Piotr Fedurek, Dariusz Danel, Athena Aktipis, J. Colette Berbesque, Lee Cronk, E. Jerryson Makambi, Julia Lehmann, Ibrahim Mabulla, Slawomir Koziel
In recent years there has been much interest in investigating the extent to which social status or prestige are related to an individual's degree of integration in social networks. It has been shown that, among hunter-gatherers, social characteristics of an individual based on social status or prestige, such foraging reputation, friendship popularity, and pro-social reputation, can influence the extent to which an individual is embedded in a social network. However, little is known regarding the extent to which height, a physical trait that in Western societies is often associated with social status, is associated in integration in social networks among small-scale hunter gatherers. Here, we investigated the relationship between height and a position an individual occupies in proximity networks among Hadza men (n = 30), hunter-gatherers living in Northern Tanzania. The results of our study show that height is not related to the position an individual maintains in proximity networks. We argue that, in a relatively egalitarian small-scale hunter-gatherer societies such as the Hadza, social interactions driving proximity networks might be influenced by social traits, such as popularity and hunting reputation, rather than physical traits, such as height.
{"title":"Height and integration in proximity networks among Tanzanian Hadza men","authors":"Piotr Fedurek, Dariusz Danel, Athena Aktipis, J. Colette Berbesque, Lee Cronk, E. Jerryson Makambi, Julia Lehmann, Ibrahim Mabulla, Slawomir Koziel","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24129","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24129","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years there has been much interest in investigating the extent to which social status or prestige are related to an individual's degree of integration in social networks. It has been shown that, among hunter-gatherers, social characteristics of an individual based on social status or prestige, such foraging reputation, friendship popularity, and pro-social reputation, can influence the extent to which an individual is embedded in a social network. However, little is known regarding the extent to which height, a physical trait that in Western societies is often associated with social status, is associated in integration in social networks among small-scale hunter gatherers. Here, we investigated the relationship between height and a position an individual occupies in proximity networks among Hadza men (<i>n</i> = 30), hunter-gatherers living in Northern Tanzania. The results of our study show that height is not related to the position an individual maintains in proximity networks. We argue that, in a relatively egalitarian small-scale hunter-gatherer societies such as the Hadza, social interactions driving proximity networks might be influenced by social traits, such as popularity and hunting reputation, rather than physical traits, such as height.</p>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24129","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141535876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grandmothers vary in their contributions to grandchildren based on their relatedness and the sex of the child. Maternal grandmothers decrease grandchildren's risk of mortality and increase grandchildren's health more significantly than paternal grandmothers, but limited evidence suggests that paternal grandmothers may invest more in female than male grandchildren.
Aims
In this study, I test whether contact frequency between grandmothers and grandchildren is influenced by their relatedness (maternal vs paternal) or the sex of the child. This research was carried out in Ukraine because it is neither matrilocal nor patrilocal, and Ukrainian grandmothers are known to provide a high rate of childcare.
Methods
This study included interviews with 60 grandmothers that asked about contact frequency with grandchildren, relatedness (maternal or paternal), and contact frequency between the grandchild and the other grandmother. A dataset generated for each grandchild (n = 128) included sex, age, and contact frequency with both maternal and paternal grandmothers. Linear mixed models were fit to the data to explore the relationship between grandmother relatedness and contact frequency.
Results
On average, maternal grandmothers saw their grandchildren 173.8 days/year, while paternal grandmothers saw their grandchildren 87.5 days/year (p < 0.001). The sex of the child was not a significant factor in determining contact frequency.
Conclusion
In Ukraine, maternal grandmothers have more frequent contact with their grandchildren. This finding supports the idea that grandmaternal investment is an evolutionarily adaptive strategy. However, the bias towards maternal grandmothers may also be explained by a post-socialist cultural context, which necessitates grandmaternal care.
{"title":"Variation in grandmaternal investment in Ukraine","authors":"Sofiya Shreyer","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24128","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24128","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grandmothers vary in their contributions to grandchildren based on their relatedness and the sex of the child. Maternal grandmothers decrease grandchildren's risk of mortality and increase grandchildren's health more significantly than paternal grandmothers, but limited evidence suggests that paternal grandmothers may invest more in female than male grandchildren.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, I test whether contact frequency between grandmothers and grandchildren is influenced by their relatedness (maternal vs paternal) or the sex of the child. This research was carried out in Ukraine because it is neither matrilocal nor patrilocal, and Ukrainian grandmothers are known to provide a high rate of childcare.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study included interviews with 60 grandmothers that asked about contact frequency with grandchildren, relatedness (maternal or paternal), and contact frequency between the grandchild and the other grandmother. A dataset generated for each grandchild (<i>n</i> = 128) included sex, age, and contact frequency with both maternal and paternal grandmothers. Linear mixed models were fit to the data to explore the relationship between grandmother relatedness and contact frequency.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>On average, maternal grandmothers saw their grandchildren 173.8 days/year, while paternal grandmothers saw their grandchildren 87.5 days/year (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The sex of the child was not a significant factor in determining contact frequency.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In Ukraine, maternal grandmothers have more frequent contact with their grandchildren. This finding supports the idea that grandmaternal investment is an evolutionarily adaptive strategy. However, the bias towards maternal grandmothers may also be explained by a post-socialist cultural context, which necessitates grandmaternal care.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141499614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Josyf C. Mychaleckyj, Cornelius Normeshie, Keith L. Keene, Fern R. Hauck
Organ weights are a possible diagnostic or pathophysiological clue to distinguishing sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cases from other infant deaths but suffer from major confounding. Using autopsy data from the Chicago Infant Mortality Study, a majority African-American case–control study of deceased infants under 1 year conducted 1993–96, we assessed differences in the weights of brain, thymus, kidneys, lungs, liver, spleen, total body, and four length anthropometry measures in SIDS-diagnosed infants compared to controls. Using exact and coarsened matching, we ran Bayesian linear models with these anthropometry outcomes and repeated the analyses substituting the corresponding fitted allometrically-scaled organ weight indices to account for body size. After detailed analysis and adjustment for potential confounders, we found that matched SIDS infants were generally bigger than controls, with higher mean brain, liver, spleen, thymus, lung, and total body weights, and higher mean head and chest circumference, crown-heel, crown-rump lengths. SIDS infants also had higher mean thymus, liver, spleen, lung and total body weight indices. The association with thymus weight was proportionately greater in magnitude than any other outcome measure and independent of body size. The results of these more detailed analyses are consistent with recent findings from other studies with differing racial compositions, and substantially confirm the primary organ sites for more detailed mechanistic research into the biological dysregulation contributing to underlying pathophysiology of SIDS.
{"title":"Organ weights and length anthropometry measures at autopsy for sudden infant death syndrome cases and other infant deaths in the Chicago infant mortality study","authors":"Josyf C. Mychaleckyj, Cornelius Normeshie, Keith L. Keene, Fern R. Hauck","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24126","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24126","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organ weights are a possible diagnostic or pathophysiological clue to distinguishing sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cases from other infant deaths but suffer from major confounding. Using autopsy data from the Chicago Infant Mortality Study, a majority African-American case–control study of deceased infants under 1 year conducted 1993–96, we assessed differences in the weights of brain, thymus, kidneys, lungs, liver, spleen, total body, and four length anthropometry measures in SIDS-diagnosed infants compared to controls. Using exact and coarsened matching, we ran Bayesian linear models with these anthropometry outcomes and repeated the analyses substituting the corresponding fitted allometrically-scaled organ weight indices to account for body size. After detailed analysis and adjustment for potential confounders, we found that matched SIDS infants were generally bigger than controls, with higher mean brain, liver, spleen, thymus, lung, and total body weights, and higher mean head and chest circumference, crown-heel, crown-rump lengths. SIDS infants also had higher mean thymus, liver, spleen, lung and total body weight indices. The association with thymus weight was proportionately greater in magnitude than any other outcome measure and independent of body size. The results of these more detailed analyses are consistent with recent findings from other studies with differing racial compositions, and substantially confirm the primary organ sites for more detailed mechanistic research into the biological dysregulation contributing to underlying pathophysiology of SIDS.</p>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141494156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zaneta M. Thayer, Katherine L. Nemeth, Jade A. Beauregard, Theresa E. Gildner
Objectives
Cortisol is an important metabolic hormone that regulates multiple physiologic systems. Cortisol metabolism is sensitive to early life environments, including that experienced prenatally. Limited research has evaluated factors that predict variation in maternal and offspring toddler hair cortisol, which is important since hair cortisol represents different dynamics of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA)-axis function than more common salivary or serum measures.
Methods
To address this gap, we longitudinally evaluated whether maternal depression measured in pregnancy and 1 month postnatal was associated with maternal and offspring hair cortisol levels approximately 15 months after birth (n = 46 mothers, 40 toddlers; mean 15.6 months postnatal, SD = 2.9 months).
Results
Mean depression symptoms were highest during the prenatal period. Prenatal, but not postnatal, maternal depression was associated with offspring hair cortisol levels (B = 0.095, p = .01). Maternal hair cortisol was not associated with depression measured at either time point.
Conclusions
These findings indicate that offspring hair cortisol more than a year after birth is associated with maternal prenatal depression, consistent with previous research in salivary cortisol, suggesting that long-term offspring stress physiology may be influenced by conditions experienced in utero. These findings highlight the potential for hair cortisol—a minimally invasive and easy-to-collect measure— to index toddler HPA-axis dynamics.
{"title":"Toddler hair cortisol levels are associated with maternal prenatal depression","authors":"Zaneta M. Thayer, Katherine L. Nemeth, Jade A. Beauregard, Theresa E. Gildner","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24127","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24127","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cortisol is an important metabolic hormone that regulates multiple physiologic systems. Cortisol metabolism is sensitive to early life environments, including that experienced prenatally. Limited research has evaluated factors that predict variation in maternal and offspring toddler hair cortisol, which is important since hair cortisol represents different dynamics of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA)-axis function than more common salivary or serum measures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To address this gap, we longitudinally evaluated whether maternal depression measured in pregnancy and 1 month postnatal was associated with maternal and offspring hair cortisol levels approximately 15 months after birth (<i>n</i> = 46 mothers, 40 toddlers; mean 15.6 months postnatal, SD = 2.9 months).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mean depression symptoms were highest during the prenatal period. Prenatal, but not postnatal, maternal depression was associated with offspring hair cortisol levels (<i>B</i> = 0.095, <i>p</i> = .01). Maternal hair cortisol was not associated with depression measured at either time point.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings indicate that offspring hair cortisol more than a year after birth is associated with maternal prenatal depression, consistent with previous research in salivary cortisol, suggesting that long-term offspring stress physiology may be influenced by conditions experienced in utero. These findings highlight the potential for hair cortisol—a minimally invasive and easy-to-collect measure— to index toddler HPA-axis dynamics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141472226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eric E Griffith, Paul A Robbins, Bethlehem T Ferede, Keisha L Bentley-Edwards
Introduction: Black people had the highest prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) of any racial/ethnic group in the United States (US) as of 2020. As racial disparities in the prevalence of ADRD are being investigated, more evidence is necessary to determine the pathways and mechanisms that either slow ADRD progression or improve quality of life for those affected. Religion/spirituality (R/S) has been shown to affect health outcomes but has rarely been studied as a possible pathway for reducing ADRD risk. Crucially, Black people also report higher levels of R/S than other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. This research asks if R/S affects ADRD risk among Black adults and if any effects persist after controlling for hypertension.
Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis drawing from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative longitudinal dataset with an oversampling of Black adults.
Results: We used logistic regression analysis to demonstrate how R/S has an ameliorating impact on ADRD risk among Black people, even after controlling for hypertension. Those who never attended religious services had 2.37 higher odds of being diagnosed with ADRD than those who attended more than once a week. Further, as R/S attendance increased, ADRD risk decreased linearly.
Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the importance that existing cultural networks (e.g., R/S) can have for reducing ADRD burden for Black people and has important implications for the role of R/S in shaping ADRD symptomatology.
{"title":"Religious participation is associated with fewer dementia diagnoses among Black people in the United States.","authors":"Eric E Griffith, Paul A Robbins, Bethlehem T Ferede, Keisha L Bentley-Edwards","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.24125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Black people had the highest prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) of any racial/ethnic group in the United States (US) as of 2020. As racial disparities in the prevalence of ADRD are being investigated, more evidence is necessary to determine the pathways and mechanisms that either slow ADRD progression or improve quality of life for those affected. Religion/spirituality (R/S) has been shown to affect health outcomes but has rarely been studied as a possible pathway for reducing ADRD risk. Crucially, Black people also report higher levels of R/S than other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. This research asks if R/S affects ADRD risk among Black adults and if any effects persist after controlling for hypertension.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a secondary data analysis drawing from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative longitudinal dataset with an oversampling of Black adults.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We used logistic regression analysis to demonstrate how R/S has an ameliorating impact on ADRD risk among Black people, even after controlling for hypertension. Those who never attended religious services had 2.37 higher odds of being diagnosed with ADRD than those who attended more than once a week. Further, as R/S attendance increased, ADRD risk decreased linearly.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings demonstrate the importance that existing cultural networks (e.g., R/S) can have for reducing ADRD burden for Black people and has important implications for the role of R/S in shaping ADRD symptomatology.</p>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":" ","pages":"e24125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141472314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francisco D. Gurri, Wilma Ruiz-García, Mirna I. Vallejo-Nieto, Dolores O. Molina-Rosales
Introduction
Development policies have aimed to substitute subsistence agriculture for cash crops or other cash generating activities to encourage local farmers to depend on store-bought groceries available year-round instead of seasonal subsistence crops. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that increased dependence on store bought foods has decreased seasonal changes in nutritional status and fat mass in Maya Children from Yucatan, Mexico.
Methods
Weight for age (W/A), body mass index (BMI), and tricipital Skinfold z scores in children under the age of 10 years from 14 Maya rural towns with different degrees of development were compared longitudinally between scarcity and abundance seasons using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Height for age (H/A) z scores were also estimated.
Results
Origin of food consumed corresponded to the town's degree of development. Nutritional status (W/Az) and adiposity, BMI, and tricipital z scores were significantly lower during the scarcity season in every community. W/Az, tricipital skinfold z, and H/Az scores were significantly higher in developed than in traditional towns, yet in both types of town W/Az and H/Az scores were below the WHO standard mean. Tricipital skinfold z score was only below the WHO standard amongst traditional towns during the scarcity season.
Conclusions
Increased dependence on store foods failed to eliminate significant losses in body fat during the scarcity season. This failure may be affecting linear growth and promoting a thrifty phenotype that is seen in short and stocky individuals with a tendency to accumulate fat during abundance seasons.
导言：发展政策的目的是用经济作物或其他创造现金的活动取代自给农业，鼓励当地农民依赖全年供应的商店购买食品，而不是季节性的自给作物。在本文中，我们检验了这样一个假设，即对商店购买食品依赖性的增加减少了墨西哥尤卡坦玛雅儿童营养状况和脂肪量的季节性变化：方法：采用重复测量方差分析方法，纵向比较了 14 个发展程度不同的玛雅农村城镇 10 岁以下儿童的年龄体重（W/A）、体重指数（BMI）和三趾皮褶 z 分数。同时还估算了年龄身高（H/A）z 值：结果：所消费食物的来源与城镇的发展程度相对应。营养状况（W/Az）、脂肪含量、体重指数和三围 z 值在每个社区的稀缺季节都明显较低。发达城镇的 W/Az、三足皮褶 z 和 H/Az 分数明显高于传统城镇，但两类城镇的 W/Az 和 H/Az 分数均低于世界卫生组织的标准平均值。在传统城镇中，只有在食物匮乏的季节，三眶皮褶 z 值才低于世界卫生组织的标准：结论：在缺粮季节，对储存食物依赖的增加未能消除身体脂肪的显著损失。这种情况可能会影响线性生长，并助长矮胖个体的节俭表型，而这种表型在丰收季节容易积累脂肪。
{"title":"Seasonal changes in body composition in children from Maya agriculturalists in central Yucatán, Mexico","authors":"Francisco D. Gurri, Wilma Ruiz-García, Mirna I. Vallejo-Nieto, Dolores O. Molina-Rosales","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24121","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24121","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Development policies have aimed to substitute subsistence agriculture for cash crops or other cash generating activities to encourage local farmers to depend on store-bought groceries available year-round instead of seasonal subsistence crops. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that increased dependence on store bought foods has decreased seasonal changes in nutritional status and fat mass in Maya Children from Yucatan, Mexico.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Weight for age (W/A), body mass index (BMI), and tricipital Skinfold <i>z</i> scores in children under the age of 10 years from 14 Maya rural towns with different degrees of development were compared longitudinally between scarcity and abundance seasons using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Height for age (H/A) <i>z</i> scores were also estimated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Origin of food consumed corresponded to the town's degree of development. Nutritional status (W/Az) and adiposity, BMI, and tricipital <i>z</i> scores were significantly lower during the scarcity season in every community. W/Az, tricipital skinfold <i>z</i>, and H/Az scores were significantly higher in developed than in traditional towns, yet in both types of town W/Az and H/Az scores were below the WHO standard mean. Tricipital skinfold <i>z</i> score was only below the WHO standard amongst traditional towns during the scarcity season.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Increased dependence on store foods failed to eliminate significant losses in body fat during the scarcity season. This failure may be affecting linear growth and promoting a thrifty phenotype that is seen in short and stocky individuals with a tendency to accumulate fat during abundance seasons.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141472315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Masako Fujita, Ananyaa Asthana, George Wamwere-Njoroge
Objectives
The United Nations recommends that women consume ≥5 food groups, also known as the minimum dietary diversity score for women (MDD-W), for nutritional health. This is increasingly unattainable for populations in climate hot zones coping with food insecurity by prioritizing calories over dietary breadth. Breastfeeding mothers may be particularly vulnerable to adverse health impacts of low dietary diversity due to elevated nutritional requirements for lactation. We investigated how the protective effects of MDD-W for folate adequacy varies by MDD-W score and mother–infant life history characteristics.
Methods
We conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from breastfeeding mothers (n = 228) in northern Kenya, surveyed during the 2006 Horn-of-Africa drought. Logistic regression models for adequate dietary folate (and vitamins B12 and B6) and normal homocysteine (folate-replete status) evaluated the effect of MDD-W alone and in interaction with infant/maternal characteristics.
Results
MDD-W (as ordinal or dichotomous variable) was positively associated with adequate folate (and vitamin B12). Having male infant was inversely associated with adequate dietary folate. MDD-W was generally unassociated with homocysteine. However, there was an interaction between MDD-W and sex of the infant. Namely, MDD-W ≥ 3 predicted increased probability of normal homocysteine among mothers with female infants but not male infants.
Conclusions
Diets consisting of three or more food groups may protect adequate folate intake for many breastfeeding mothers. More research is needed to establish what level of dietary diversity would protect against hyperhomocysteinemia during breastfeeding and what factors promote or hinder the benefit of diversified diets on maternal folate nutrition.
{"title":"Protective effects of diversified diets for dietary folate adequacy and serum homocysteine in breastfeeding mothers amid historic drought","authors":"Masako Fujita, Ananyaa Asthana, George Wamwere-Njoroge","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24122","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24122","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The United Nations recommends that women consume ≥5 food groups, also known as the minimum dietary diversity score for women (MDD-W), for nutritional health. This is increasingly unattainable for populations in climate hot zones coping with food insecurity by prioritizing calories over dietary breadth. Breastfeeding mothers may be particularly vulnerable to adverse health impacts of low dietary diversity due to elevated nutritional requirements for lactation. We investigated how the protective effects of MDD-W for folate adequacy varies by MDD-W score and mother–infant life history characteristics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from breastfeeding mothers (<i>n</i> = 228) in northern Kenya, surveyed during the 2006 Horn-of-Africa drought. Logistic regression models for adequate dietary folate (and vitamins B12 and B6) and normal homocysteine (folate-replete status) evaluated the effect of MDD-W alone and in interaction with infant/maternal characteristics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>MDD-W (as ordinal or dichotomous variable) was positively associated with adequate folate (and vitamin B12). Having male infant was inversely associated with adequate dietary folate. MDD-W was generally unassociated with homocysteine. However, there was an interaction between MDD-W and sex of the infant. Namely, MDD-W ≥ 3 predicted increased probability of normal homocysteine among mothers with female infants but not male infants.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Diets consisting of three or more food groups may protect adequate folate intake for many breastfeeding mothers. More research is needed to establish what level of dietary diversity would protect against hyperhomocysteinemia during breastfeeding and what factors promote or hinder the benefit of diversified diets on maternal folate nutrition.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141460600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>In this special issue of the <i>American Journal of Human Biology</i>, Guest Editors Sara Pereira, José Maia, and Peter Katzmarzyk, along with their research collaborators, summarize the initial findings from the REACT Project (“Return-to-Action after the COVID-19 Pandemic”). The REACT Project is a longitudinal study of growth, motor development, and health behaviors carried out among school children ages 6–10 years from Matosinhos, northern Portugal. The primary objectives of this research were to: (1) evaluate children's growth and motor development following the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) track the developmental trajectories of fundamental movement skills (FMS) using a novel technology, the <i>Meu Educativo®</i> app, in their physical education classes.</p><p>This is the first special issue of the <i>AJHB</i> to provide findings from a single, pandemic-initiated research project. The eight papers in this issue offer an example of the impressive work being done by human biologists to explore the short and longer-term influences of the pandemic on human health and well-being. The REACT Project's focus on evaluating and promoting healthy patterns of physical growth, activity, and motor development in the wake of the pandemic is particularly salient given the importance of these early-life factors for shaping adult health outcomes and disease risks.</p><p>Sara Pereira et al. (<span>2024b</span>) open this special issue by providing an overview of the objectives, research design, and methodologies used in the REACT study. The thoughtful and rigorous protocol for the study is allowing the researchers to explore the influence of diverse family, school, and neighborhood factors in shaping children's physical growth, movement skills, fitness, and health behaviors. Such rich insights offer to provide valuable information to both parents and educators on how to effectively promote physical activity and healthy growth and development among school-aged children.</p><p>Papers by Donald Hedeker et al. (<span>2024</span>) and Fernando Garbeloto et al. (<span>2024b</span>) highlight the novel analytic and statistical approaches employed in the REACT research project. Hedeker and colleagues offer a detailed and accessible discussion of the utility of multilevel ordinal logistic models for evaluating longitudinal changes in motor development. Garbeloto and colleagues document the utility and reliability of the <i>Meu Educativo®</i> application for assessing children's FMS levels. This paper showcases how this new tool can be effectively used by researchers, educators, and coaches interested in evaluating patterns of motor development during childhood.</p><p>Papers by Sara Pereira et al. (<span>2024a</span>) and José Maia et al. (<span>2024</span>) employ multivariate, multilevel approaches to explore the influence of both individual and school factors in shaping children's body mass indexes (BMI), fitness levels, and motor performance. Pereira and colleagues
{"title":"Assessing Children's Growth and Motor Development after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights from the REACT Project","authors":"William R. Leonard","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24123","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24123","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this special issue of the <i>American Journal of Human Biology</i>, Guest Editors Sara Pereira, José Maia, and Peter Katzmarzyk, along with their research collaborators, summarize the initial findings from the REACT Project (“Return-to-Action after the COVID-19 Pandemic”). The REACT Project is a longitudinal study of growth, motor development, and health behaviors carried out among school children ages 6–10 years from Matosinhos, northern Portugal. The primary objectives of this research were to: (1) evaluate children's growth and motor development following the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) track the developmental trajectories of fundamental movement skills (FMS) using a novel technology, the <i>Meu Educativo®</i> app, in their physical education classes.</p><p>This is the first special issue of the <i>AJHB</i> to provide findings from a single, pandemic-initiated research project. The eight papers in this issue offer an example of the impressive work being done by human biologists to explore the short and longer-term influences of the pandemic on human health and well-being. The REACT Project's focus on evaluating and promoting healthy patterns of physical growth, activity, and motor development in the wake of the pandemic is particularly salient given the importance of these early-life factors for shaping adult health outcomes and disease risks.</p><p>Sara Pereira et al. (<span>2024b</span>) open this special issue by providing an overview of the objectives, research design, and methodologies used in the REACT study. The thoughtful and rigorous protocol for the study is allowing the researchers to explore the influence of diverse family, school, and neighborhood factors in shaping children's physical growth, movement skills, fitness, and health behaviors. Such rich insights offer to provide valuable information to both parents and educators on how to effectively promote physical activity and healthy growth and development among school-aged children.</p><p>Papers by Donald Hedeker et al. (<span>2024</span>) and Fernando Garbeloto et al. (<span>2024b</span>) highlight the novel analytic and statistical approaches employed in the REACT research project. Hedeker and colleagues offer a detailed and accessible discussion of the utility of multilevel ordinal logistic models for evaluating longitudinal changes in motor development. Garbeloto and colleagues document the utility and reliability of the <i>Meu Educativo®</i> application for assessing children's FMS levels. This paper showcases how this new tool can be effectively used by researchers, educators, and coaches interested in evaluating patterns of motor development during childhood.</p><p>Papers by Sara Pereira et al. (<span>2024a</span>) and José Maia et al. (<span>2024</span>) employ multivariate, multilevel approaches to explore the influence of both individual and school factors in shaping children's body mass indexes (BMI), fitness levels, and motor performance. Pereira and colleagues ","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141507594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leonardo Gomes de Oliveira Luz, Danilo Rodrigues Pereira da Silva, Rafael dos Santos Henrique, Bruno Barbosa Giudicelli, Manuel João Coelho e Silva
Background
The association between indicators of maturation and measures of physical fitness are not well correlated and vary according to chronological age, sex, body size, and motor characteristics. It is known that chronological age, maturation, and fat mass are significant predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness in girls, however, the contributions of fat mass to the relationship between maturation and endurance performance are still unclear.
Objective
The current study aimed to examine whether the association between somatic maturation and running performance in the 20-m shuttle-run in girls is mediated by estimated fat mass.
Methods
The sample comprised 67 girls, aged 8.00–8.99 years. Stature, body mass, and skinfolds were measured. Estimates of body composition and predicted mature stature (PMS) were then calculated. Current stature was expressed as a percentage of PMS and somatic maturation was given by z-scores of the percentage of PMS. Mediation analysis was performed using the bias-corrected bootstrap approach with 5000 resamples in order to obtain estimates of total, direct, and indirect effects of z-scores of the percentage of PMS on 20-m shuttle-run performance mediated by fat mass.
Results
The results show that fat mass mediated the negative effect of biological maturation on 20-m shuttle-run performance in the observed sample of prepubescent girls (Indirect effect: β = −0.177, 95%CI: −0.291 to −0.059).
Conclusion
Although the participants were prepubescent girls, poorer aerobic running performance appeared to be partly due to increased levels of fat mass.
{"title":"Biological maturation, fat mass and cardiorespiratory fitness in prepubescent girls: A mediation analysis","authors":"Leonardo Gomes de Oliveira Luz, Danilo Rodrigues Pereira da Silva, Rafael dos Santos Henrique, Bruno Barbosa Giudicelli, Manuel João Coelho e Silva","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24120","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24120","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The association between indicators of maturation and measures of physical fitness are not well correlated and vary according to chronological age, sex, body size, and motor characteristics. It is known that chronological age, maturation, and fat mass are significant predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness in girls, however, the contributions of fat mass to the relationship between maturation and endurance performance are still unclear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current study aimed to examine whether the association between somatic maturation and running performance in the 20-m shuttle-run in girls is mediated by estimated fat mass.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The sample comprised 67 girls, aged 8.00–8.99 years. Stature, body mass, and skinfolds were measured. Estimates of body composition and predicted mature stature (PMS) were then calculated. Current stature was expressed as a percentage of PMS and somatic maturation was given by z-scores of the percentage of PMS. Mediation analysis was performed using the bias-corrected bootstrap approach with 5000 resamples in order to obtain estimates of total, direct, and indirect effects of z-scores of the percentage of PMS on 20-m shuttle-run performance mediated by fat mass.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results show that fat mass mediated the negative effect of biological maturation on 20-m shuttle-run performance in the observed sample of prepubescent girls (Indirect effect: β = −0.177, 95%CI: −0.291 to −0.059).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although the participants were prepubescent girls, poorer aerobic running performance appeared to be partly due to increased levels of fat mass.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141428178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div> <section> <h3> Objectives</h3> <p>Human mortality is U-shaped and, therefore, defines an age <span></span><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mo>*</mo> </msup> </mrow></math> separating lives with an overall negative net change in mortality from lives with an overall positive net change in mortality. How has age <span></span><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mo>*</mo> </msup> </mrow></math> changed, also relatively to life expectancy, over recent human history? And how does <span></span><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mo>*</mo> </msup> </mrow></math> compare between humans and other primates, the mortality of which is also U-shaped?</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>Modeling data from the Human Mortality Database, the historical change of <span></span><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mo>*</mo> </msup> </mrow></math> in advanced economies is reported and compared with that of primates in wild and captive conditions the demography of which was already modeled in the literature.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>In humans, a marked decline in <span></span><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mo>*</mo> </msup> </mrow></math> for both sexes, also relatively to their life expectancy, is associated with medical and economic progress. Comparing wild with captive conditions in nonhuman primates, magnitude, and direction of the change in <span></span><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mo>*</mo> </msup> </mrow></math>, both relatively to life expectancy and absolutely, can depend on genus and sex.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>With medical and economic progress, human lives have transitioned from a negative to a positive net change in mortality independently of sex. There
目标：人类死亡率呈 U 型，因此，定义了一个年龄 x * $$ {x}^{ast }$ ，将总体死亡率净变化为负值的生命与总体死亡率净变化为正值的生命区分开来。$$ 将死亡率净变化总体为负数的生命与死亡率净变化总体为正数的生命区分开来。年龄 x * $$ {x}^{ast }$ 是如何变化的？在人类近代史上，相对于预期寿命而言，年龄 x * $$ {x}^{ast }$ 是如何变化的？在人类和其他灵长类动物之间，x * $$ {x}^{ast }$ 又是如何变化的呢？人类与其他灵长类动物（其死亡率也呈 U 型）之间的比较如何？通过模拟人类死亡率数据库的数据，报告了发达经济体中 x * $$ {x}^{ast }$ 的历史变化。$$ 报告了发达经济体中 x * $$ {x}^{ast }$ 的历史变化，并将其与野生和圈养灵长类动物的变化进行了比较：结果：在人类中，x * $$ {x}^{ast }$ 的显著下降。$$ 也相对于他们的预期寿命而言，与医疗和经济进步有关。比较非人灵长类动物的野生环境和圈养环境，x * $$ {x}^{ast }$ 的变化幅度和方向，都与预期寿命有关。$$，无论是相对于预期寿命还是绝对值，都取决于属种和性别：结论：随着医学和经济的进步，人类的死亡率已从负的净变化过渡到正的净变化，而与性别无关。目前还没有证据表明，当其他灵长类动物所处的环境变得更加有利时，它们也会发生类似的转变。
{"title":"Grace period of human mortality has declined for over a century","authors":"Stefano Giaimo","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24117","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24117","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Human mortality is U-shaped and, therefore, defines an age <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>x</mi>\u0000 <mo>*</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow></math> separating lives with an overall negative net change in mortality from lives with an overall positive net change in mortality. How has age <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>x</mi>\u0000 <mo>*</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow></math> changed, also relatively to life expectancy, over recent human history? And how does <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>x</mi>\u0000 <mo>*</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow></math> compare between humans and other primates, the mortality of which is also U-shaped?</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Modeling data from the Human Mortality Database, the historical change of <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>x</mi>\u0000 <mo>*</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow></math> in advanced economies is reported and compared with that of primates in wild and captive conditions the demography of which was already modeled in the literature.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In humans, a marked decline in <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>x</mi>\u0000 <mo>*</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow></math> for both sexes, also relatively to their life expectancy, is associated with medical and economic progress. Comparing wild with captive conditions in nonhuman primates, magnitude, and direction of the change in <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>x</mi>\u0000 <mo>*</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow></math>, both relatively to life expectancy and absolutely, can depend on genus and sex.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>With medical and economic progress, human lives have transitioned from a negative to a positive net change in mortality independently of sex. There","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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