American Journal of Human Biology最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the Predictive Value of 2D:4D Ratio in Cardiovascular Diseases and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review","authors":"Özlem Elvan,&nbsp;Emine Kaplan Serin,&nbsp;Tuba Güner Emül","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70140","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio, considered a proxy for prenatal androgen exposure, has been proposed as a potential biomarker for various adult health conditions, including metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, evidence supporting this association remains inconsistent. This systematic review aimed to synthesize current findings on the association between 2D:4D ratios and risk factors for MetS and CVD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nine peer-reviewed studies published between 2006 and 2025 were included, selected based on predefined PICOS criteria. Study populations consisted of adult males and females from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Evaluated risk factors included anthropometric measures (body mass index, waist circumference, neck circumference, waist-to-height ratio), metabolic indicators (blood pressure, glucose levels, lipid profiles), and established diagnostic criteria for MetS and CVD. Study designs and methodological quality were assessed to ensure comparability and rigor.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the nine studies, three focused exclusively on females, five included both sexes, and one involved only males. Five studies addressed CVD risk, two investigated MetS, and two evaluated both. Seven studies reported statistically significant associations between lower 2D:4D ratios and increased cardiometabolic risk, particularly in males. Right-hand 2D:4D ratio measurements showed stronger predictive value. In contrast, two studies found no significant associations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While current evidence suggests a potential link between 2D:4D ratios, especially on the right hand, and cardiometabolic risk, inconsistencies remain. These findings highlight the need for further longitudinal and large-scale studies to determine the utility of the 2D:4D ratio as a noninvasive biomarker for MetS and CVD risk prediction.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women's Health: Contributions From Human Biology","authors":"Lynnette Leidy Sievert","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70135","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this review was to examine how human biologists have contributed to the field of women's health over the past 50 years. Prompted by the increasing international interest in gender equality during the 1970s and the beginning of the Human Biology Council in 1974, studies published in <i>Human Biology</i> (1974–1979) were reviewed for topical content. Based on the increasing national attention to the study of women's health and the inclusion of women in research during the 1990s, as well as the start of the <i>American Journal of Human Biology</i> in 1989, a topical review was carried out for articles published in the <i>AJHB</i> (1989–1995). Current topics in women's health, targeting the past decade, were organized in relation to biocultural perspectives, evolutionary approaches (life history and evolutionary medicine), and the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. Central questions include whether the contributions of human biologists reflect changing levels of political interest in women's health across time, which topics remained the same across the 50 years, and which topics were added. Topics that held steady across time include pregnancy and lactation, bone mineral density, and blood pressure. Among the changes over time, girls and women were more likely to be included in research, studies of pregnancy were more likely to include maternal health, studies of nutrition became more common, and human biologists expanded their repertoire of explicit theoretical perspectives. Finally, this review ends with worries about the future.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remote Blood Collection for Telomere Length Measurement: Assessing the Impact of Sample Characteristics and Handling on DNA Quality and Assay Outcomes","authors":"Quinn A. Conklin,&nbsp;Dana L. Smith,&nbsp;Guorui Dai,&nbsp;Brandon G. King,&nbsp;Clifford D. Saron,&nbsp;Jue Lin","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70128","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Telomere length (TL) is a valuable marker of aging and stress that reflects both genetic and environmental influences. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) TL measurement is a powerful and cost-effective assay, especially in population studies with limited quantities of source material. Nevertheless, collecting and transporting high-quality blood samples can be logistically challenging, and research suggests that several preanalytical and analytical factors can influence the reliability and precision of the qPCR assay. Here we describe a procedure for collecting blood remotely in a large-scale study. We then assess the influence of various features of the samples, as well as their collection, transportation, and storage on DNA quality and TL assay outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants used at-home collection kits to collect a few drops of whole blood in BD Microtainers during a baseline (<i>n</i> = 265) and 1-year follow-up (<i>n</i> = 178) assessment. DNA was extracted using a magnetic-bead method, and DNA yield, purity, and integrity were assessed. TL was measured using qPCR. To assess inter-assay variation, the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated across repeated TL measurements (three runs) for each sample. When there was adequate material for duplicate extractions of DNA from the same blood samples, we calculated the intra-class correlation (ICC) of the resultant TL values to assess assay precision.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our analyses revealed that as little as 50 μL of blood yielded sufficient DNA for highly precise TL measurement (ICC = 0.962, <i>n</i> = 365). Transportation time and an additional year of storage time at −80°C did not meaningfully affect DNA quality or assay outcomes. However, blood clotting was associated with longer telomere estimates, whereas greater temperature exposure was related to shorter telomere estimates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We established that whole blood collected remotely in BD Microtainers can provide a valid sample source for qPCR TL measurement. We also outline important logistical considerations related to sample collection and handling and provide recommendations for researchers who want to use this method.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.70128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Risk Factors and Predictive Modeling of Child Malnutrition in Pakistan Using Machine Learning","authors":"Muhammad Usman Saleem,&nbsp;Muhammad Usman Aslam,&nbsp;Abdul Ghani Khatir,&nbsp;Quanbao Jiang","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70124","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aims to identify risk factors and develop predictive models of child malnutrition (stunting, wasting, and underweight) in Pakistani children under five using machine learning approaches.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Study Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This cross-sectional design utilized data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018 (PDHS).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Logistic regression was employed to identify significant socio-demographic and health-related risk factors. Four machine learning models—Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naïve Bayes (NB), and AdaBoost—were applied to predict malnutrition indicators, with performance evaluated based on accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F-measure using a two-stage validation strategy (10-fold cross-validation and 80:20 train-test split).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Key risk factors identified included consanguineous marriages, lower wealth status, low maternal education, and geographic disparities in Sindh and Baluchistan. Among the machine learning models, Random Forest demonstrated the highest overall accuracy and specificity across all indicators, while SVM showed higher sensitivity for wasted and underweight children.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study highlights the complex interplay of socio-demographic factors in child malnutrition and the potential of machine learning models to effectively predict these conditions, underscoring the need for targeted interventions focusing on maternal education, access to clean water and sanitation, and poverty alleviation, particularly in high-risk regions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Child Height in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","authors":"Reta Dewau,&nbsp;Stephanie Byrne,&nbsp;Elina Hyppönen,&nbsp;Sang Hong Lee,&nbsp;Beben Benyamin","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70134","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Child height is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. However, it is unclear how these factors vary by geographical region and by study design, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where data is scarce. Understanding these variations will aid the identification of factors that may be hindering growth in specific populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed height data of children under 5 years of age from 17 066 twin pairs and 2 024 672 parent-offspring pairs using the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 69 countries. We estimated genetic and environmental contributions to child height using a mixture distribution model for twins to account for unknown zygosity and a parent-offspring regression for singletons. A mixture distribution model assumes that the sample comprises a mixture of monozygotic and dizygotic twins and estimates heritability based on the distribution of phenotypic similarity across twin pairs, without requiring prior classification of zygosity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twin studies consistently estimated heritability at 0.35 (95% CI, 0.34–0.37) across all regions. The estimated proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to shared environmental factors was 0.63 (95% CI, 0.62–0.63), while the contribution of unique environmental factors was 0.02 (95% CI, 0.02–0.02). Conversely, there was variation in the heritability estimates from parent-offspring studies, ranging from 0.27 (95% CI, 0.26–0.30) in North Africa, West Asia and Europe to 0.47 (95% CI, 0.46–0.48) in Latin America and Caribbean.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The observed discrepancies between twin and family study estimates underscore the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. These variations suggest that environmental factors play a critical role in determining height outcomes during childhood. Further research is needed to explore these environmental factors in greater detail with the aim of developing region-specific interventions to address height disparities, particularly in underprivileged regions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.70134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conducting Scoping and Systematic Reviews With a Focus on Biocultural Research: The SCRIBE Toolkit","authors":"Maria Inês Varela-Silva,&nbsp;Nathan Rush,&nbsp;Natalie Pearson","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70133","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The SCRIBE (SystematiC Reviews In Biocultural rEsearch) toolkit offers a structured approach for conducting scoping and systematic reviews in biocultural research. It addresses the challenges of synthesizing information, aggregating diverse data, and conducting robust analyses in this field. Biocultural research is vital to anthropology, public health, community health, and policy, as it reveals biological and cultural determinants of health and disparities globally. However, systematic reviews often exclude biocultural factors, leading to biased evidence that overlooks Indigenous, ethnic minority, and small-scale populations. To fill this gap, the SCRIBE toolkit guides researchers in integrating biocultural frameworks into review methodologies. Developed from a comprehensive literature review and a survey of leading journals (2019–2025), it responds to the underuse of biocultural perspectives in formal reviews. The SCRIBE toolkit is composed of six sequential steps: (i) decide on the type of review, (ii) select a suitable framework (e.g., PICOS, PEO, SPIDER, PCC), (iii) develop the search protocol, (iv) title/abstract screening and full-text reading, (v) data extraction, risk of bias, and meta-analysis, (vi) finalize the review. It can be implemented using accessible platforms like Notion and Trello to enhance usability and collaboration or used as a Word file. By mapping biocultural variables into an operational framework and aligning them with established review protocols, the SCRIBE toolkit promotes interdisciplinary, context-sensitive, and equitable research synthesis. It bridges methodological gaps between anthropology, public health, and evidence-based practice, supporting the inclusion of marginalized populations and complex cultural contexts. SCRIBE serves as both a practical tool and a call to broaden the epistemological and methodological boundaries of review science within human biology and related fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.70133","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144927597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Is a Spectrum: The Biological Limits of the Binary. By Agustín Fuentes, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2025. pp. 216. $24.95 (cloth, ebook). ISBN: 978-0-69-124941-4","authors":"Elizabeth A. Holdsworth","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70136","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body Composition and Geographical Altitude in Newborns From the Province of Jujuy (Argentina)","authors":"Jorge I. Martínez,&nbsp;Marcelo I. Figueroa,&nbsp;Lautaro D. Andrade,&nbsp;Carlos Grandi,&nbsp;José E. Dipierri","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70130","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Knowledge of neonatal body composition in high-altitude populations is insufficient. To estimate Fat Mass (FM), Fat Free Mass (FFM), and Body Fat percentage (BF%) in Jujuy newborns (NB) using the weight/length (W/L) ratio and its relationship with maternal, fetal, and environmental characteristics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were obtained from 47 598 mother/child pairs recorded in the Jujuy Perinatal Information System (SIP) between 2009 and 2014, including NB and maternal weight, length/height, gestational and maternal age, educational, nutritional, and marital status; birth interval; maternal surname, and planned pregnancy. The prevalence of unsatisfied basic needs (% UBN) was determined based on the mother's place of residence. The data were divided into two groups: highlands (HL &gt; 2500 masl) and lowlands (LL &lt; 2500 masl). W/L, FM, FFM, and BF% centiles were calculated using GAMLSS LMS in R and compared with INTERGROWTH-21st. ANOVA and Chi-squared tests were applied as needed. Statistical associations between the response variables FM, FFM, and BF% and maternal and environmental variables were tested using GAMM.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>FM and BF% were significantly higher in females and in LL, while the opposite was true for FFM. The three indicators differed according to maternal nutritional status and age, parity, pregnancy planning, prematurity, birth size, geographical altitude, surnames, and UBN. GAMM showed that gestational age, sex, birth size, UBN, and surnames are associated with FM, FFM, and BF% at both altitudinal levels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The body composition of Jujuy NB varies with geographical altitude, NB characteristics, ethnicity, and socioeconomic conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twenty Years Later: Growth Rates and Life Histories in Twenty-Two Small-Scale Societies","authors":"K. L. Kramer","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70122","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This commentary on <i>Growth Rates and Life Histories in Twenty-Two Small-Scale Societies</i> overviews the original publication and its contributions, and reviews advances in the field of human growth and development since its publication.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-Varying Patterns of Total Cholesterol by Modifiable Lifestyle Factors Across Mid to Late Adulthood: Applying Time-Varying Effect Modeling","authors":"Jiwon Song,&nbsp;Heontae Kim,&nbsp;Seungbak Lee,&nbsp;Joshua L. Keller,&nbsp;Myungjin Jung","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70132","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Total cholesterol is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, yet little is known about how its age-related trajectory differs by lifestyle factors across adulthood.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed data from 8758 adults aged 40–80 years using NHANES from 2011 to 2020. Total cholesterol was measured via enzymatic analysis of serum samples. Physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, with participants classified as meeting or not meeting physical activity guidelines (≥ 150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous activity). Weight status was determined by body mass index (BMI), categorized as healthy BMI (18.5–24.9 kg/m²) or overweight BMI (≥ 25.0 kg/m²). Time-varying effect modeling (TVEM) was used to estimate total cholesterol across age, stratified by physical activity and BMI category.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>TVEM indicated that there were no significant differences in total cholesterol levels between physical activity groups across age. In contrast, individuals with an overweight BMI had higher total cholesterol levels than those with a normal BMI, with significant differences observed between ages 63 and 69.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings highlight late midlife as a turning point when excess body weight may exert a stronger influence on cholesterol regulation. Age-specific approaches to weight management may enhance cardiovascular disease prevention efforts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}