Timothy M. Kistner, Anna Tavormina, Daniel E. Lieberman
During vigorous physical activity, contracting muscles secrete a variety of immunomodulatory and metabolic factors called myokines that perform a variety of functions. Foremost among these is interleukin 6 (IL-6), which increases fatty acid mobilization and stimulates anti-inflammatory cytokine release. Despite being well characterized in vigorous exercise contexts, whether IL-6 is secreted during moderate-intensity activities such as walking is unclear. This is especially pertinent as regular walking is one of the oldest and most common forms of physical activity and comes with a variety of health benefits, which may be coordinated in part by IL-6 signaling. To test the hypothesis that IL-6 release occurs during evolutionarily normal physical activity contexts like long distance walking, we performed a dose–response experiment to test the effect of walking duration on IL-6 secretion. Thirteen participants completed four moderate-intensity walking trials (55% HRmax) of varying durations (30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h) in a randomized order with intervening washout periods of at least 1 week. Using a linear mixed effects model, we found that IL-6 levels modestly increased during only the 2 h and 3 h walking trials. These results suggest that small frequent increases in IL-6 signaling may be an important mechanism underlying the health benefits of regular walking. Furthermore, this finding raises the possibility that IL-6 secretion is an adaptation to fuel physical activity, especially during periods of negative energy balance.
{"title":"Myokine secretion during moderate-intensity physical activity: Dose–response of interleukin 6 to walking duration","authors":"Timothy M. Kistner, Anna Tavormina, Daniel E. Lieberman","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24131","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24131","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During vigorous physical activity, contracting muscles secrete a variety of immunomodulatory and metabolic factors called myokines that perform a variety of functions. Foremost among these is interleukin 6 (IL-6), which increases fatty acid mobilization and stimulates anti-inflammatory cytokine release. Despite being well characterized in vigorous exercise contexts, whether IL-6 is secreted during moderate-intensity activities such as walking is unclear. This is especially pertinent as regular walking is one of the oldest and most common forms of physical activity and comes with a variety of health benefits, which may be coordinated in part by IL-6 signaling. To test the hypothesis that IL-6 release occurs during evolutionarily normal physical activity contexts like long distance walking, we performed a dose–response experiment to test the effect of walking duration on IL-6 secretion. Thirteen participants completed four moderate-intensity walking trials (55% HR<sub>max</sub>) of varying durations (30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h) in a randomized order with intervening washout periods of at least 1 week. Using a linear mixed effects model, we found that IL-6 levels modestly increased during only the 2 h and 3 h walking trials. These results suggest that small frequent increases in IL-6 signaling may be an important mechanism underlying the health benefits of regular walking. Furthermore, this finding raises the possibility that IL-6 secretion is an adaptation to fuel physical activity, especially during periods of negative energy balance.</p>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141731544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ian P. Winter, Brian K. Ferguson, Patrick B. Wilson
Objective
We aimed to evaluate how urine specific gravity (USG) and rates of supposed hypohydration vary by race/ethnicity, and to examine how adjustment for several important factors impacts estimated USG.
Methods
Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, this cross-sectional study evaluated a total of 4195 (2098 female, 2097 male) Americans and categorized them as supposedly hypohydrated (USG≥1.020) or not using spot urine samples. USG and prevalence of supposed hypohydration were compared across racial/ethnic groups, separately by gender. The analyses considered the impact of urine creatinine, body composition, age, dietary nutrients, and physical activity.
Results
Differences in supposed hypohydration prevalence were observed by race/ethnicity in men (p = .030) and women (p < .001). In unadjusted models, Black women's USG (1.0189) was higher (p < .05) than all the other race/ethnicity groups' USG (1.0142–1.0171). In men, Blacks' USG (1.0197) was higher (p < .05) than the USG of Whites (1.0177) and other/multi-racial (1.0176) but not Mexican Americans (1.0196) or other Hispanics (1.0192). Adjustments for age, arm circumference, nutrients (protein, sodium, potassium, and moisture), and physical activity minimally influenced USG estimates. Further adjustment for urine creatinine lowered USG for Black women and men by 0.003 and 0.0023, respectively, with no notable lowering of USG in the other races/ethnicities. Supplemental analyses matching Whites and Blacks on age, moisture intake, and poverty-to-income ratio confirmed racial differences in urine creatinine and USG, though the effects were most pronounced in women.
Conclusions
Using a USG≥1.020 to identify hypohydration in all races/ethnicities may be inappropriate due to, among other factors, differences in urinary creatinine.
{"title":"Associations between urine specific gravity and race/ethnicity at the population level: Implications for hydration status categorization","authors":"Ian P. Winter, Brian K. Ferguson, Patrick B. Wilson","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24139","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24139","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We aimed to evaluate how urine specific gravity (USG) and rates of supposed hypohydration vary by race/ethnicity, and to examine how adjustment for several important factors impacts estimated USG.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, this cross-sectional study evaluated a total of 4195 (2098 female, 2097 male) Americans and categorized them as supposedly hypohydrated (USG≥1.020) or not using spot urine samples. USG and prevalence of supposed hypohydration were compared across racial/ethnic groups, separately by gender. The analyses considered the impact of urine creatinine, body composition, age, dietary nutrients, and physical activity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Differences in supposed hypohydration prevalence were observed by race/ethnicity in men (<i>p</i> = .030) and women (<i>p</i> < .001). In unadjusted models, Black women's USG (1.0189) was higher (<i>p</i> < .05) than all the other race/ethnicity groups' USG (1.0142–1.0171). In men, Blacks' USG (1.0197) was higher (<i>p</i> < .05) than the USG of Whites (1.0177) and other/multi-racial (1.0176) but not Mexican Americans (1.0196) or other Hispanics (1.0192). Adjustments for age, arm circumference, nutrients (protein, sodium, potassium, and moisture), and physical activity minimally influenced USG estimates. Further adjustment for urine creatinine lowered USG for Black women and men by 0.003 and 0.0023, respectively, with no notable lowering of USG in the other races/ethnicities. Supplemental analyses matching Whites and Blacks on age, moisture intake, and poverty-to-income ratio confirmed racial differences in urine creatinine and USG, though the effects were most pronounced in women.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using a USG≥1.020 to identify hypohydration in all races/ethnicities may be inappropriate due to, among other factors, differences in urinary creatinine.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24139","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141629253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guillermo Zorrilla-Revilla, Stella L. Volpe, Olalla Prado-Nóvoa, Kristen R. Howard, Eleni Laskaridou, Elaina L. Marinik, Rohit Ramadoss, Kevin P. Davy, Rebeca García-González
Introduction
Locomotion activities are part of most human daily tasks and are the basis for subsistence activities, particularly for hunter–gatherers. Therefore, differences in speed walking-related variables may have an effect, not only on the mobility of the group, but also on its composition. Some anthropometric parameters related to body length could affect walking speed-related variables and contribute to different human behaviors. However, there is currently little information on the influence of these parameters in nonadult individuals.
Methods
Overall, 11 females and 17 male child/adolescents, 8–17 years of age, volunteered to participate in this cross-sectional study. Five different pace walking tests were performed on a treadmill to calculate the optimal locomotion speed (OLS) and U-shaped relationship between the walking energy expenditure and speed (χ2 cost of transport [CoT]) (i.e., energetic walking flexibility).
Results
The mean OLS was 3.05 ± 0.13 miles per hour (mph), with no differences between sexes. Similarly, there were no sex differences in walking flexibility according to the χ2 CoT. Body height (p < .0001) and femur length (p < .001) were positively correlated with χ2 CoT; however, female child/adolescents mitigated the effect of height and femur length when walking at suboptimal speeds.
Conclusion
Consistent with prior observations in adults, our findings suggest that anthropometric parameters related to body stature are associated with reduced suboptimal walking flexibility in children and adolescents. Taken together, these results suggest that children and adolescents can adapt their pace to the one of taller individuals without a highly energetic penalty, but this flexibility decreases with increasing body size.
{"title":"Far from the walking pace. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of the suboptimal locomotion speeds in non-adult humans","authors":"Guillermo Zorrilla-Revilla, Stella L. Volpe, Olalla Prado-Nóvoa, Kristen R. Howard, Eleni Laskaridou, Elaina L. Marinik, Rohit Ramadoss, Kevin P. Davy, Rebeca García-González","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24138","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24138","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Locomotion activities are part of most human daily tasks and are the basis for subsistence activities, particularly for hunter–gatherers. Therefore, differences in speed walking-related variables may have an effect, not only on the mobility of the group, but also on its composition. Some anthropometric parameters related to body length could affect walking speed-related variables and contribute to different human behaviors. However, there is currently little information on the influence of these parameters in nonadult individuals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, 11 females and 17 male child/adolescents, 8–17 years of age, volunteered to participate in this cross-sectional study. Five different pace walking tests were performed on a treadmill to calculate the optimal locomotion speed (OLS) and U-shaped relationship between the walking energy expenditure and speed (<i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> cost of transport [CoT]) (i.e., energetic walking flexibility).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The mean OLS was 3.05 ± 0.13 miles per hour (mph), with no differences between sexes. Similarly, there were no sex differences in walking flexibility according to the <i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> CoT. Body height (<i>p</i> < .0001) and femur length (<i>p</i> < .001) were positively correlated with <i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> CoT; however, female child/adolescents mitigated the effect of height and femur length when walking at suboptimal speeds.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Consistent with prior observations in adults, our findings suggest that anthropometric parameters related to body stature are associated with reduced suboptimal walking flexibility in children and adolescents. Taken together, these results suggest that children and adolescents can adapt their pace to the one of taller individuals without a highly energetic penalty, but this flexibility decreases with increasing body size.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141629255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bert Little, Jorge Escobedo, Maria Eugenia Pena Reyes, Shaminul Hoque Shakib, Liz O'Brien, Rich Kerber, Xochitl Velasco, Miguel Cruz Lopez, Christopher Tillquist
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>This study focused on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a group of adult Mixe, an Indigenous population from Oaxaca, Mexico. Mixe comprised an estimated 9.4% (<i>n</i> ≅ 90 000) of the Indigenous population in Oaxaca. Mexico.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Objective</h3> <p>This study focused on a group of adult Mixe, an Indigenous population from Oaxaca, Mexico. To compare the prevalence of T2DM, overweight (OW), obesity (OB), and hypertension (HTN) between 2007 and 2017 for a small, isolated Mixe community in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. We test whether or not environmental changes have affected T2DM prevalence.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods and Materials</h3> <p>Demographic and medical record data were collected in the community in 2007 and 2017 from the medical clinic and the mayor's office. T2DM was medically diagnosed among adults (>34 years old), in 2007 (<i>n</i> = 730) and in 2017 (<i>n</i> = 829).</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>T2DM crude prevalence increased from 6.7% to 12.1% (<i>p</i> < .001) from 2007 to 2017. The mean age of the sample analyzed was 60.6 (SD = 9.7). Age-adjusted T2DM prevalence increased from 6.7% to 10.8% (<i>p</i> < .002). T2DM was 5.7%–5.5% among males (<i>p</i> < .53) and 7.1%–13.6% among females (<i>p</i> < .001). Sex-specific OW and OB simulation studies indicate females had 7% less OW in 2007, and males were unchanged compared with 2017. OB among males and females was significantly higher in 2017 compared with 2007 (increased by 15.2% and 8.3%, males and females, respectively). Sexes combined OW + OB increased 12.7% among males but was unchanged in females (−0.5%). In the sexes combined analysis, OW prevalence increased 12.7% to 27.1% (<i>p</i> < .001) and OB prevalence increased 10.7%–27.9% (<i>p</i> < .001) from 2007 to 2017. HTN did not change significantly from 2007 to 2017 (15.4% and 14.6%, respectively) (<i>p</i> = .63) in adults. Among T2DM individuals, the frequency of HTN was not significantly different in 2007 and 2017 (57.1% and 37%, respectively) (<i>p</i> = .65). Transition to a Western diet consisting of high-carbohydrate foods occurred at the same time as increased T2DM from 2007 to 2017, with a higher prevalence of T2DM noted among females in 2017.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>An increased prevalence of T2DM, OW, and OB but not HTN was observed in the Mixe community from 2007 to 2017 and was associated with the adoption of a high-carbohydrate Western diet.</p> </section> </
{"title":"Environment driven changes in type 2 diabetes, overweight and obesity in an isolated Mixe community in the Valley of Oaxaca, southern Mexico","authors":"Bert Little, Jorge Escobedo, Maria Eugenia Pena Reyes, Shaminul Hoque Shakib, Liz O'Brien, Rich Kerber, Xochitl Velasco, Miguel Cruz Lopez, Christopher Tillquist","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24119","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24119","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study focused on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a group of adult Mixe, an Indigenous population from Oaxaca, Mexico. Mixe comprised an estimated 9.4% (<i>n</i> ≅ 90 000) of the Indigenous population in Oaxaca. Mexico.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study focused on a group of adult Mixe, an Indigenous population from Oaxaca, Mexico. To compare the prevalence of T2DM, overweight (OW), obesity (OB), and hypertension (HTN) between 2007 and 2017 for a small, isolated Mixe community in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. We test whether or not environmental changes have affected T2DM prevalence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Materials</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Demographic and medical record data were collected in the community in 2007 and 2017 from the medical clinic and the mayor's office. T2DM was medically diagnosed among adults (>34 years old), in 2007 (<i>n</i> = 730) and in 2017 (<i>n</i> = 829).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>T2DM crude prevalence increased from 6.7% to 12.1% (<i>p</i> < .001) from 2007 to 2017. The mean age of the sample analyzed was 60.6 (SD = 9.7). Age-adjusted T2DM prevalence increased from 6.7% to 10.8% (<i>p</i> < .002). T2DM was 5.7%–5.5% among males (<i>p</i> < .53) and 7.1%–13.6% among females (<i>p</i> < .001). Sex-specific OW and OB simulation studies indicate females had 7% less OW in 2007, and males were unchanged compared with 2017. OB among males and females was significantly higher in 2017 compared with 2007 (increased by 15.2% and 8.3%, males and females, respectively). Sexes combined OW + OB increased 12.7% among males but was unchanged in females (−0.5%). In the sexes combined analysis, OW prevalence increased 12.7% to 27.1% (<i>p</i> < .001) and OB prevalence increased 10.7%–27.9% (<i>p</i> < .001) from 2007 to 2017. HTN did not change significantly from 2007 to 2017 (15.4% and 14.6%, respectively) (<i>p</i> = .63) in adults. Among T2DM individuals, the frequency of HTN was not significantly different in 2007 and 2017 (57.1% and 37%, respectively) (<i>p</i> = .65). Transition to a Western diet consisting of high-carbohydrate foods occurred at the same time as increased T2DM from 2007 to 2017, with a higher prevalence of T2DM noted among females in 2017.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An increased prevalence of T2DM, OW, and OB but not HTN was observed in the Mixe community from 2007 to 2017 and was associated with the adoption of a high-carbohydrate Western diet.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141621723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DeLouize AM, Liebert MA, Madimenos FC, et al. Low prevalence of anemia among Shuar communities of Amazonian Ecuador. Am J Hum Biol. 2022;34:e23590.
In Table 2 titled “Shuar anemia prevalence and hemoglobin levels by WHO age/sex criteria” the headers state that the hemoglobin (Hb) mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) were measured in mg/dL, which is incorrect. The measurements were in g/dL units.
We apologize for this error.
DeLouize AM, Liebert MA, Madimenos FC, et al.Am J Hum Biol. 2022;34:e23590.In Table 2 titled "Shuar anemia prevalence and hemoglobin levels by WHO age/sex criteria" the headers state that the hemoglobin (Hb) mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) were measured in mg/dL, which is incorrect.我们对这一错误表示歉意。
{"title":"Correction to “Low prevalence of anemia among Shuar communities of Amazonian Ecuador”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24137","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24137","url":null,"abstract":"<p>DeLouize AM, Liebert MA, Madimenos FC, et al. Low prevalence of anemia among Shuar communities of Amazonian Ecuador. Am J Hum Biol. 2022;34:e23590.</p><p>In Table 2 titled “Shuar anemia prevalence and hemoglobin levels by WHO age/sex criteria” the headers state that the hemoglobin (Hb) mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) were measured in mg/dL, which is incorrect. The measurements were in g/dL units.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141629254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abraham Woru Borku, Abera Uncha Utallo, Thomas Toma Tora
Introduction
Food security has become a major global concern, particularly in urban areas where households are struggling to address the issue of basic necessities mainly food that crucially dictates human health. Overcoming these challenges will require effective management mechanisms to inform policy interventions and enhance resilience at both local and global levels.
Objectives
This study aimed to explore the coping strategies (CS) pursued by urban households in the Southern Ethiopia. Furthermore, the focus is on how households to cope with food insecurity and how using these strategies varies within households.
Methods
A household survey questionnaire was conducted using a cross-sectional design, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods to collect data. A total of 310 household heads were targeted for the required data acquisition with: The coping strategy index (CSI) to capture how people perceive and cope with food insecurity that threatens human health.
Results
The results indicate that households used the top seven CS to address the problem of food insecurity: limiting the size of portions at mealtimes (83.9%), depending on less expensive or seasonal foods (68.1%), reducing adult consumption (66.1%), reducing the amount of food consumed (65.8%), purchasing food on credit (60.3%), renting household assets (54.8%), and migrating household members for wage labor (53.5%).
Conclusion
Moreover, the finding shows that the frequency of CS used by urban households in response to food insecurity is rated differently as never, rarely, sometimes, and more than 4 times per week. Therefore, targeted support programs for vulnerable groups should be implemented to ensure they receive adequate food during times of food insecurity wherein the victims' health status is imperatively to be bettered.
{"title":"The strategies pursued by urban households to cope with food insecurity: Insights from selected towns in Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Abraham Woru Borku, Abera Uncha Utallo, Thomas Toma Tora","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24135","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24135","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Food security has become a major global concern, particularly in urban areas where households are struggling to address the issue of basic necessities mainly food that crucially dictates human health. Overcoming these challenges will require effective management mechanisms to inform policy interventions and enhance resilience at both local and global levels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to explore the coping strategies (CS) pursued by urban households in the Southern Ethiopia. Furthermore, the focus is on how households to cope with food insecurity and how using these strategies varies within households.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A household survey questionnaire was conducted using a cross-sectional design, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods to collect data. A total of 310 household heads were targeted for the required data acquisition with: The coping strategy index (CSI) to capture how people perceive and cope with food insecurity that threatens human health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results indicate that households used the top seven CS to address the problem of food insecurity: limiting the size of portions at mealtimes (83.9%), depending on less expensive or seasonal foods (68.1%), reducing adult consumption (66.1%), reducing the amount of food consumed (65.8%), purchasing food on credit (60.3%), renting household assets (54.8%), and migrating household members for wage labor (53.5%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Moreover, the finding shows that the frequency of CS used by urban households in response to food insecurity is rated differently as never, rarely, sometimes, and more than 4 times per week. Therefore, targeted support programs for vulnerable groups should be implemented to ensure they receive adequate food during times of food insecurity wherein the victims' health status is imperatively to be bettered.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141604492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pedro Carrera-Bastos, Maelán Fontes-Villalba, Bo Ahrén, Ulf Lindblad, Lennart Råstam, Johan Frostegård, Torbjörn Åkerfeldt, Yvonne Granfeldt, Kristina Sundquist, Tommy Jönsson
Objectives
Experimental and small human studies have indicated that high total adiponectin levels have beneficial cardiometabolic effects. In contrast, however, high total adiponectin levels are also associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in thoroughly adjusted epidemiological studies. To gain further insight into these seemingly contradictory results, we report results on total adiponectin from the indigenous Melanesian population of Kitava, Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea, where an apparent absence of cardiometabolic disease has been previously reported.
Methods
Fasting levels of serum total adiponectin were measured cross-sectionally in ≥40-year-old Kitavans (n = 102) and Swedish controls matched for age and sex (n = 108). Multivariable linear regression was used for the analysis of associations with total adiponectin when controlled for group, sex, smoking, hypertension and/or type 2 diabetes, age, and body mass index.
Results
Total adiponectin was lower for Kitavans compared to Swedish controls (Median [Mdn] 4.6 μg/mL, range 1.0–206 μg/mL and Mdn 9.7 μg/mL, range 3.1–104 μg/mL, respectively, r = .64, p < .001). Lower total adiponectin was associated with Kitavan group, male sex (only in Swedish controls), smoking (only in Kitavans and Swedish controls combined), younger age (not in Swedish controls), higher BMI, lower total, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (only in Kitavans and Swedish controls combined), and non-HDL cholesterol, and higher anti-PC IgG (only in Kitavans and Swedish controls combined).
Conclusion
Total adiponectin in Kitavans was significantly lower than in Swedish controls.
{"title":"Total adiponectin in indigenous Melanesians on Kitava","authors":"Pedro Carrera-Bastos, Maelán Fontes-Villalba, Bo Ahrén, Ulf Lindblad, Lennart Råstam, Johan Frostegård, Torbjörn Åkerfeldt, Yvonne Granfeldt, Kristina Sundquist, Tommy Jönsson","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24134","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24134","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Experimental and small human studies have indicated that high total adiponectin levels have beneficial cardiometabolic effects. In contrast, however, high total adiponectin levels are also associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in thoroughly adjusted epidemiological studies. To gain further insight into these seemingly contradictory results, we report results on total adiponectin from the indigenous Melanesian population of Kitava, Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea, where an apparent absence of cardiometabolic disease has been previously reported.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fasting levels of serum total adiponectin were measured cross-sectionally in ≥40-year-old Kitavans (<i>n</i> = 102) and Swedish controls matched for age and sex (<i>n</i> = 108). Multivariable linear regression was used for the analysis of associations with total adiponectin when controlled for group, sex, smoking, hypertension and/or type 2 diabetes, age, and body mass index.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Total adiponectin was lower for Kitavans compared to Swedish controls (Median [<i>Mdn</i>] 4.6 μg/mL, range 1.0–206 μg/mL and <i>Mdn</i> 9.7 μg/mL, range 3.1–104 μg/mL, respectively, <i>r</i> = .64, <i>p</i> < .001). Lower total adiponectin was associated with Kitavan group, male sex (only in Swedish controls), smoking (only in Kitavans and Swedish controls combined), younger age (not in Swedish controls), higher BMI, lower total, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (only in Kitavans and Swedish controls combined), and non-HDL cholesterol, and higher anti-PC IgG (only in Kitavans and Swedish controls combined).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Total adiponectin in Kitavans was significantly lower than in Swedish controls.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141581370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To examine the orientation, magnitude, and pace of secular trends in body height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) among Chinese urban students aged 7–18 years from 2000 to 2019.
Methods
Data were extracted from Chinese urban students aged 7–18 years from the Chinese National Surveillance on Students' Constitution and Health in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2014, and 2019. The height, weight, and BMI of 548 419, 548 408, and 548 365 urban students aged 7–18 years, respectively, were tested. The mean differences across survey years were tested by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The pace of secular trends is expressed as the change every 5 years between every two adjacent survey years.
Results
Height increments between 1.9 and 6.2 cm, weight increments between 2.7 and 8.6 kg, and BMI increments between 0.9 and 1.9 kg/m2 were observed in boys. For girls, height increments between 1.5 and 4.9 cm, weight increments between 2.2 and 6.0 kg, and BMI increments between 0.7 and 1.7 kg/m2 were observed. The pace of secular trends in height decreased in the last 5 years, and the secular trends in weight and BMI have accelerated in the last 9 years compared with the previous 10 years.
Conclusions
Although the secular trend in height among Chinese urban students has slowed, it has not yet reached its genetic potential and continues to increase. The rapid increase in weight and BMI was a cause for concern. Our findings provide a basis for the future formulation of public health interventions in China.
{"title":"Trend in physical growth among Chinese urban students: Results from five national successive cross-sectional surveys within the past two decades","authors":"Shuai Zhang, Chengyue Li, Alimujiang·Yimiti Taerken","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24132","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24132","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To examine the orientation, magnitude, and pace of secular trends in body height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) among Chinese urban students aged 7–18 years from 2000 to 2019.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were extracted from Chinese urban students aged 7–18 years from the Chinese National Surveillance on Students' Constitution and Health in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2014, and 2019. The height, weight, and BMI of 548 419, 548 408, and 548 365 urban students aged 7–18 years, respectively, were tested. The mean differences across survey years were tested by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The pace of secular trends is expressed as the change every 5 years between every two adjacent survey years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Height increments between 1.9 and 6.2 cm, weight increments between 2.7 and 8.6 kg, and BMI increments between 0.9 and 1.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were observed in boys. For girls, height increments between 1.5 and 4.9 cm, weight increments between 2.2 and 6.0 kg, and BMI increments between 0.7 and 1.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were observed. The pace of secular trends in height decreased in the last 5 years, and the secular trends in weight and BMI have accelerated in the last 9 years compared with the previous 10 years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although the secular trend in height among Chinese urban students has slowed, it has not yet reached its genetic potential and continues to increase. The rapid increase in weight and BMI was a cause for concern. Our findings provide a basis for the future formulation of public health interventions in China.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141565059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elahe Ganji, Alan Burshell, Amisha Khicha, Katharine M. N. Lee
Purpose
Bone mineral density (BMD) measured with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the clinical standard for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and prediction of bone fracture risk. In the aging skeleton, osteoporosis is often concomitantly present with degenerative joint disease (DJD).
Methods
In this study, we evaluated tissue-level changes in the differentially loaded concave (CC) and convex (CV) sides of the lumbar spine in a sample of postmenopausal women with scoliosis. We used a cumulative degeneration score to assess osteophyte formation, the severity of sclerotic morphology, and marrow changes as markers of DJD in the lumbar spine and examined the correlation between markers of DJD and BMD.
Results
More severe osteophyte growth and sclerosis were present on the CC side of the spine. The degenerative score (DS) was higher on the CC side of the lumbar spine compared with the CV side. While CC BMD was positively correlated with CC DS and marrow, CV DS was not correlated with CV BMD. Marrow changes were correlated with DS on the CC lumbar spine.
Conclusion
These results highlight the importance of mechanoadaptive as well as broader inflammatory processes in the manifestation of degenerative changes and local mineral deposition at the lumbar spine. DXA-based BMD measurement of osteoporosis need to be contextualized within the biomechanical and degenerative conditions of a joint rather than using a strict threshold cutoff.
目的：用双 X 射线吸收测量法（DXA）测量骨矿密度（BMD）是诊断骨质疏松症和预测骨折风险的临床标准。在老化的骨骼中，骨质疏松症往往与退行性关节疾病（DJD）同时存在：在这项研究中，我们评估了绝经后脊柱侧凸女性样本腰椎凹面（CC）和凸面（CV）不同负荷下的组织水平变化。我们使用累积退化评分来评估骨质增生的形成、硬化形态的严重程度以及骨髓变化，以此作为腰椎DJD的标记，并研究了DJD标记与BMD之间的相关性：结果：脊柱CC侧的骨质增生和硬化更为严重。与 CV 侧相比，CC 侧腰椎的退行性评分（DS）更高。CC BMD 与 CC DS 和骨髓呈正相关，而 CV DS 与 CV BMD 无关。骨髓变化与CC腰椎的DS相关：这些结果凸显了机械适应性以及更广泛的炎症过程在腰椎退行性变化和局部矿物质沉积表现中的重要性。基于 DXA 的骨密度测量需要结合关节的生物力学和退行性病变情况，而不是使用严格的临界值。
{"title":"Bone density in postmenopausal women with scoliosis is associated with markers of degenerative joint disease","authors":"Elahe Ganji, Alan Burshell, Amisha Khicha, Katharine M. N. Lee","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24130","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24130","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bone mineral density (BMD) measured with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the clinical standard for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and prediction of bone fracture risk. In the aging skeleton, osteoporosis is often concomitantly present with degenerative joint disease (DJD).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, we evaluated tissue-level changes in the differentially loaded concave (CC) and convex (CV) sides of the lumbar spine in a sample of postmenopausal women with scoliosis. We used a cumulative degeneration score to assess osteophyte formation, the severity of sclerotic morphology, and marrow changes as markers of DJD in the lumbar spine and examined the correlation between markers of DJD and BMD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>More severe osteophyte growth and sclerosis were present on the CC side of the spine. The degenerative score (DS) was higher on the CC side of the lumbar spine compared with the CV side. While CC BMD was positively correlated with CC DS and marrow, CV DS was not correlated with CV BMD. Marrow changes were correlated with DS on the CC lumbar spine.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These results highlight the importance of mechanoadaptive as well as broader inflammatory processes in the manifestation of degenerative changes and local mineral deposition at the lumbar spine. DXA-based BMD measurement of osteoporosis need to be contextualized within the biomechanical and degenerative conditions of a joint rather than using a strict threshold cutoff.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.24130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141560284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To evaluate the genetic diversity, admixture, genetic relationships, and sex-biased demographic processes in Mexican Mestizo (admixed) populations based on 10 X-chromosome STRs (X-STRs).
Methods
We analyzed the X-STRs Decaplex system in 104 Mexican Native Americans to obtain the ancestral reference needed to complete the demographic analyses above mentioned. We included reported Iberian and Latin American (admixed) populations from Central and South America, as well as datasets from Mexican Mestizos based on Y-linked STRs (Y-STRs), autosomal STRs (A-STRs), and mtDNA.
Results
Higher X-linked Native American ancestry was observed among Latin American populations regarding that reported from A-STRs and Y-STRs. The interpopulation differentiation based on ancestry among Mexican Mestizos diminished according to the inheritance pattern: Y-STRs (highest), A-STRs, X-STRs, and mtDNA (lowest). This finding is related to the peculiar admixture process that occurred during and after the Spanish Conquest of Mexico (and most of Latin America), involving a large number of Spanish men (Y-chromosomes) with a lesser proportion of X-chromosomes than autosomes; besides to the limited number of Spanish women (XX) arrived in the Americas in subsequent and shorter periods. Population expansion was detected in Mexican Mestizos from all the country, except those from the southeast region characterized by elevated indigenous ancestry, marginalization, and poorness.
Conclusions
Population growth was detected in most Mexican Mestizos, besides more homogeneous and larger Native American ancestry based on X-linked inheritance than that based on autosomal STRs and Y-STRs.
{"title":"Population expansion, larger, and more homogeneous native American ancestry among Mexican mestizo populations based on 10 X-chromosome STR loci (X-STR decaplex system)","authors":"Christian Mariscal-Ramos, Irán Cortes-Trujllo, Gabriela Martínez-Cortés, Ismael Nuño Arana, Héctor Rangel-Villalobos","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.24124","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajhb.24124","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate the genetic diversity, admixture, genetic relationships, and sex-biased demographic processes in Mexican Mestizo (admixed) populations based on 10 X-chromosome STRs (X-STRs).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed the X-STRs Decaplex system in 104 Mexican Native Americans to obtain the ancestral reference needed to complete the demographic analyses above mentioned. We included reported Iberian and Latin American (admixed) populations from Central and South America, as well as datasets from Mexican Mestizos based on Y-linked STRs (Y-STRs), autosomal STRs (A-STRs), and mtDNA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Higher X-linked Native American ancestry was observed among Latin American populations regarding that reported from A-STRs and Y-STRs. The interpopulation differentiation based on ancestry among Mexican Mestizos diminished according to the inheritance pattern: Y-STRs (highest), A-STRs, X-STRs, and mtDNA (lowest). This finding is related to the peculiar admixture process that occurred during and after the Spanish Conquest of Mexico (and most of Latin America), involving a large number of Spanish men (Y-chromosomes) with a lesser proportion of X-chromosomes than autosomes; besides to the limited number of Spanish women (XX) arrived in the Americas in subsequent and shorter periods. Population expansion was detected in Mexican Mestizos from all the country, except those from the southeast region characterized by elevated indigenous ancestry, marginalization, and poorness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Population growth was detected in most Mexican Mestizos, besides more homogeneous and larger Native American ancestry based on X-linked inheritance than that based on autosomal STRs and Y-STRs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141560285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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