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Deconstructing the sex gap in child undernutrition in India: Are Indian boys at elevated risk of anthropometric failure than the girls? 解构印度儿童营养不良的性别差距：印度男孩人体测量不合格的风险比女孩高吗？
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
American Journal of Human Biology
Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24092
Pritam Ghosh

Backgrounds & Objectives

The privileging of boys in immunization coverage, breastfeeding, and other child care practices in Indian patriarchal society raises questions about whether there are sex differences in the prevalence of undernutrition among children. This study evaluates the sex gap in the prevalence of Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) among Indian children from 2015–16 to 2019–21. Additionally, it seeks to identify the sex-specific determinants and persistent sex gap at national and subnational levels (social, economic, religious, and geopolitical regions) in anthropometric failure among the children from 2015–16 to 2019–21.

Materials and Methods

The study utilizes the 4th (2015–16) and 5th (2019–21) rounds of the National Family Health Survey data. Logistic regression models and the Fairlie decomposition technique were employed to explore the persistent and significant sex gap in the prevalence of CIAF, as well as the sex-specific determinants of CIAF among children in 2015–16 and 2019–21.

Results

The study reveals a significant sex gap (approximately 4%-points), with boy's disadvantage in the prevalence of CIAF from 2015–16 to 2019–21 at both the national and subnational levels (social, religious, socioeconomic groups, and geopolitical regions). The gap is more pronounced in the first year of life and decreases in later stages. A comparatively faster CIAF decline among girls from 2016 to 2021 has widened the sex gap in final year than the previous. Child, mother, household, community, and geographic backgrounds explains about 5%–6% of the sex gap in the prevalence of CIAF from 2015–16 to 2019–21. The remaining 94%–95% of the unexplained sex gap may be attributed to biological factors or other factors. Currently, a heightened boy's disadvantage in CIAF risk is observed in ST community, wealthiest families, and the northern India.

Conclusion

The findings suggest a special attention for boys under 3 years to offset biological disadvantages like greater disease sensitivity and fragility compared to girls early on.

背景与目标：在印度的父权制社会中，男孩在免疫接种覆盖率、母乳喂养和其他儿童护理实践中享有特权，这引发了儿童营养不良患病率是否存在性别差异的问题。本研究评估了 2015-16 年至 2019-21 年印度儿童人体测量不合格综合指数（CIAF）患病率的性别差异。此外，该研究还试图确定 2015-16 年至 2019-21 年期间国家和次国家层面（社会、经济、宗教和地缘政治地区）儿童人体测量不合格的性别特定决定因素和持续存在的性别差距：研究利用了第四轮（2015-16 年）和第五轮（2019-21 年）全国家庭健康调查数据。采用逻辑回归模型和费尔利分解技术，探讨了2015-16年和2019-21年儿童CIAF患病率持续存在的显著性别差距，以及CIAF的性别特异性决定因素：研究显示，从 2015-16 年到 2019-21 年，在国家和次国家层面（社会、宗教、社会经济群体和地缘政治地区），CIAF 的流行率存在明显的性别差距（约 4%-点），男孩处于劣势。这种差距在孩子出生后的第一年更为明显，并在以后阶段逐渐缩小。从 2016 年到 2021 年，女童的 CIAF 下降速度相对较快，这使得最后一年的性别差距比前一年有所扩大。儿童、母亲、家庭、社区和地理背景解释了 2015-16 年至 2019-21 年 CIAF 患病率性别差异中约 5%-6%的原因。其余94%-95%无法解释的性别差距可能归因于生物因素或其他因素。目前，在ST社区、最富裕家庭和印度北部地区观察到，男孩在CIAF风险中处于更加不利的地位：结论：研究结果表明，应特别关注 3 岁以下的男孩，以尽早消除他们的生理劣势，如与女孩相比，男孩对疾病更敏感、更脆弱。
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引用次数: 0
Why religion and spirituality are important in human biological research. 为什么宗教和精神在人类生物学研究中很重要？
IF 2.9 4区 医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
American Journal of Human Biology
Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24106
Christopher D Lynn, Lawrence M Schell

The study of human biology includes exploration of all the genetic and environmental influences on human variation and life history, including impacts of sociocultural and physical environments. Religious practice and spirituality may be one of these influences. There are more than 5.8 billion religiously affiliated adults and children, accounting for 84% of the world's 6.9 billion people. Furthermore, 70% of Americans consider themselves spiritual in some way, including 22% who do not consider themselves religious, and the numbers for Europe are lower but proportionally similar. Such a high rate of religious affiliation and spiritual belief suggests that religion and spirituality could be sociocultural influences on human variation, but human biologists have scarcely attended to their impacts, as indicated by the limited numbers of relevant articles in the two flagship human biology journals. In this article, we discuss why human biologists may have overlooked this important force for human variability and highlight foundational work from human biology and other disciplines that can give our colleagues directions forward. We review the impacts of religion and spirituality at population and individual levels and call for human biologists to attend to the many aspects of religion and spirituality that can impact human biology and are much more than simply influences of denominational affiliation.

人类生物学研究包括探索遗传和环境对人类变异和生活史的所有影响，包括社会文化和自然环境的影响。宗教实践和精神信仰可能就是这些影响因素之一。全世界有宗教信仰的成年人和儿童超过 58 亿，占全球 69 亿人口的 84%。此外，70% 的美国人认为自己有某种精神信仰，其中 22% 的人认为自己没有宗教信仰。如此高的宗教归属和精神信仰率表明，宗教和精神信仰可能是影响人类变异的社会文化因素，但人类生物学家却很少关注它们的影响，两大人类生物学旗舰期刊上的相关文章数量有限就说明了这一点。在这篇文章中，我们将讨论人类生物学家为何会忽视这一影响人类变异的重要因素，并重点介绍人类生物学和其他学科的基础性工作，为我们的同行指明前进的方向。我们回顾了宗教和灵性在群体和个体层面的影响，呼吁人类生物学家关注宗教和灵性的诸多方面，它们可能会影响人类生物学，而不仅仅是教派归属的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The value of publicly engaged podcasting in human biology 公众参与播客在人类生物学中的价值。
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
American Journal of Human Biology
Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24105
Christopher D. Lynn, Courtney Manthey, Cara Ocobock

Podcasting about science may be popular, but does it motivate engagement? The Human Biology Association and American Journal of Human Biology (AJHB) cosponsor a podcast that highlights recent articles. We hypothesized that AJHB articles discussed on the podcast (n = 42) receive more online views than other articles from the same issues. We used Student's t-tests to compare mean article views and found podcasted articles received more views, but the difference was not significant. When extreme outliers were removed, podcasted articles had over twice the views of control articles (p = .04), indicating that journal-affiliated podcasting can increase science engagement.

有关科学的播客可能很受欢迎，但它能激发人们的参与热情吗？人类生物学协会和《美国人类生物学杂志》（AJHB）共同推出了一个播客，重点介绍近期发表的文章。我们假设播客中讨论的《美国人类生物学杂志》文章（n = 42）的在线浏览量要高于同一期刊中的其他文章。我们使用学生 t 检验来比较文章的平均浏览量，结果发现播客文章的浏览量更高，但差异并不显著。剔除极端异常值后，播客文章的浏览量是对照文章的两倍多（p = .04），这表明期刊附属播客可以提高科学参与度。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of perceived stress and motivation on telomere length among NCAA swimmers NCAA游泳运动员的压力感知和动力对端粒长度的影响。
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
American Journal of Human Biology
Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24091
Anamika Nanda, Alvin Logan, Robert L. Tennyson

Introduction

Telomere length (TL) shortening is associated with increased cellular senescence and functional decline with age. Regular physical activity is posited to safeguard against TL shortening, but there is disagreement on how concurrent psychosocial stress may influence this relationship. The current analysis explored whether psychosocial stress is associated with TL differences in highly physically active individuals.

Methods

TL was measured from capillary dried blood spots collected from Division-I (D-1) and Division-III (D-3) National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) swimmers (N = 28) and non-athlete students from the same schools (N = 15). All participants completed Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and student-athletes completed an additional questionnaire to assess psychosocial factors associated with their lifestyle; The Student Athletes' Motivation towards Sports and Academics Questionnaire (SAMSAQ). Semi-structured interviews further contextualized how student-athletes internalize their stress.

Results

There was no significant difference in TL or PSS scores between swimmers and controls. D-1 swimmers reported significantly higher career and student-athlete motivation scores compared to D-3, but non-significantly higher PSS and similar academic motivation scores. Themes from interviews with collegiate swimmers included COVID-19 stress, fear of injury, pressure from academics, expectations to perform, and financial pressures.

Conclusions

These themes may have contributed to higher PSS scores in D-1 swimmers compared to D-3 but did not appear to impact their TL. Given differences in perceived stress, sources of stress, and SAMSAQ scores, further analyses with larger sample sizes are needed to better understand how these factors influence human biology and health while engaged in intense physical activity.

引言端粒长度（TL）缩短与细胞衰老和功能衰退有关。人们认为经常参加体育锻炼可以防止端粒缩短，但对于同时存在的社会心理压力会如何影响这种关系还存在分歧。目前的分析探讨了社会心理压力是否与高运动量人群的 TL 差异有关：从美国国家大学生体育协会（NCAA）一级（D-1）和三级（D-3）游泳运动员（28 人）以及来自同一学校的非运动员学生（15 人）的毛细血管干血斑中测量 TL。所有参与者都填写了科恩感知压力量表（PSS），学生运动员还填写了一份额外的问卷，以评估与其生活方式相关的社会心理因素；学生运动员运动和学业动机问卷（SAMSAQ）。半结构式访谈进一步了解了学生运动员如何将压力内化：结果：游泳运动员和对照组在 TL 或 PSS 分数上没有明显差异。与 D-3 级相比，D-1 级游泳运动员的职业动机和学生运动员动机得分明显较高，但 PSS 和学业动机得分却无明显差异。与大学游泳运动员的访谈主题包括 COVID-19 压力、对受伤的恐惧、学业压力、对表现的期望以及经济压力：这些主题可能导致 D-1 级游泳运动员的 PSS 分数高于 D-3 级，但似乎并不影响他们的 TL。鉴于在感知压力、压力来源和 SAMSAQ 分数方面存在的差异，有必要进行样本量更大的进一步分析，以更好地了解这些因素如何在从事高强度体育活动时影响人体生物学和健康。
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引用次数: 0
Larger spleens and greater splenic contraction during exercise may be an adaptive characteristic of Nepali Sherpa at high-altitude 尼泊尔夏尔巴人脾脏较大，运动时脾脏收缩较强，这可能是他们在高海拔地区的一个适应性特征。
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
American Journal of Human Biology
Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24090
Tom D. Brutsaert, Taylor Shay Harman, Abigail W. Bigham, Anne Kalker, Kelsey C. Jorgensen, Kimberly T. Zhu, Bethany C. Steiner, Ella Hawkins, Trevor A. Day, Ajaya J. Kunwar, Nilam Thakur, Sunil Dhungel, Nima Sherpa, Pontus K. Holmström

Objectives

The Sherpa ethnic group living at altitude in Nepal may have experienced natural selection in response to chronic hypoxia. We have previously shown that Sherpa in Kathmandu (1400 m) possess larger spleens and a greater apnea-induced splenic contraction compared to lowland Nepalis. This may be significant for exercise capacity at altitude as the human spleen responds to stress-induced catecholamine secretion by an immediate contraction, which results in transiently elevated hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]).

Methods

To investigate splenic contraction in response to exercise at high-altitude (4300 m; Pb = ~450 Torr), we recruited 63 acclimatized Sherpa (29F) and 14 Nepali non-Sherpa (7F). Spleen volume was measured before and after maximal exercise on a cycle ergometer by ultrasonography, along with [Hb] and oxygen saturation (SpO2).

Results

Resting spleen volume was larger in the Sherpa compared with Nepali non-Sherpa (237 ± 62 vs. 165 ± 34 mL, p < .001), as was the exercise-induced splenic contraction (Δspleen volume, 91 ± 40 vs. 38 ± 32 mL, p < .001). From rest to exercise, [Hb] increased (1.2 to 1.4 g.dl−1), SpO2 decreased (~9%) and calculated arterial oxygen content (CaO2) remained stable, but there were no significant differences between groups. In Sherpa, both resting spleen volume and the Δspleen volume were modest positive predictors of the change (Δ) in [Hb] and CaO2 with exercise (p-values from .026 to .037 and R2 values from 0.059 to 0.067 for the predictor variable).

Conclusions

Larger spleens and greater splenic contraction may be an adaptive characteristic of Nepali Sherpa to increase CaO2 during exercise at altitude, but the direct link between spleen size/function and hypoxia tolerance remains unclear.

目的：生活在尼泊尔高海拔地区的夏尔巴人可能经历了应对长期缺氧的自然选择。我们以前的研究表明，与低地的尼泊尔人相比，加德满都（海拔 1400 米）的夏尔巴人拥有更大的脾脏和更强的呼吸暂停诱导脾脏收缩。这可能对高海拔地区的运动能力具有重要意义，因为人的脾脏会对压力诱导的儿茶酚胺分泌做出反应，立即收缩，从而导致血红蛋白浓度（[Hb]）短暂升高：为了研究在高海拔地区（4300 米；Pb = ~450 Torr）运动时脾脏的收缩情况，我们招募了 63 名适应性夏尔巴人（29F）和 14 名尼泊尔非夏尔巴人（7F）。在自行车测力计上进行最大运动前后，通过超声波测量脾脏体积，同时测量[Hb]和血氧饱和度（SpO2）：结果：与非夏尔巴人相比，夏尔巴人的静息脾脏体积更大（237 ± 62 对 165 ± 34 mL，P-1），SpO2 下降（约 9%），计算的动脉血氧含量（CaO2）保持稳定，但组间无显著差异。在夏尔巴人中，静息脾脏体积和Δ脾脏体积都是运动时[Hb]和CaO2变化(Δ)的适度正向预测因子（p值从0.026到0.037，预测变量的R2值从0.059到0.067）：结论：较大的脾脏和较强的脾脏收缩可能是尼泊尔夏尔巴人在高海拔地区运动时增加 CaO2 的适应性特征，但脾脏大小/功能与缺氧耐受性之间的直接联系仍不清楚。
{"title":"Larger spleens and greater splenic contraction during exercise may be an adaptive characteristic of Nepali Sherpa at high-altitude","authors":"Tom D. Brutsaert,&nbsp;Taylor Shay Harman,&nbsp;Abigail W. Bigham,&nbsp;Anne Kalker,&nbsp;Kelsey C. Jorgensen,&nbsp;Kimberly T. Zhu,&nbsp;Bethany C. Steiner,&nbsp;Ella Hawkins,&nbsp;Trevor A. Day,&nbsp;Ajaya J. Kunwar,&nbsp;Nilam Thakur,&nbsp;Sunil Dhungel,&nbsp;Nima Sherpa,&nbsp;Pontus K. Holmström","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24090","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24090","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Sherpa ethnic group living at altitude in Nepal may have experienced natural selection in response to chronic hypoxia. We have previously shown that Sherpa in Kathmandu (1400 m) possess larger spleens and a greater apnea-induced splenic contraction compared to lowland Nepalis. This may be significant for exercise capacity at altitude as the human spleen responds to stress-induced catecholamine secretion by an immediate contraction, which results in transiently elevated hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To investigate splenic contraction in response to exercise at high-altitude (4300 m; P<sub>b</sub> = ~450 Torr), we recruited 63 acclimatized Sherpa (29F) and 14 Nepali non-Sherpa (7F). Spleen volume was measured before and after maximal exercise on a cycle ergometer by ultrasonography, along with [Hb] and oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Resting spleen volume was larger in the Sherpa compared with Nepali non-Sherpa (237 ± 62 vs. 165 ± 34 mL, <i>p</i> &lt; .001), as was the exercise-induced splenic contraction (Δspleen volume, 91 ± 40 vs. 38 ± 32 mL, <i>p</i> &lt; .001). From rest to exercise, [Hb] increased (1.2 to 1.4 g.dl<sup>−1</sup>), SpO<sub>2</sub> decreased (~9%) and calculated arterial oxygen content (CaO<sub>2</sub>) remained stable, but there were no significant differences between groups. In Sherpa, both resting spleen volume and the Δspleen volume were modest positive predictors of the change (Δ) in [Hb] and CaO<sub>2</sub> with exercise (<i>p</i>-values from .026 to .037 and R<sup>2</sup> values from 0.059 to 0.067 for the predictor variable).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Larger spleens and greater splenic contraction may be an adaptive characteristic of Nepali Sherpa to increase CaO<sub>2</sub> during exercise at altitude, but the direct link between spleen size/function and hypoxia tolerance remains unclear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Generational trends in the transition to womanhood in lowland rural Nepal: Changes in the meaning of early marriage 尼泊尔低地农村地区向女性过渡的世代趋势：早婚含义的变化
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
American Journal of Human Biology
Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24088
A. Marphatia, L. Busert-Sebela, D. S. Manandhar, A. Reid, M. Cortina-Borja, N. Saville, M. Dahal, M. Puri, J. C. K. Wells

Objective

In South Asia, studies show secular trends toward slightly later women's marriage and first reproduction. However, data on related biological and social events, such as menarche and age of coresidence with husband, are often missing from these analyses. We assessed generational trends in key life events marking the transition to womanhood in rural lowland Nepal.

Methods

We used data on 110 co-resident mother-in-law (MIL) and daughter-in-law (DIL) dyads. We used paired t-tests and chi-squared tests to evaluate generational trends in women's education, and mean age at menarche, marriage, cohabitation with husband, and first reproduction of MIL and DIL dyads. We examined norms held by MILs and DILs on a daughter's life opportunities.

Results

On average, MIL was 29 years older than DIL (60 years vs. 31 years). Both groups experienced menarche at average age 13.8 years. MIL was married at average 12.4 years, before menarche, and cohabitated with husbands at average 14.8 years. DIL was simultaneously married and cohabitated with husbands after menarche, at average 15 years. DIL was marginally more educated than MIL but had their first child on average 0.8 years earlier (95% CI −1.4, −0.1). MIL and DIL held similar norms on daughters' education and marriage.

Conclusion

While social norms remain similar, the meaning of “early marriage” and use of menarche in marriage decisions has changed in rural lowland Nepal. Compared to DIL, MIL who was married earlier transitioned to womanhood more gradually. However, DIL was still married young, and had an accelerated trajectory to childbearing.

目标在南亚，研究显示妇女结婚和首次生育的年龄有略微推迟的世俗趋势。然而，在这些分析中往往缺少相关生理和社会事件的数据，如初潮和与丈夫同居的年龄。我们评估了尼泊尔低地农村地区标志着向女性过渡的关键生活事件的代际趋势。方法我们使用了 110 个同居婆婆（MIL）和儿媳（DIL）二元组的数据。我们使用配对 t 检验和卡方检验来评估妇女受教育程度、初潮平均年龄、结婚、与丈夫同居以及 MIL 和 DIL 组合首次生育的代际趋势。我们研究了家庭主妇和家庭女佣对女儿生活机会的看法。结果 家庭主妇平均比家庭女佣大 29 岁（60 岁对 31 岁）。两组女性的平均初潮年龄均为 13.8 岁。产妇平均在 12.4 岁月经初潮前结婚，平均在 14.8 岁与丈夫同居。DIL 同时结婚并在月经初潮后与丈夫同居，平均 15 年。DIL 的受教育程度略高于 MIL，但生第一个孩子的时间平均早 0.8 年（95% CI -1.4, -0.1）。结论虽然社会规范仍然相似，但在尼泊尔低地农村地区，"早婚 "的含义和在婚姻决定中使用月经初潮的情况已经发生了变化。与 DIL 相比，早婚的 MIL 更早进入女性阶段。然而，DIL 仍然很年轻就结婚了，而且其生育轨迹也加快了。
{"title":"Generational trends in the transition to womanhood in lowland rural Nepal: Changes in the meaning of early marriage","authors":"A. Marphatia,&nbsp;L. Busert-Sebela,&nbsp;D. S. Manandhar,&nbsp;A. Reid,&nbsp;M. Cortina-Borja,&nbsp;N. Saville,&nbsp;M. Dahal,&nbsp;M. Puri,&nbsp;J. C. K. Wells","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24088","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24088","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In South Asia, studies show secular trends toward slightly later women's marriage and first reproduction. However, data on related biological and social events, such as menarche and age of coresidence with husband, are often missing from these analyses. We assessed generational trends in key life events marking the transition to womanhood in rural lowland Nepal.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used data on 110 co-resident mother-in-law (MIL) and daughter-in-law (DIL) dyads. We used paired <i>t</i>-tests and chi-squared tests to evaluate generational trends in women's education, and mean age at menarche, marriage, cohabitation with husband, and first reproduction of MIL and DIL dyads. We examined norms held by MILs and DILs on a daughter's life opportunities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>On average, MIL was 29 years older than DIL (60 years vs. 31 years). Both groups experienced menarche at average age 13.8 years. MIL was married at average 12.4 years, before menarche, and cohabitated with husbands at average 14.8 years. DIL was simultaneously married and cohabitated with husbands after menarche, at average 15 years. DIL was marginally more educated than MIL but had their first child on average 0.8 years earlier (95% CI −1.4, −0.1). MIL and DIL held similar norms on daughters' education and marriage.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While social norms remain similar, the meaning of “early marriage” and use of menarche in marriage decisions has changed in rural lowland Nepal. Compared to DIL, MIL who was married earlier transitioned to womanhood more gradually. However, DIL was still married young, and had an accelerated trajectory to childbearing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140841914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of stability for 16 serum immunoregulators over 50 freeze–thaw cycles 对 16 种血清免疫调节剂在 50 次冻融循环中的稳定性进行定量和定性分析
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
American Journal of Human Biology
Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24087
R. N. Chowdhury, A. Armato, E. Culver, L. Shteynman, C. Kurien, B. Cradin, F. Margolin, T. Nguyen, C. Cardona, N. Kabir, R. M. Garruto, J. K. Lum, K. Wander

Objectives

To evaluate the reliability of data from the assay of bio-archived specimens, a 50-freeze–thaw-cycle (FTC) degradation study of fresh sera was conducted to test the stability of 16 immunoregulators.

Methods

Twenty de-identified serum specimens were obtained from volunteers at United Health Services-Wilson Memorial Hospital. Specimens were stored at −20°C and underwent daily 1 h thawing and subsequent freezing for each FTC over 50 consecutive days. Immunoregulator concentrations were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in participant samples at 2 FTC (baseline), 25 FTC, and 50 FTC. Specific immunoregulators observed in the study were C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1α, 4, 6, 8, 10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (MCP-2, CCL8), eotaxin-1, thymus-and-activation-regulated chemokine (TARC, CCL17), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES, CCL5), growth-regulated oncogene-alpha (GRO-α, CXCL1), small inducible cytokine A1 (I-309, CCL1), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10, CXCL10), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).

Results

Quantitative stability of serum immunoregulators: Serum CRP, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, IP-10, and eotaxin-1 levels appear to be statistically equivalent from baseline to 50 FTC (p ≤ .05). Retention of patterns in serum immunoregulators: patterns across FTC were retained for TARC (age) and CRP, IFN-γ, and MCP-2 (sex).

Conclusions

While the effect of multiple FTC on serum immunoregulator levels may not replicate prolonged freezer storage, the results of this study provide valuable information on the robustness of immunoregulators for research using bio-archived sera.

为了评估生物萃取标本检测数据的可靠性，我们对新鲜血清进行了 50 次冷冻-解冻循环（FTC）降解研究，以检测 16 种免疫调节剂的稳定性。标本储存在零下 20 摄氏度，每天解冻 1 小时，然后在连续 50 天内冷冻每种 FTC。在 2 FTC（基线）、25 FTC 和 50 FTC 时，通过酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA) 对参与者样本中的免疫调节剂浓度进行评估。研究中观察到的特定免疫调节剂包括 C 反应蛋白 (CRP)、白细胞介素 (IL)-1α、4、6、8、10、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1 (MCP-1，CCL2)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-2 (MCP-2，CCL8)、共济失调素-1、胸腺和激活调节趋化因子 (TARC，CCL17)、RANTES，CCL5）、生长调节癌基因-α（GRO-α，CXCL1）、小诱导细胞因子 A1（I-309，CCL1）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）、干扰素-γ诱导蛋白-10（IP-10，CXCL10）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）。结果血清免疫调节因子的定量稳定性：血清 CRP、IL-8、IL-10、IFN-γ、IP-10 和 eotaxin-1 水平从基线到 50 FTC 在统计学上似乎是等同的（p ≤ .05）。血清免疫调节剂模式的保留：TARC（年龄）和 CRP、IFN-γ 和 MCP-2（性别）的模式在不同的 FTC 中保留不变。
{"title":"Quantitative and qualitative analysis of stability for 16 serum immunoregulators over 50 freeze–thaw cycles","authors":"R. N. Chowdhury,&nbsp;A. Armato,&nbsp;E. Culver,&nbsp;L. Shteynman,&nbsp;C. Kurien,&nbsp;B. Cradin,&nbsp;F. Margolin,&nbsp;T. Nguyen,&nbsp;C. Cardona,&nbsp;N. Kabir,&nbsp;R. M. Garruto,&nbsp;J. K. Lum,&nbsp;K. Wander","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24087","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24087","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate the reliability of data from the assay of bio-archived specimens, a 50-freeze–thaw-cycle (FTC) degradation study of fresh sera was conducted to test the stability of 16 immunoregulators.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty de-identified serum specimens were obtained from volunteers at United Health Services-Wilson Memorial Hospital. Specimens were stored at −20°C and underwent daily 1 h thawing and subsequent freezing for each FTC over 50 consecutive days. Immunoregulator concentrations were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in participant samples at 2 FTC (baseline), 25 FTC, and 50 FTC. Specific immunoregulators observed in the study were C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1α, 4, 6, 8, 10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (MCP-2, CCL8), eotaxin-1, thymus-and-activation-regulated chemokine (TARC, CCL17), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES, CCL5), growth-regulated oncogene-alpha (GRO-α, CXCL1), small inducible cytokine A1 (I-309, CCL1), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10, CXCL10), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Quantitative stability of serum immunoregulators:</i> Serum CRP, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, IP-10, and eotaxin-1 levels appear to be statistically equivalent from baseline to 50 FTC (<i>p</i> ≤ .05). <i>Retention of patterns in serum immunoregulators:</i> patterns across FTC were retained for TARC (age) and CRP, IFN-γ, and MCP-2 (sex).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While the effect of multiple FTC on serum immunoregulator levels may not replicate prolonged freezer storage, the results of this study provide valuable information on the robustness of immunoregulators for research using bio-archived sera.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Allostatic load, adverse childhood experiences, executive functions, and BMI status in adolescents and young adults 青少年和年轻成年人的静态负荷、童年不良经历、执行功能和体重指数状况
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
American Journal of Human Biology
Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24089
Anna Prunell-Castañé, Maite Garolera, Jonatan Ottino-González, María Ángeles Jurado

Objectives

Chronic stress induces preclinical changes in the metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune systems. This phenomenon, known as allostatic load (AL), can impair executive functions (EF), which may be even more affected in individuals with excess weight due to their characteristic inflammatory state and cardiometabolic changes. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) contribute to AL and may influence executive functioning presumably via alterations within the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, including epigenetic modifications. We assess the relationship between AL and EF in youth with and without excess weight, and the effect ACEs on executive functioning.

Methods

One hundred eighty-two adolescents and young adults (85 with normal weight and 97 with overweight/obesity; 10–21 years) were recruited. The estimated AL index included the following: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and cortisol. ACEs were measured using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. The neuropsychological evaluation included the assessment of inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility processes.

Results

AL was not significantly associated with executive functioning, and this relationship did not depend on body-weight status. ACEs, available for 57 of 182 participants, were significantly associated with poorer executive functioning.

Conclusions

Our study shows that AL is not associated with executive functioning in adolescents and young adults. Since the current sample was young, we hypothesize that a longer exposure to AL might be required for its negative effects to surface. Nevertheless, exposure to early adversity seems to be associated with poorer executive functioning in youth.

目的 长期压力会诱发新陈代谢、心血管和免疫系统发生临床前变化。这种现象被称为异位静态负荷（AL），会损害执行功能（EF），体重超标的人由于其特有的炎症状态和心脏代谢变化，执行功能受到的影响可能更大。童年不良经历（ACE）是造成AL的原因之一，并可能通过下丘脑-垂体轴的改变（包括表观遗传学改变）影响执行功能。我们评估了体重超标和未超标青少年的AL与EF之间的关系，以及ACE对执行功能的影响。方法 我们招募了182名青少年（85名体重正常，97名超重/肥胖；10-21岁）。估计的 AL 指数包括：收缩压和舒张压、糖化血红蛋白、高密度和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯、高敏 C 反应蛋白、纤维蛋白原和皮质醇。ACE 使用青少年受害情况问卷进行测量。神经心理评估包括对抑制、工作记忆和认知灵活性过程的评估。结果AAL与执行功能无明显关系，且这种关系与体重状况无关。我们的研究表明，AL 与青少年和年轻人的执行功能没有关系。我们的研究表明，AL 与青少年和年轻人的执行功能无关。由于目前的样本年龄较小，我们推测，AL 的负面影响可能需要更长时间的暴露才能显现出来。然而，早期逆境似乎与青少年较差的执行功能有关。
{"title":"Allostatic load, adverse childhood experiences, executive functions, and BMI status in adolescents and young adults","authors":"Anna Prunell-Castañé,&nbsp;Maite Garolera,&nbsp;Jonatan Ottino-González,&nbsp;María Ángeles Jurado","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24089","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24089","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chronic stress induces preclinical changes in the metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune systems. This phenomenon, known as allostatic load (AL), can impair executive functions (EF), which may be even more affected in individuals with excess weight due to their characteristic inflammatory state and cardiometabolic changes. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) contribute to AL and may influence executive functioning presumably via alterations within the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, including epigenetic modifications. We assess the relationship between AL and EF in youth with and without excess weight, and the effect ACEs on executive functioning.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One hundred eighty-two adolescents and young adults (85 with normal weight and 97 with overweight/obesity; 10–21 years) were recruited. The estimated AL index included the following: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and cortisol. ACEs were measured using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. The neuropsychological evaluation included the assessment of inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility processes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>AL was not significantly associated with executive functioning, and this relationship did not depend on body-weight status. ACEs, available for 57 of 182 participants, were significantly associated with poorer executive functioning.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study shows that AL is not associated with executive functioning in adolescents and young adults. Since the current sample was young, we hypothesize that a longer exposure to AL might be required for its negative effects to surface. Nevertheless, exposure to early adversity seems to be associated with poorer executive functioning in youth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140801684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Is there an association between proficiency in fundamental movement skills and mderate-to-vigorous physical activity in childhood on weekdays and weekends? The REACT project 基本运动技能的熟练程度与儿童平日和周末的中等强度至剧烈运动之间是否存在联系？REACT 项目
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
American Journal of Human Biology
Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24085
Fernando Garbeloto, José Maia, Tiago V. Barreira, Donald Hedeker, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Rui Garganta, Cláudio Farias, Ricardo Santos, David F. Stodden, Go Tani, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Sara Pereira

Objective

The present study probes into the association between children's fundamental movement skills (FMS) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during weekdays and weekends.

Methods

This cross-sectional sample included 1014 children aged 6–10 years from the REACT project. Physical activity was assessed with accelerometry, and five FMS (stationary dribble, kick, catch, overhand throw, and underhand roll) were assessed with the digital platform Meu Educativo®. Three groups were formed based on the frequency of FMS that each child mastered: group 1 (wizard level in four or five FMS); group 2 (wizard level in two or three FMS); and group 3 (wizard level in at most one skill). Multilevel models were used to analyze the data treating children (level-1) nested within schools (level-2).

Results

Compared to group 1, groups 2 (−12.9 ± 2.3 min day−1) and 3 (−23.9 ± 2.4 min day−1) were less physically active during weekdays and weekends (group 2: −14.7 ± 2.7 min day−1 and group 3: −22.4 ± 2.9 min day−1), independent of age and sex. There was a decline in MVPA during the weekend. Further, on average, boys were more active than girls, and with increasing age, children were less active.

Conclusion

On average, children with higher FMS levels are generally more physically active than their peers with lower FMS levels. Even though MVPA tends to decline on weekends, FMS proficiency is a significant factor in maintaining 60 min of MVPA on weekends.

本研究探讨了儿童的基本运动技能（FMS）与平日和周末中高强度体育锻炼（MVPA）之间的关系。 本横断面样本包括 REACT 项目中 1014 名 6-10 岁的儿童。通过加速度计评估体育活动，并通过数字平台 Meu Educativo® 评估五种 FMS（静态运球、踢球、接球、上手抛球和下手滚球）。根据每个儿童掌握 FMS 的频率分为三组：第一组（掌握四项或五项 FMS 的向导级水平）；第二组（掌握两项或三项 FMS 的向导级水平）；第三组（最多掌握一项技能的向导级水平）。结果与第 1 组相比，第 2 组（-12.9 ± 2.3 分钟/天-1）和第 3 组（-23.9 ± 2.4 分钟/天-1）在工作日和周末的体育活动量较少（第 2 组：-14.7 ± 2.7 分钟/天-1，第 3 组：-22.4 ± 2.9 分钟/天-1），与年龄和性别无关。周末的 MVPA 有所下降。结论 平均而言，FMS 水平较高的儿童一般比 FMS 水平较低的同龄儿童更爱运动。尽管周末的 MVPA 有所下降，但 FMS 水平是周末保持 60 分钟 MVPA 的重要因素。
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引用次数: 0
Seasonal variability in body mass index, waist circumference, and skinfolds in Norwegian children 挪威儿童体重指数、腰围和皮褶的季节性变化
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
American Journal of Human Biology
Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24084
Oda Klavestad Moen, Pétur Benedikt Júlíusson, Mathieu Roelants, Ulrike Spielau

Objectives

Studies have shown that children develop a higher body weight during summer months. This has been demonstrated repeatedly using the body mass index (BMI), but the effect of season on other weight-related anthropometric measurements is still unclear.

Methods

Measurements of height, weight, waist circumference (WC), triceps, and subscapular skinfolds (TSF and SSF), collected from September till May in a cross-sectional sample of 4–16-year-old children and adolescents (n = 4525) from the Bergen Growth Study 1 (BGS1). Differences in z-score by season were tested with linear models adjusted for age group and separately for sex. Overall differences were tested with a one-way between-group analysis of variance.

Results

The girls had higher BMIz (+0.12, p = .03) and WCz (+0.18, p = .002) in fall compared with spring. TSFz (−0.19, p < .001) and SSFz (−0.18, p < .001) were lower in winter in girls, and in boys both in fall (TSFz −0.10, p = .046; SSFz – 0.16, p < .001), and winter (TSFz −0.15, p = .004; SSFz −0.14, p = .003), when compared with spring.

Conclusions

Seasonal variation was detected for all anthropometric measures, but differences in the direction of the effect between measures of global (BMI), central (WC) or subcutaneous (SF) adiposity suggest a more complex mechanism that needs further exploration.

研究表明，夏季儿童的体重增长较快。方法对卑尔根成长研究 1（BGS1）的 4-16 岁儿童和青少年（n = 4525）进行横断面抽样调查，从 9 月到 5 月测量身高、体重、腰围（WC）、肱三头肌和肩胛下皮褶（TSF 和 SSF）。根据年龄组和性别分别调整的线性模型检验了不同季节 Z 值的差异。结果与春季相比，秋季女孩的 BMIz (+0.12, p = .03) 和 WCz (+0.18, p = .002) 较高。与春季相比，女生冬季的 TSFz（-0.19，p = 0.001）和 SSFz（-0.18，p = 0.001）较低，男生秋季（TSFz -0.10，p = 0.046；SSFz -0.16，p = 0.001）和冬季（TSFz -0.15，p = 0.004；SSFz -0.14，p = 0.003）均较低。结论在所有人体测量指标中都发现了季节性变化，但总体（体重指数）、中心（腹围）或皮下（SF）脂肪含量测量指标之间的影响方向不同，表明其机制更为复杂，需要进一步探讨。
{"title":"Seasonal variability in body mass index, waist circumference, and skinfolds in Norwegian children","authors":"Oda Klavestad Moen,&nbsp;Pétur Benedikt Júlíusson,&nbsp;Mathieu Roelants,&nbsp;Ulrike Spielau","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24084","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24084","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Studies have shown that children develop a higher body weight during summer months. This has been demonstrated repeatedly using the body mass index (BMI), but the effect of season on other weight-related anthropometric measurements is still unclear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Measurements of height, weight, waist circumference (WC), triceps, and subscapular skinfolds (TSF and SSF), collected from September till May in a cross-sectional sample of 4–16-year-old children and adolescents (<i>n</i> = 4525) from the Bergen Growth Study 1 (BGS1). Differences in <i>z</i>-score by season were tested with linear models adjusted for age group and separately for sex. Overall differences were tested with a one-way between-group analysis of variance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The girls had higher BMIz (+0.12, <i>p</i> = .03) and WCz (+0.18, <i>p</i> = .002) in fall compared with spring. TSFz (−0.19, <i>p</i> &lt; .001) and SSFz (−0.18, <i>p</i> &lt; .001) were lower in winter in girls, and in boys both in fall (TSFz −0.10, <i>p</i> = .046; SSFz – 0.16, <i>p</i> &lt; .001), and winter (TSFz −0.15, <i>p</i> = .004; SSFz −0.14, <i>p</i> = .003), when compared with spring.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seasonal variation was detected for all anthropometric measures, but differences in the direction of the effect between measures of global (BMI), central (WC) or subcutaneous (SF) adiposity suggest a more complex mechanism that needs further exploration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140573289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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