Jodi N. Dowthwaite, Stephanie A. Kliethermes, Tamara A. Scerpella
Objectives
In growing humans, densitometric scans of whole-body bone mass “less head” are recommended to circumvent the excessive contribution of youths' proportionally larger heads but potentially inflate inter-scan variation and least significant change due to measurement error. We aimed to determine biological benchmarks for achievement of adult head-body proportions in a sample of US females.
Methods
Annual whole-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans tracked growth, maturation, and bone mass accrual in a prospective longitudinal cohort of girls for up to 19 years (baseline age 7–15 years). We used cubic smoothing spline mixed effects models to generate chronological and gynecological age-based curves for head versus whole-body bone mass proportions (ratios). Females with ≥ 3 annual scans were included (n = 148, age 7–30 years).
Results
Models yielded trajectories extending beyond observed age at peak bone mass for our sample. From age 18 years, “adult” mean of means for head vs. whole-body bone mass proportions was 0.204 (n = 66: 95% confidence interval = 0.198–0.210). Individual proportions stabilized to “adult” mean levels circum-menarche (n = 124: mean = 0.198; 95% confidence interval = 0.194–0.202). The minimum age for 95% confidence intervals overlapping with adult values was 12 years, circum-peak height velocity (n = 120: mean = 0.211; 95% confidence interval = 0.207–0.216).
Conclusion
In US girls with diverse activity exposures, head vs. whole-body bone mass proportions are “adult” from menarche onward; an “adult” age threshold of 12 years, or age at peak height velocity, may be used in the absence of extreme maturational delay to evaluate whole-body bone mass including the head.
{"title":"Biological Benchmarks for Adult Bone Mass Proportions in Young Females: A Prospective Longitudinal Analysis","authors":"Jodi N. Dowthwaite, Stephanie A. Kliethermes, Tamara A. Scerpella","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70118","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In growing humans, densitometric scans of whole-body bone mass “less head” are recommended to circumvent the excessive contribution of youths' proportionally larger heads but potentially inflate inter-scan variation and least significant change due to measurement error. We aimed to determine biological benchmarks for achievement of adult head-body proportions in a sample of US females.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Annual whole-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans tracked growth, maturation, and bone mass accrual in a prospective longitudinal cohort of girls for up to 19 years (baseline age 7–15 years). We used cubic smoothing spline mixed effects models to generate chronological and gynecological age-based curves for head versus whole-body bone mass proportions (ratios). Females with ≥ 3 annual scans were included (<i>n</i> = 148, age 7–30 years).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Models yielded trajectories extending beyond observed age at peak bone mass for our sample. From age 18 years, “adult” mean of means for head vs. whole-body bone mass proportions was 0.204 (<i>n</i> = 66: 95% confidence interval = 0.198–0.210). Individual proportions stabilized to “adult” mean levels circum-menarche (<i>n</i> = 124: mean = 0.198; 95% confidence interval = 0.194–0.202). The minimum age for 95% confidence intervals overlapping with adult values was 12 years, circum-peak height velocity (<i>n</i> = 120: mean = 0.211; 95% confidence interval = 0.207–0.216).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In US girls with diverse activity exposures, head vs. whole-body bone mass proportions are “adult” from menarche onward; an “adult” age threshold of 12 years, or age at peak height velocity, may be used in the absence of extreme maturational delay to evaluate whole-body bone mass including the head.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.70118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144832609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Species-Specific Helminth Effects, Ecoimmunology, and Indigenous Health: Commentary on Cepon-Robins et al. (2025)","authors":"Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon, Kornmaneethana Punnasirimangmee, Pattharasedthi Pholyiam, Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70117","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144832610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Morgana Alves Correia da Silva, Clarice Maria de Lucena Martins, Michelly Alencar Alencar, Paulo Renato Alves Firmino, Paulo Felipe Ribeiro Bandeira
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>There are several associated factors that have an impact on a child's development, including the cognitive and motor domains. Motor competence is intrinsically linked to executive functioning, even though the causal links between the development of motor skills and the development of cognitive skills are not always obvious. Even in early childhood, with advances in cognitive processes in the child's development, processes emerge that make the child capable of regulating their own behavior.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Objectives</h3> <p>These variables are important for child development; however, there are no previous studies that examine the associations of motor competence, executive functions, and self-regulation together. There is also no study that takes a holistic view to better understand the interrelationships of these variables. This study aimed to investigate the association between motor competence, executive functions, and self-regulation in childhood and identify the variables with the highest network influence values.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>The research adopted a cross-sectional design; it is a descriptive and associative study. Two hundred and eighty-three children aged 3–6 years of both sexes, from two of the most populous cities in the interior of northeastern Brazil participated. The instruments used were the TGMD-3 for motor competence, the Early Years Toolbox battery for executive functions, and HTKS-R for self-regulation. The data was analyzed using network analysis.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>It was observed that motor competence and executive functions were positively related, and self-regulation had an indirect association with motor competence. These findings corroborate previous studies on the relationship between motor competence and executive functions and highlight the importance of self-regulation in this association. The network showed clusters between motor competence skills, executive functions, and self-regulation, which are part of the same construct. The skills of running, receiving, kicking, and inhibitory control had the highest centrality rates, highlighting their importance for the interconnection of variables. The highest values of expected influence were from running, inhibitory control, and kicking, modifications of which can result in significant changes in the overall behavior of the network.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>These findings reinforce the integrated nature of motor, cognitive, and self-regulat
{"title":"Association Between Motor Competence, Executive Functions, and Self-Regulation: A Complex Systems Approach","authors":"Morgana Alves Correia da Silva, Clarice Maria de Lucena Martins, Michelly Alencar Alencar, Paulo Renato Alves Firmino, Paulo Felipe Ribeiro Bandeira","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70110","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There are several associated factors that have an impact on a child's development, including the cognitive and motor domains. Motor competence is intrinsically linked to executive functioning, even though the causal links between the development of motor skills and the development of cognitive skills are not always obvious. Even in early childhood, with advances in cognitive processes in the child's development, processes emerge that make the child capable of regulating their own behavior.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These variables are important for child development; however, there are no previous studies that examine the associations of motor competence, executive functions, and self-regulation together. There is also no study that takes a holistic view to better understand the interrelationships of these variables. This study aimed to investigate the association between motor competence, executive functions, and self-regulation in childhood and identify the variables with the highest network influence values.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The research adopted a cross-sectional design; it is a descriptive and associative study. Two hundred and eighty-three children aged 3–6 years of both sexes, from two of the most populous cities in the interior of northeastern Brazil participated. The instruments used were the TGMD-3 for motor competence, the Early Years Toolbox battery for executive functions, and HTKS-R for self-regulation. The data was analyzed using network analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>It was observed that motor competence and executive functions were positively related, and self-regulation had an indirect association with motor competence. These findings corroborate previous studies on the relationship between motor competence and executive functions and highlight the importance of self-regulation in this association. The network showed clusters between motor competence skills, executive functions, and self-regulation, which are part of the same construct. The skills of running, receiving, kicking, and inhibitory control had the highest centrality rates, highlighting their importance for the interconnection of variables. The highest values of expected influence were from running, inhibitory control, and kicking, modifications of which can result in significant changes in the overall behavior of the network.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings reinforce the integrated nature of motor, cognitive, and self-regulat","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144815032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caroline A. MacLean, Miguel Dimanlig, David Godfrey, Lorena Madrigal
Introduction
In this research, we seek to understand the evolutionary forces which have resulted in the distribution of the MTHFR C677T single nucleotide polymorphism, which is associated with fertility-related, cardiovascular, cancerous, and neurological morbidities. Due to the negative effects of the gene, it is likely frequent due to genetic drift or natural selection.
Methods
Using secondary data gathered by systematic review, we test proposals stating that under conditions of ample folate, individuals who are heterozygous (CT) and homozygous (TT) for the MTHFR C677T polymorphism would suffer from fewer or no deleterious pregnancy or birth outcomes. Using descriptive and bivariate statistics, we determined if significant differences exist between pregnancy or birth outcomes based on genotype. We then modeled the effects of genotype, folate, cobalamin, and homocysteine (and their interactions) on the frequency of the pregnancy outcomes.
Results
Even with ample and high serum folate, CT and TT women sampled had worse pregnancy outcomes. Folate (sometimes interacting with insolation) mediates pregnancy outcomes in a genotype-dependent fashion. For this reason, we caution against the use of a “one size fits all” approach to clinical treatment for CT and TT individuals.
Conclusions
We conclude that natural selection is the primary force of evolution acting on this mutation despite its numerous negative effects. We reject the hypothesis that in conditions of ample folate supply, CT or TT pregnant people might have a fitness advantage. Genotype was a strong predictor of birth outcomes, indicating that for this polymorphism, there is a strong folate-genotypic and genotype-insolation interaction.
{"title":"The Fertility Effects of the C677T Mutation in the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene: A Cross-Site Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Caroline A. MacLean, Miguel Dimanlig, David Godfrey, Lorena Madrigal","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this research, we seek to understand the evolutionary forces which have resulted in the distribution of the MTHFR C677T single nucleotide polymorphism, which is associated with fertility-related, cardiovascular, cancerous, and neurological morbidities. Due to the negative effects of the gene, it is likely frequent due to genetic drift or natural selection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using secondary data gathered by systematic review, we test proposals stating that under conditions of ample folate, individuals who are heterozygous (CT) and homozygous (TT) for the MTHFR C677T polymorphism would suffer from fewer or no deleterious pregnancy or birth outcomes. Using descriptive and bivariate statistics, we determined if significant differences exist between pregnancy or birth outcomes based on genotype. We then modeled the effects of genotype, folate, cobalamin, and homocysteine (and their interactions) on the frequency of the pregnancy outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Even with ample and high serum folate, CT and TT women sampled had worse pregnancy outcomes. Folate (sometimes interacting with insolation) mediates pregnancy outcomes in a genotype-dependent fashion. For this reason, we caution against the use of a “one size fits all” approach to clinical treatment for CT and TT individuals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conclude that natural selection is the primary force of evolution acting on this mutation despite its numerous negative effects. We reject the hypothesis that in conditions of ample folate supply, CT or TT pregnant people might have a fitness advantage. Genotype was a strong predictor of birth outcomes, indicating that for this polymorphism, there is a strong folate-genotypic and genotype-insolation interaction.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144811340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ratio of the index finger to the ring finger length (2D:4D) differs between sexes; it is typically higher in females than in males. This difference is thought to be related to intrauterine androgen exposure. Antenatal hydronephrosis is the most frequently detected anomaly during prenatal ultrasonographic evaluation of fetal development. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio in newborns and the presence of congenital hydronephrosis.
Methods
Between July 2023 and April 2024, the lengths of the second and fourth digits and medical birth records of newborns were documented. Infants who were followed antenatally for hydronephrosis and exhibited persistent findings on postnatal renal ultrasonography were included in the study group. The control group consisted of newborns without any antenatal or postnatal renal abnormalities.
Results
A total of 82 newborns were included in the analysis. Among them, 50 had no antenatal or postnatal renal anomalies and comprised the control group. In 32 newborns, both antenatal and postnatal hydronephrosis were diagnosed. The 2D:4D was significantly higher in the hydronephrosis group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between right and left hand 2D:4D measurements within either group (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
The observation of significantly higher 2D:4D ratios in newborns with antenatal hydronephrosis may suggest a possible association with decreased prenatal androgen exposure. While the 2D:4D ratio is generally expected to be higher in females and lower in males, the finding of higher ratios in newborns with hydronephrosis may indicate a reduced androgen effect during fetal development in these cases. Although this finding is consistent with the fact that hydronephrosis is more frequently observed in male fetuses, it should be interpreted with caution and supported by further studies.
{"title":"Is There Any Possible Relationship Between Antenatal Hydronephrosis and Prenatal Androgen Exposure? An Analysis Using the 2D:4D Digit Ratio","authors":"Sinan Kılıç, Çiğdem Kılıç","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70114","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The ratio of the index finger to the ring finger length (2D:4D) differs between sexes; it is typically higher in females than in males. This difference is thought to be related to intrauterine androgen exposure. Antenatal hydronephrosis is the most frequently detected anomaly during prenatal ultrasonographic evaluation of fetal development. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio in newborns and the presence of congenital hydronephrosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Between July 2023 and April 2024, the lengths of the second and fourth digits and medical birth records of newborns were documented. Infants who were followed antenatally for hydronephrosis and exhibited persistent findings on postnatal renal ultrasonography were included in the study group. The control group consisted of newborns without any antenatal or postnatal renal abnormalities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 82 newborns were included in the analysis. Among them, 50 had no antenatal or postnatal renal anomalies and comprised the control group. In 32 newborns, both antenatal and postnatal hydronephrosis were diagnosed. The 2D:4D was significantly higher in the hydronephrosis group compared to the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.001). No significant differences were found between right and left hand 2D:4D measurements within either group (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The observation of significantly higher 2D:4D ratios in newborns with antenatal hydronephrosis may suggest a possible association with decreased prenatal androgen exposure. While the 2D:4D ratio is generally expected to be higher in females and lower in males, the finding of higher ratios in newborns with hydronephrosis may indicate a reduced androgen effect during fetal development in these cases. Although this finding is consistent with the fact that hydronephrosis is more frequently observed in male fetuses, it should be interpreted with caution and supported by further studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144773705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human biologists have long studied the ecology, health, and adaptive patterns of pastoralist populations around the world. Over the last 20 years, research among pastoralists has increasingly focused on how ongoing climatic and socioeconomic changes are influencing these populations and threatening this lifeway. Additionally, with the development and broader use of “field friendly” methods for measuring energy expenditure, metabolism, and diverse biomarkers of physiological health, we are now able to gain a much more detailed and dynamic picture of the adaptive strategies of pastoralists. This Virtual Special Issue of the American Journal of Human Biology, “Human Biology of Pastoralists Populations” (Edited by Benjamin Campbell), showcases important advancements in this research domain and highlights the foundational contributions of Michael A. Little to our understanding of the biology and health of pastoralist societies.
{"title":"The Ecology and Human Biology of Pastoralists: Building on the Contributions of Michael A. Little","authors":"William R. Leonard","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70115","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human biologists have long studied the ecology, health, and adaptive patterns of pastoralist populations around the world. Over the last 20 years, research among pastoralists has increasingly focused on how ongoing climatic and socioeconomic changes are influencing these populations and threatening this lifeway. Additionally, with the development and broader use of “field friendly” methods for measuring energy expenditure, metabolism, and diverse biomarkers of physiological health, we are now able to gain a much more detailed and dynamic picture of the adaptive strategies of pastoralists. This Virtual Special Issue of the <i>American Journal of Human Biology</i>, “Human Biology of Pastoralists Populations” (Edited by Benjamin Campbell), showcases important advancements in this research domain and highlights the foundational contributions of Michael A. Little to our understanding of the biology and health of pastoralist societies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.70115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luciana Leite Silva Barboza, Raphael Henrique de Oliveira Araujo, Maria Luiza Felix Pessoa, Danilo Rodrigues Pereira da Silva, Clarice Maria de Lucena Martins, the South American Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Network (SAPASEN) Collaborators
Objectives
This study aimed to systematically review and apply meta-analytic procedures to investigate the prevalence and time spent in different physical activity (PA) intensities among South American children across the childhood spectrum, according to sex and protocol used.
Methods
We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCiELO); only studies with children between 0 and 11 years were included. Random-effects meta-analysis models were used to calculate the pooled estimates with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). All analyses were conducted using Stata 18.0.
Results
The literature search yielded 12 217 articles, with 28 studies remaining relevant for this review. The main exclusion criteria for the manuscripts were lack of prevalence data and doubled data. Pooled estimates revealed that children spent 61.4 (95% CI, 54.4–68.5) min/day of moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA), with differences in the time spent between girls (mean: 49.8 [95% CI, 38.8–60.8]) and boys (mean: 63.4 [95% CI, 55.7–71.1]). We noticed a great variability in PA prevalence, which ranged from 1.7% to approximately 80%, and was consistently lower among girls. Studies using device-based measures tend to report lower levels of PA than those relying on self-reported data.
Conclusions
On average, South American children spend 61.4 min/day on MVPA, with high variability of both device-measured and self-reported PA. Regardless of the method used to measure PA, sex inequalities favorable to boys were noted.
本研究旨在系统回顾并应用荟萃分析程序，根据性别和使用的协议，调查南美儿童在整个儿童期中不同体育活动强度（PA）的患病率和花费的时间。方法检索PubMed、Web of Science、Scopus、Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature （LILACS）、Science Electronic Library Online (SCiELO)；仅包括0至11岁儿童的研究。使用随机效应荟萃分析模型计算汇总估计值及其各自的95%置信区间（CI）。所有分析均使用Stata 18.0进行。结果文献检索得到12217篇文章，其中28篇与本综述相关。论文的主要排除标准是缺乏患病率数据和双重数据。汇总估计显示，儿童每天花61.4 （95% CI, 54.4-68.5）分钟进行中等强度PA (MVPA)，女孩（平均值：49.8 [95% CI, 38.8-60.8]）和男孩（平均值：63.4 [95% CI, 55.7-71.1]）之间的时间存在差异。我们注意到PA患病率的差异很大，从1.7%到大约80%不等，女孩的患病率一直较低。使用基于设备的测量方法的研究报告的PA水平往往低于那些依赖于自我报告数据的研究。南美儿童平均每天在MVPA上花费61.4分钟，设备测量和自我报告的PA都具有很高的可变性。无论使用何种方法来测量PA，都注意到有利于男孩的性别不平等。
{"title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Physical Activity in South American Children","authors":"Luciana Leite Silva Barboza, Raphael Henrique de Oliveira Araujo, Maria Luiza Felix Pessoa, Danilo Rodrigues Pereira da Silva, Clarice Maria de Lucena Martins, the South American Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Network (SAPASEN) Collaborators","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70112","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to systematically review and apply meta-analytic procedures to investigate the prevalence and time spent in different physical activity (PA) intensities among South American children across the childhood spectrum, according to sex and protocol used.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCiELO); only studies with children between 0 and 11 years were included. Random-effects meta-analysis models were used to calculate the pooled estimates with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). All analyses were conducted using Stata 18.0.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The literature search yielded 12 217 articles, with 28 studies remaining relevant for this review. The main exclusion criteria for the manuscripts were lack of prevalence data and doubled data. Pooled estimates revealed that children spent 61.4 (95% CI, 54.4–68.5) min/day of moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA), with differences in the time spent between girls (mean: 49.8 [95% CI, 38.8–60.8]) and boys (mean: 63.4 [95% CI, 55.7–71.1]). We noticed a great variability in PA prevalence, which ranged from 1.7% to approximately 80%, and was consistently lower among girls. Studies using device-based measures tend to report lower levels of PA than those relying on self-reported data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>On average, South American children spend 61.4 min/day on MVPA, with high variability of both device-measured and self-reported PA. Regardless of the method used to measure PA, sex inequalities favorable to boys were noted.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the influences exerted by temperature on the circadian rhythm of births.
Methods: In the past births occurred mainly between midnight and dawn, while today births tend to be less frequent during the night hours. Today, almost all births are hospitalized and, therefore, they may adapt to the organizational requirements of the health care structures and staff. This piece of research regards births in Udine, a city in north-eastern Italy, recorded at the beginning of the 19th century. The data on births come from the French civil register. Weather data come from very detailed daily collection with three measurements per day. From the statistical point of view, we apply methods developed for circular data. In order to highlight relationships between time of birth and explanatory variables, we estimate MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) models and perform a statistical test for comparison between groups.
Results: The test against the homogeneity of the hour-of-birth distributions across the 4 seasons is significant (p < 0.01). One-to-one comparison of the distributions is performed via Watson's two-sample test on data for each couple of seasons: the Summer-Autumn comparison is the only non-significant test of homogeneity. Moreover, we consider daily temperatures in the bivariate model in several different ways and transformations. The daily temperature effect is more significant if considered as the difference between the evening temperature of the day before the birth and the mean daily temperature of the same day, over the nine-year period 1807-1815. Finally, based on this division of the births, Watson's two-sample homogeneity test for the distribution of the hour of birth is significant (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: We found that the circadian rhythm of births is influenced by temperature, with an anticipation of the time of birth on warmer days. To our knowledge, our results are the first evidence of the effects of daily temperature on the time of birth.
{"title":"The Effects of Meteorological Conditions on the Circadian Rhythm of Births.","authors":"Alessio Fornasin, Laura Rizzi, Giovanni Fonseca","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70120","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.70120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study is to evaluate the influences exerted by temperature on the circadian rhythm of births.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the past births occurred mainly between midnight and dawn, while today births tend to be less frequent during the night hours. Today, almost all births are hospitalized and, therefore, they may adapt to the organizational requirements of the health care structures and staff. This piece of research regards births in Udine, a city in north-eastern Italy, recorded at the beginning of the 19th century. The data on births come from the French civil register. Weather data come from very detailed daily collection with three measurements per day. From the statistical point of view, we apply methods developed for circular data. In order to highlight relationships between time of birth and explanatory variables, we estimate MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) models and perform a statistical test for comparison between groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The test against the homogeneity of the hour-of-birth distributions across the 4 seasons is significant (p < 0.01). One-to-one comparison of the distributions is performed via Watson's two-sample test on data for each couple of seasons: the Summer-Autumn comparison is the only non-significant test of homogeneity. Moreover, we consider daily temperatures in the bivariate model in several different ways and transformations. The daily temperature effect is more significant if considered as the difference between the evening temperature of the day before the birth and the mean daily temperature of the same day, over the nine-year period 1807-1815. Finally, based on this division of the births, Watson's two-sample homogeneity test for the distribution of the hour of birth is significant (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We found that the circadian rhythm of births is influenced by temperature, with an anticipation of the time of birth on warmer days. To our knowledge, our results are the first evidence of the effects of daily temperature on the time of birth.</p>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 8","pages":"e70120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12329704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144796016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Doe D. M., N. Candelas González, J. A. Gutiérrez González, O. Cambra-Moo, A. González Martín. 2025. “Unlocking Adolescence: A Novel Approach to Approximate the Sociocultural Implications of Puberty in Medieval Spain.” American Journal of Human Biology 37, no. 5: e70054. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70054.
In the second paragraph of the Discussion section (page 9), the first sentence which reads “Skeletons with age-at-death estimations of 810 years were determined…” is incorrect. It should read “Skeletons with age-at-death estimations of 8, 9 and 10 years were determined…”
We apologize for this error.
Doe D. M.， N. Candelas González， J. A. gutisamurez González， O. Cambra-Moo， A. González Martín。2025. “解开青春期：一种接近中世纪西班牙青春期社会文化含义的新方法”。《美国人类生物学杂志》第37期。5: e70054。https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70054.In讨论部分（第9页）第二段，第一句“估计死亡年龄为810岁的骷髅被确定……”是不正确的。它应该是“骷髅的死亡年龄估计为8岁、9岁和10岁……”我们为这个错误道歉。
{"title":"Correction to “Unlocking Adolescence: A Novel Approach to Approximate the Sociocultural Implications of Puberty in Medieval Spain”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70113","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Doe D. M., N. Candelas González, J. A. Gutiérrez González, O. Cambra-Moo, A. González Martín. 2025. “Unlocking Adolescence: A Novel Approach to Approximate the Sociocultural Implications of Puberty in Medieval Spain.” <i>American Journal of Human Biology</i> 37, no. 5: e70054. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70054.</p><p>In the second paragraph of the Discussion section (page 9), the first sentence which reads “Skeletons with age-at-death estimations of 810 years were determined…” is incorrect. It should read “Skeletons with age-at-death estimations of 8, 9 and 10 years were determined…”</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.70113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144725497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth M. Miller, Masako Fujita, Katie Hinde, Melanie A. Martin, Katherine Wander, Elizabeth A. Quinn
Since we published “Field and Laboratory Methods in Human Milk Research” in 2013, human milk research has increased dramatically in both number and diversity of studies. Anthropological human biologists and biological anthropologists have played key roles in the realization of this research, arguing that evolutionary, developmental, and biocultural perspectives as essential for understanding variation in human milk. The purpose of this review is to highlight human biologists' and biological anthropologists' contributions to our understanding of human milk, often made in broadly collaborative research, as part of the 50th anniversary of the Human Biology Association. In this review, we identify three areas where human biologists have made major contributions: (1) understanding milk as a phenotype, (2) sex-differentiated milk synthesis, and (3) the cultural ecology of milk. We end this review by discussing future research directions and the applied and translational potentials of milk research, calling on human biologists to continue our leadership in the field in the decades to come.
{"title":"Celebrating Over 10 Years of Human Milk Research in the Human Biology Association","authors":"Elizabeth M. Miller, Masako Fujita, Katie Hinde, Melanie A. Martin, Katherine Wander, Elizabeth A. Quinn","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70111","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Since we published “Field and Laboratory Methods in Human Milk Research” in 2013, human milk research has increased dramatically in both number and diversity of studies. Anthropological human biologists and biological anthropologists have played key roles in the realization of this research, arguing that evolutionary, developmental, and biocultural perspectives as essential for understanding variation in human milk. The purpose of this review is to highlight human biologists' and biological anthropologists' contributions to our understanding of human milk, often made in broadly collaborative research, as part of the 50th anniversary of the Human Biology Association. In this review, we identify three areas where human biologists have made major contributions: (1) understanding milk as a phenotype, (2) sex-differentiated milk synthesis, and (3) the cultural ecology of milk. We end this review by discussing future research directions and the applied and translational potentials of milk research, calling on human biologists to continue our leadership in the field in the decades to come.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144725580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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