arginine and phosphatidylcholine PC aa C30:2) while two were diet-specific (IGF-1 for grass silage-based diet, and isoleucine for corn silage-based diet. No new plasma biomarkers of RFI were identified at early-fattening stages (false discovery rate > 0.05). Prediction models were developed based on seven confirmed RFI biomarkers analysed during early-fattening. Two logistic regression models incorporating creatinine and either IGF-1 (for grass silage-based diet) or PC aa C30:2 (for corn silage-based diet) effectively distinguished between high− and low-RFI animals with high sensitivity and specificity (area under the curve > 0.80). The biomarkers used in the models showed moderate to high repeatability between early and late fattening stages (0.45 < r < 0.65). The models were successfully externally validated, with more than 85% of animals from the fourth cohort correctly classified. Once validated in larger cohorts and utilising cost-effective and rapid analytical methods, these models could support precision feeding and breeding programmes, aiming to reduce the cost of raising beef cattle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50789,"journal":{"name":"Animal","volume":"18 11","pages":"Article 101354"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142577990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of oxygen levels and temperature on growth and physiology of pikeperch juveniles cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system 氧气水平和温度对循环水产养殖系统中养殖的梭子鱼幼鱼的生长和生理的影响。

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101347

T. Policar , J. Křišťan , H.T. Thorarensen , J. Velíšek , J. Kolářová , V. Stejskal , O. Malinovskyi

This study aimed to understand how environmental factors, specifically water temperature and oxygen saturation, affect the growth performance and physiology of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) juveniles in recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs). Given the importance of optimising growth conditions in aquaculture to maximise efficiency, it aims to assess whether different combinations of oxygen levels and temperatures can enhance growth while maintaining the physiological health and welfare of the fish. The experimental design included the culturing pikeperch juveniles (22.7 ± 7.1 g) were exposed to hypoxia (78 ± 14%), normoxia (105 ± 12%), and hyperoxia (140 ± 18%) conditions for 72 days. This was conducted at two temperatures, 20 °C and 23 °C, each in a separate but identical RAS. The level of oxygen supply was controlled with micro bubble diffusers on the bottom of each tank. The hyperoxia at 23 °C positively affected total length, BW, specific growth rate, feed intake and feed conservation rate (FCR). The slowest growth and feed intake, along with the highest FCR, were observed in hypoxia at 20 °C. Fish reared under 23 °C exhibited significantly higher visceral-somatic index (3.54 ± 0.83 at 23 °C and 2.76 ± 0.73 at 20 °C) regardless of oxygen levels. It was primarily responsible for the observed growth difference (Final BW: 58.3 ± 18.8 g at 23 °C and 53.0 ± 18.3 g at 20 °C). The water temperature also affected haematocrit, haemoglobin, leucocyte count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of the blood cells; the concentration of lymphocytes, neutrophile granulocyte bands and segments. Among biochemical markers, temperature affected cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes, ammonia and triglyceride levels in blood plasma. Elevated antioxidant activity was observed in muscle, intestine and liver tissues. Oxygen levels demonstrated significant effects on growth, feed intake and conversion, the MCV of the blood cells, the concentration of the glucose, lactate and ammonia in blood plasma, and antioxidant biomarkers in the liver tissue. The analysis indicated a significant effect of oxygen on energy metabolism. The results showed hyperoxia under 23 °C create conditions for the highest growth and feed intake, high feed utilisation. There are, however, concerns about the physiological conditions and welfare of intensively cultured pikeperch juveniles, as higher feed intake led to increased visceral fat content in the body, elevated antioxidant activity in the liver, muscle and intestine tissues, morphology of blood cell, and energy metabolism.

本研究旨在了解环境因素（特别是水温和氧气饱和度）如何影响梭子鱼（Sander lucioperca）幼鱼在循环水养殖系统（RAS）中的生长表现和生理机能。鉴于在水产养殖中优化生长条件以实现效益最大化的重要性，本研究旨在评估不同的氧气水平和温度组合是否能在保持鱼类生理健康和福利的同时促进其生长。实验设计包括将养殖的梭子鱼幼鱼（22.7 ± 7.1 克）置于缺氧（78 ± 14%）、常氧（105 ± 12%）和高氧（140 ± 18%）条件下 72 天。试验在 20 °C 和 23 °C 两种温度下进行，每种温度都在一个单独但相同的 RAS 中进行。氧气供应水平由每个水槽底部的微气泡扩散器控制。23 °C的高氧对总长度、体重、特定生长率、摄食量和饲料保存率（FCR）均有积极影响。在 20 °C的低氧条件下，鱼的生长速度和摄食量最慢，FCR 最高。在 23 °C条件下饲养的鱼类，无论氧气水平如何，内脏-感觉指数都明显较高（23 °C时为3.54 ± 0.83，20 °C时为2.76 ± 0.73）。这也是观察到的生长差异的主要原因（最终体重：23 °C时为58.3 ± 18.8克，20 °C时为53.0 ± 18.3克）。水温还影响血细胞比容、血红蛋白、白细胞计数、平均体细胞血红蛋白、血细胞平均体液容积（MCV）、淋巴细胞浓度、嗜中性粒细胞条带和片段。在生化指标中，温度影响血浆中的细胞质酶和线粒体酶、氨和甘油三酯水平。在肌肉、肠道和肝脏组织中观察到抗氧化活性升高。氧气水平对生长、采食量和转化率、血细胞的 MCV、血浆中葡萄糖、乳酸盐和氨的浓度以及肝组织中的抗氧化生物标志物都有显著影响。分析表明，氧气对能量代谢有显著影响。研究结果表明，23 °C下的高氧条件可为最高的生长速度和采食量、高饲料利用率创造条件。然而，密集养殖的梭子鱼幼鱼的生理条件和福利令人担忧，因为较高的饲料摄入量会导致体内内脏脂肪含量增加，肝脏、肌肉和肠道组织中的抗氧化活性、血细胞形态和能量代谢升高。

{"title":"Effects of oxygen levels and temperature on growth and physiology of pikeperch juveniles cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system","authors":"T. Policar , J. Křišťan , H.T. Thorarensen , J. Velíšek , J. Kolářová , V. Stejskal , O. Malinovskyi","doi":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to understand how environmental factors, specifically water temperature and oxygen saturation, affect the growth performance and physiology of pikeperch (<em>Sander lucioperca</em>) juveniles in recirculating aquaculture systems (<strong>RASs</strong>). Given the importance of optimising growth conditions in aquaculture to maximise efficiency, it aims to assess whether different combinations of oxygen levels and temperatures can enhance growth while maintaining the physiological health and welfare of the fish. The experimental design included the culturing pikeperch juveniles (22.7 ± 7.1 g) were exposed to hypoxia (78 ± 14%), normoxia (105 ± 12%), and hyperoxia (140 ± 18%) conditions for 72 days. This was conducted at two temperatures, 20 °C and 23 °C, each in a separate but identical RAS. The level of oxygen supply was controlled with micro bubble diffusers on the bottom of each tank. The hyperoxia at 23 °C positively affected total length, BW, specific growth rate, feed intake and feed conservation rate (<strong>FCR</strong>). The slowest growth and feed intake, along with the highest FCR, were observed in hypoxia at 20 °C. Fish reared under 23 °C exhibited significantly higher visceral-somatic index (3.54 ± 0.83 at 23 °C and 2.76 ± 0.73 at 20 °C) regardless of oxygen levels. It was primarily responsible for the observed growth difference (Final BW: 58.3 ± 18.8 g at 23 °C and 53.0 ± 18.3 g at 20 °C). The water temperature also affected haematocrit, haemoglobin, leucocyte count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (<strong>MCV</strong>) of the blood cells; the concentration of lymphocytes, neutrophile granulocyte bands and segments. Among biochemical markers, temperature affected cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes, ammonia and triglyceride levels in blood plasma. Elevated antioxidant activity was observed in muscle, intestine and liver tissues. Oxygen levels demonstrated significant effects on growth, feed intake and conversion, the MCV of the blood cells, the concentration of the glucose, lactate and ammonia in blood plasma, and antioxidant biomarkers in the liver tissue. The analysis indicated a significant effect of oxygen on energy metabolism. The results showed hyperoxia under 23 °C create conditions for the highest growth and feed intake, high feed utilisation. There are, however, concerns about the physiological conditions and welfare of intensively cultured pikeperch juveniles, as higher feed intake led to increased visceral fat content in the body, elevated antioxidant activity in the liver, muscle and intestine tissues, morphology of blood cell, and energy metabolism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50789,"journal":{"name":"Animal","volume":"18 11","pages":"Article 101347"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142548759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Amylase activity across black soldier fly larvae development and feeding substrates: insights on starch digestibility and external digestion 黑翅大实蝇幼虫发育和取食基质过程中的淀粉酶活性：对淀粉消化率和外部消化的启示。

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101337

J.B. Guillaume , J.L. Da Lage , S. Mezdour , F. Marion-Poll , C. Terrol , C.M.C. Brouzes , P. Schmidely

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) hold promise for converting biowaste into proteins and lipids for feed. Dietary starch is efficiently digested by the larvae and influences larval performance, but the mechanisms of starch digestion remain poorly understood. This study investigated changes in individual weight and amylase activity in BSFL after 4, 7 and 11 days of feeding for five substrates varying in starch content and type: chicken feed (CF), corn gluten feed (CGF), wheat bran (WB), wheat distillers grain (WDG) and discarded potatoes (DP). Substrate amylase activities were also measured with and without larvae (feeding and fermenting trays, respectively) over time in order to explore external digestion. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and estimated digestibility (ED) of DM and starch were assessed at the end of the experiment. The ranking for best FCR was CF, WB, CGF, WDG and DP. In feeding trays, ED of DM was 69.8 ± 1.8, 59.5 ± 2.9, 58.6 ± 0.7, 45.4 ± 0.6 and 19.5 ± 0.8% in CF, DP, WB, CGF and WDG, respectively. Estimated digestibility of starch reached 100% with WB and CGF, followed by CF (88.2 ± 2.3%), DP (85.2 ± 1.2%) and WDG (43.1 ± 1.0%). Larval amylase activity increased with growth for all substrates and dropped when approaching pupation. No relationship was found between larval amylase activity and substrate starch or other nutrient content, but a negative correlation was reported with the reducing sugar content of the larvae, suggesting glucose repression of amylase production. Amylase activity decreased with time in all feeding and fermenting substrates except WDG and DP. In vitro degradation assays indicated that BSFL amylase was nine times more efficient on raw corn or wheat starch than on raw potato starch, highlighting that starch structure is a major driver of digestibility. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of BSFL amylase in the feeding substrate, hinting at external digestion. Larval amylase was purified to identify its optimal pH (5.0–6.5) and temperature (70 °C). These results highlight that starch content is not a major driver of amylase activity in BSFL and suggest that other non-investigated factors could have had a crucial impact on the activity of larval digestive enzymes, such as microbial community of the substrate and presence of amylase inhibitors. This study also provides insights into the evolution of BSFL digestive activity during their development and the occurrence of external digestion.

黑兵蝇幼虫（BSFL；Hermetia illucens）有望将生物废弃物转化为蛋白质和脂质作为饲料。幼虫能有效消化食物中的淀粉并影响幼虫的表现，但对淀粉的消化机制仍知之甚少。本研究调查了 BSFL 在饲喂 4、7 和 11 天后个体重量和淀粉酶活性的变化，这五种基质的淀粉含量和类型各不相同：鸡饲料（CF）、玉米麸质饲料（CGF）、麦麸（WB）、小麦蒸馏谷物（WDG）和废弃马铃薯（DP）。此外，还测量了幼虫（分别为饲喂盘和发酵盘）在一段时间内的底物淀粉酶活性，以探索外部消化情况。实验结束时评估了饲料转化率（FCR）以及 DM 和淀粉的估计消化率（ED）。最佳饲料转化率依次为 CF、WB、CGF、WDG 和 DP。在饲喂盘中，CF、DP、WB、CGF 和 WDG 的 DM 消化率分别为 69.8 ± 1.8、59.5 ± 2.9、58.6 ± 0.7、45.4 ± 0.6 和 19.5 ± 0.8%。WB和CGF的淀粉估计消化率达到100%，其次是CF（88.2 ± 2.3%）、DP（85.2 ± 1.2%）和WDG（43.1 ± 1.0%）。在所有基质中，幼虫淀粉酶活性随生长而增加，在接近化蛹时则下降。没有发现幼虫淀粉酶活性与基质淀粉或其他营养物质含量之间的关系，但报告称幼虫淀粉酶活性与还原糖含量呈负相关，表明葡萄糖抑制了淀粉酶的产生。除 WDG 和 DP 外，所有饲喂基质和发酵基质中的淀粉酶活性都会随着时间的推移而降低。体外降解试验表明，BSFL 淀粉酶在生玉米或小麦淀粉上的效率是生马铃薯淀粉的九倍，这突出表明淀粉结构是消化率的主要驱动因素。Western 印迹分析显示，饲喂基质中存在 BSFL 淀粉酶，这表明存在外部消化。对幼虫淀粉酶进行了纯化，以确定其最佳 pH 值（5.0-6.5）和温度（70 °C）。这些结果突出表明，淀粉含量并不是 BSFL 淀粉酶活性的主要驱动因素，并表明其他未调查的因素可能对幼虫消化酶的活性有至关重要的影响，如底物的微生物群落和淀粉酶抑制剂的存在。这项研究还有助于深入了解 BSFL 消化活性在其发育过程中的演变以及外部消化的发生。

{"title":"Amylase activity across black soldier fly larvae development and feeding substrates: insights on starch digestibility and external digestion","authors":"J.B. Guillaume , J.L. Da Lage , S. Mezdour , F. Marion-Poll , C. Terrol , C.M.C. Brouzes , P. Schmidely","doi":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.animal.2024.101337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Black soldier fly larvae (<strong>BSFL</strong>; <em>Hermetia illucens</em>) hold promise for converting biowaste into proteins and lipids for feed. Dietary starch is efficiently digested by the larvae and influences larval performance, but the mechanisms of starch digestion remain poorly understood. This study investigated changes in individual weight and amylase activity in BSFL after 4, 7 and 11 days of feeding for five substrates varying in starch content and type: chicken feed (<strong>CF</strong>), corn gluten feed (<strong>CGF</strong>), wheat bran (<strong>WB</strong>), wheat distillers grain (<strong>WDG</strong>) and discarded potatoes (<strong>DP</strong>). Substrate amylase activities were also measured with and without larvae (feeding and fermenting trays, respectively) over time in order to explore external digestion. Feed conversion ratio (<strong>FCR</strong>) and estimated digestibility (<strong>ED</strong>) of DM and starch were assessed at the end of the experiment. The ranking for best FCR was CF, WB, CGF, WDG and DP. In feeding trays, ED of DM was 69.8 ± 1.8, 59.5 ± 2.9, 58.6 ± 0.7, 45.4 ± 0.6 and 19.5 ± 0.8% in CF, DP, WB, CGF and WDG, respectively. Estimated digestibility of starch reached 100% with WB and CGF, followed by CF (88.2 ± 2.3%), DP (85.2 ± 1.2%) and WDG (43.1 ± 1.0%). Larval amylase activity increased with growth for all substrates and dropped when approaching pupation. No relationship was found between larval amylase activity and substrate starch or other nutrient content, but a negative correlation was reported with the reducing sugar content of the larvae, suggesting glucose repression of amylase production. Amylase activity decreased with time in all feeding and fermenting substrates except WDG and DP. <em>In vitro</em> degradation assays indicated that BSFL amylase was nine times more efficient on raw corn or wheat starch than on raw potato starch, highlighting that starch structure is a major driver of digestibility. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of BSFL amylase in the feeding substrate, hinting at external digestion. Larval amylase was purified to identify its optimal pH (5.0–6.5) and temperature (70 °C). These results highlight that starch content is not a major driver of amylase activity in BSFL and suggest that other non-investigated factors could have had a crucial impact on the activity of larval digestive enzymes, such as microbial community of the substrate and presence of amylase inhibitors. This study also provides insights into the evolution of BSFL digestive activity during their development and the occurrence of external digestion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50789,"journal":{"name":"Animal","volume":"18 11","pages":"Article 101337"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142548748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Animal最新文献