American Journal of Human Biology最新文献_第3页

Catch-Up Weight Gain and Gut Microbiota Development in Full-Term Small for Gestational Age Children During the First Year of Life—A Prospective Cohort Study 一项前瞻性队列研究：足月小胎龄儿童出生第一年体重增加和肠道微生物群发育

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Human Biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.70202

Magdalena Durda-Masny, Joanna Ciomborowska-Basheer, Norbert Grundmann, Marta Szymankiewicz-Bręborowicz, Monika Englert-Golon, Jan Mazela, Katarzyna Morańska, Izabela Makałowska, Wojciech Makałowski, Anita Szwed

Objectives

Gut microbiota develops dynamically during infancy in parallel with early growth processes. This study aimed to assess the pattern of gut microbiota colonization in full-term SGA infants with catch-up weight gain in the 1st year of life.

Methods

This longitudinal cohort study included 19 full-term SGA and 46 full-term appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants. Stool samples and body mass measurements were collected at multiple time points during the 1st year of life. Gut microbiota composition was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Alpha diversity, beta diversity, and taxa abundances were used to evaluate microbial composition and diversity across developmental stages. Associations between the rate of weight gain and the pace of gut microbiota maturation were examined.

Results

SGA infants exhibited higher alpha diversity than AGA children at most time points. In this group, the Shannon index, reflecting the level of gut microbiota maturation, was positively associated with the rate of body weight gain over time (p = 0.015), an association that was not observed in AGA infants. Characteristic genera associated with SGA included Citrobacter, Staphylococcus, Blautia, Veillonella, Klebsiella, and Clostridium XIVa.

Conclusions

SGA children had a distinct gut microbiota with higher alpha diversity than AGA peers. In this group, more mature microbiota was linked to faster weight gain and an increased abundance of short-chain fatty acid–producing and obesity-associated bacteria, suggesting that early microbial development may affect the risk of overweight and obesity later in life.

目的：肠道菌群在婴儿期与早期生长过程平行动态发展。本研究旨在评估一岁体重增加的足月SGA婴儿肠道菌群定植模式。方法：本纵向队列研究包括19例足月SGA和46例足月适宜胎龄（AGA）婴儿。在第一年的多个时间点收集粪便样本和体重测量。采用16S rRNA基因测序分析肠道菌群组成。利用α多样性、β多样性和类群丰度评价不同发育阶段的微生物组成和多样性。研究了体重增加速度与肠道微生物群成熟速度之间的关系。结果：SGA婴儿在大多数时间点表现出高于AGA儿童的α多样性。在这一组中，反映肠道微生物群成熟水平的香农指数与随着时间的推移体重增加率呈正相关（p = 0.015），而在AGA婴儿中没有观察到这种关联。与SGA相关的特征属包括Citrobacter、Staphylococcus、Blautia、Veillonella、Klebsiella和Clostridium XIVa。结论：SGA儿童具有明显的肠道微生物群，α多样性高于AGA同龄人。在这一组中，更成熟的微生物群与更快的体重增加和短链脂肪酸产生和肥胖相关细菌的丰度增加有关，这表明早期微生物发育可能会影响生命后期超重和肥胖的风险。

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引用次数: 0

Mining the Gaps: Rethinking Divergence Between Biological and Self-Report Measures in the Study of Sexual Diversity 挖掘差距：重新思考性别多样性研究中生物和自我报告测量之间的分歧。

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Human Biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.70201

Lisa M. Diamond

Over the past several decades, scholars have conducted hundreds of studies investigating potential biomarkers of sexual orientation, such as genes, neuroanatomical features, and patterns of physiological response to sexual stimuli. The findings have been inconsistent: Biological measures sometimes converge with—but just as often diverge from—individuals' self-reported sexual attractions, behaviors, and identities. For example, numerous studies show that individuals' biological responses to erotic stimuli frequently diverge from their self-reported sexual identities and self-reported arousal to such stimuli. I argue that such cases of “biodivergence” warrant a shift in our conceptualization of sexual orientation, from seeing it as a singular and coherent phenotype to seeing it as a constellation of multiple biobehavioral patterns, with multiple and divergent causes and effects. I show that this perspective concords with recent findings from genetic research on sexual orientation, which show there is no single genotype underlying patterns of same-gender expression, and also concords with recent population data showing increasingly varied and fluid forms of sexual diversity around the globe that challenge the notion of sexual orientation as a singular and coherent sexual phenotype.

在过去的几十年里，学者们进行了数百项研究，调查性取向的潜在生物标志物，如基因、神经解剖特征和对性刺激的生理反应模式。研究结果并不一致：生物测量有时与个人自我报告的性吸引力、性行为和性身份一致，但也经常出现分歧。例如，大量的研究表明，个体对性刺激的生理反应经常与他们自我报告的性身份和自我报告的对这种刺激的觉醒不同。我认为，这些“生物分化”的案例证明了我们对性取向概念的转变，从将其视为一种单一而连贯的表型，到将其视为多种生物行为模式的集合，具有多种不同的因果关系。我指出，这一观点与最近关于性取向的基因研究的发现相一致，这些发现表明，同性表达模式没有单一的基因型，也与最近的人口数据相一致，这些数据显示，全球各地的性多样性形式日益多样化和流动，挑战了性取向是单一和连贯的性表型的概念。

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引用次数: 0

Proceedings of the Human Biology Association's 50th Annual Meeting, Baltimore Marriott Waterfront, Baltimore, Maryland, March 12th–14th, 2025 人类生物学协会第50届年会，巴尔的摩万豪滨水区，马里兰州巴尔的摩市，2025年3月12日至14日。

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Human Biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.70198

Tara J. Cepon-Robins

引用次数: 0

Ecologies of Risk: Malaria and Settler Landscape Transformation in 19th-Century Ontario 风险生态学：19世纪安大略省的疟疾和定居者景观转变。

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Human Biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.70181

Amanda Cooke, Megan B. Brickley

Objectives

This study examines how settler-driven environmental change shaped malaria transmission and mortality in 19th-century southern Ontario. It aimed to understand the biosocial and ecological conditions that sustained endemic malaria in a temperate, colonial context.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed 2702 deaths attributed to probable malaria from 1831 to 1900 using civil, cemetery, parish, and municipal records. Each record was coded for age, sex, occupation, region, and season of death. To assess environmental influences, we incorporated monthly temperature and rainfall data from Toronto as a regional climate proxy. We examined demographic and spatial patterns at multiple scales, including towns, settlement type (urban/rural), and regional groupings, alongside temporal and seasonal variation. Statistical comparisons were used to explore associations, including nonlinear modeling of rainfall and malaria mortality.

Results

Probable malaria mortality declined over time but persisted throughout the century. Children under 5 accounted for over half of recorded deaths, while adults in agricultural occupations were also disproportionately affected. Rural areas, particularly in western Ontario, experienced the highest mortality. Generalized additive model (GAM) results indicated a strong nonlinear association between rainfall and malaria deaths (p < 0.001), while temperature was not a significant predictor.

Conclusions

Malaria's persistence in 19th-century Ontario reflected a structural embedding of disease risk within settler-transformed landscapes. Deforestation, altered hydrology, and agricultural intensification created ecologies conducive to mosquito breeding. Vulnerability was not evenly distributed but shaped by age, labor, and proximity to altered environments. These findings underscore the importance of integrating environmental and historical data to reconstruct past disease ecologies and illustrate how evolutionary mismatch can drive vulnerability even in short-lived endemic contexts.

目的：本研究探讨了19世纪安大略省南部定居者驱动的环境变化如何影响疟疾传播和死亡率。它的目的是了解在温带殖民环境下地方性疟疾持续存在的生物社会和生态条件。材料和方法：我们使用民事、墓地、教区和市政记录分析了1831年至1900年期间可能死于疟疾的2702例死亡。每条记录都按年龄、性别、职业、地区和死亡季节进行编码。为了评估环境影响，我们将多伦多的月度温度和降雨量数据作为区域气候代理。我们在多个尺度上考察了人口和空间格局，包括城镇、聚落类型（城市/农村）和区域分组，以及时间和季节变化。使用统计比较来探索关联，包括降雨和疟疾死亡率的非线性建模。结果：可能的疟疾死亡率随着时间的推移而下降，但在整个世纪都保持不变。5岁以下儿童占记录死亡人数的一半以上，而从事农业职业的成年人也受到不成比例的影响。农村地区，特别是安大略省西部，死亡率最高。广义加性模型（GAM）结果表明，降雨与疟疾死亡之间存在强烈的非线性关联(p结论：疟疾在19世纪安大略省的持续存在反映了疾病风险在定居者转变的景观中的结构性嵌入。森林砍伐、水文变化和农业集约化创造了有利于蚊子繁殖的生态环境。脆弱性不是均匀分布的，而是由年龄、劳动和与变化环境的接近程度决定的。这些发现强调了整合环境和历史数据来重建过去疾病生态的重要性，并说明了进化不匹配如何在短暂的地方性环境中驱动脆弱性。

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引用次数: 0

Correction to “Doing Science With Our Grandmother's WISDOM: A Worldview Integrating Sociality, Diversity, and Observant Meaning-Making” 更正“用我们祖母的智慧做科学：一种整合社会性、多样性和观察意义制造的世界观”。

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Human Biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.70190

Dajani, R., D. Glass, and A. Fuentes. 2025. “Doing Science With Our Grandmother's WISDOM: A Worldview Integrating Sociality, Diversity, and Observant Meaning-Making.” American Journal of Human Biology 37: e70138. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70138.

The affiliation for the author Rana Dajani was missing “Faculty of Science”. The affiliation should read as follows:

Department of Biology and Biotechnology

Faculty of Science

The Hashemite University

Zarqa, Jordan.

We apologize for this error.

达贾尼，R.， D.格拉斯和A.富恩特斯，2025。“用我们祖母的智慧做科学：一种整合社会性、多样性和观察意义的世界观。”中国生物医学杂志37(3):391 - 391。https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70138.The作者Rana Dajani的隶属关系缺少“科学学院”。隶属关系如下：约旦扎卡哈希姆大学生物与生物技术系，理学院。我们为这个错误道歉。

引用次数: 0

Letter to the Editor: Association of Air Pollution With Adiposity Rates in Active Runners and Inactive People 给编辑的信：空气污染与积极跑步者和不积极跑步者肥胖率的关系。

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Human Biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.70195

Magno Conceição Garcia, Tatiane Cristina Moraes de Sousa

引用次数: 0

The First Allometric Analysis in Newborns Rejects the Allometry Hypothesis for 2D:4D: Strong Developmental Evidence for Prenatal Hormonal Programming 新生儿的第一个异速分析拒绝了2D:4D的异速假说：产前激素编程的强大发育证据。

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Human Biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.70193

Barış Özener, Berna Ertuğrul, Görel Aksoy

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the presence of sexual dimorphism in the second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and to systematically investigate the contribution of potential allometric interactions to this variation in a sample of Turkish newborns (N = 225, 125 girls). Investigating newborns provides a unique opportunity to determine whether 2D:4D sexual dimorphism is primarily shaped by prenatal hormonal programming or by postnatal growth-related allometric interactions.

Materials and Methods

Digit lengths (2D and 4D) were measured for both hands with 0.01 mm precision. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, Spearman correlation, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), utilizing the mean 4D length as a covariate to isolate the size effect.

Results

Male newborns exhibited significantly lower right and left 2D:4D ratios compared to females (right d = 0.68; left d = 0.80). Although males had significantly longer 4D lengths, ANCOVA results demonstrated that the sexual dimorphism in the 2D:4D ratio remained significant and independent of the 4D size effect (Right p = 0.003; left p = 0.001). Furthermore, when 4D length was statistically controlled, 2D length itself significantly differed between sexes, suggesting independent hormonal influence on 2D development.

Conclusion

The findings provide evidence for sexual dimorphism in 2D:4D in Turkish neonates. In this respect, the sex difference appears to be independent of the absolute length of the fourth digit, providing developmental evidence that is inconsistent with the allometry hypothesis and supporting the premise that 2D:4D dimorphism is likely related to prenatal hormonal programming rather than simple differential growth.

目的：本研究旨在评估第二与第四指长度比（2D:4D）中性别二态性的存在，并系统地调查潜在异速相互作用对土耳其新生儿样本（N = 225,125名女孩）这种差异的贡献。调查新生儿提供了一个独特的机会来确定2D:4D两性异形是否主要由产前激素编程或出生后生长相关的异速相互作用形成。材料与方法：测量双手手指长度（2D和4D），精度为0.01 mm。统计分析包括方差分析、Kruskal-Wallis、Spearman相关和协方差分析（ANCOVA），利用平均4D长度作为协变量来隔离大小效应。结果：男性新生儿的左右2D:4D比值明显低于女性（右d = 0.68，左d = 0.80）。尽管雄性的4D长度明显更长，但ANCOVA结果表明，2D:4D比例的性别二态性仍然显著且独立于4D大小效应（右p = 0.003；左p = 0.001）。此外，当4D长度得到统计控制时，2D长度本身在两性之间存在显著差异，表明激素对2D发育的影响是独立的。结论：研究结果为土耳其新生儿2D:4D两性异形提供了证据。在这方面，性别差异似乎与第四趾的绝对长度无关，这提供了与异速生长假说不一致的发育证据，并支持了2D:4D二态现象可能与产前激素编程有关，而不是简单的生长差异。

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引用次数: 0

Genetic Ancestry of the Mexican Population: Diversity and Implications for Health Research 墨西哥人口的遗传祖先：多样性和对健康研究的影响。

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Human Biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.70191

Héctor Lamadrid-Figueroa, Jimena Fritz

Mexico's population is often perceived, particularly in U.S. discourse, as genetically homogeneous. This misconception arises from a broader tendency to treat “Mexicans” or “Latinos” as a monolithic category, obscuring historical, cultural, and genetic differences. In fact, Mexico is a highly genetically diverse country. Centuries of admixture among Indigenous, European, and African populations have created complex ancestry patterns that vary by geography, sex-biased lineages, and fine-scale Indigenous substructure. Indigenous groups alone exhibit levels of differentiation comparable to those observed between continental populations, and these distinctions remain detectable in contemporary admixed Mexicans. Such diversity has tangible biomedical consequences: reported ancestry-associated variation in lung function, pharmacogenomic responses, and the discovery of the diabetes-associated SLC16A11 variant illustrate how studies in Mexicans can reveal genetic and health insights that may be invisible in more homogeneous populations. Implications extend well beyond Mexico. More than 37 million people of Mexican origin reside in the United States, forming the largest Latino subgroup, and their genetic ancestry mirrors that of populations in Mexico. Moreover, the European and African components of Mexico's admixture contribute to findings of broader applicability, underscoring that research in Mexico is not only relevant to Latinos but to human populations more generally. Recognizing Mexico's genetic diversity is therefore essential for building more accurate, inclusive, and equitable biomedical knowledge.

墨西哥人口通常被认为是基因同质的，尤其是在美国的话语中。这种误解源于一种更广泛的倾向，即把“墨西哥人”或“拉丁美洲人”视为一个单一的类别，模糊了历史、文化和遗传差异。事实上，墨西哥是一个基因高度多样化的国家。几个世纪以来，土著、欧洲和非洲人口之间的混合创造了复杂的祖先模式，这些模式因地理、性别偏见谱系和精细的土著亚结构而异。土著群体本身就表现出与大陆人口之间所观察到的分化水平相当的差异，这些差异在当代混合墨西哥人中仍然可以检测到。这种多样性具有明显的生物医学影响：已报道的与祖先相关的肺功能变异、药物基因组反应，以及与糖尿病相关的SLC16A11变异的发现，说明了对墨西哥人的研究如何揭示在更同质的人群中可能不可见的遗传和健康见解。其影响远远超出了墨西哥。超过3700万墨西哥裔居住在美国，形成了最大的拉丁裔亚群，他们的遗传祖先反映了墨西哥人口的遗传祖先。此外，墨西哥混合的欧洲和非洲成分有助于更广泛适用性的发现，强调墨西哥的研究不仅与拉丁美洲人有关，而且与更普遍的人口有关。因此，认识到墨西哥的遗传多样性对于建立更准确、包容和公平的生物医学知识至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Breastfeeding Might Be Associated With Vitamin D and Cortisol Concentration Among Children Aged 6–13 Years 母乳喂养可能与6-13岁儿童的维生素D和皮质醇浓度有关。

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Human Biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.70194

Anna Opoka, Paulina Pruszkowska-Przybylska, Elżbieta Żądzińska

<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>The aim of this study was to investigate if the type of feeding (breastfeeding/formula feeding) and the duration of breastfeeding (in months) may have long-term effects on vitamin D concentrations and cortisol levels in children aged 6–13 years. Additionally, we examined if family socio-economic status (SES) level modifies these relationships.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Material and Methods</h3> <p>The analysis included 170 children (92 girls and 78 boys) aged 6–13 years. The study comprised a parental questionnaire and laboratory analyses. The questionnaire included information on the diet during the first months of life and the family's standard of living. The laboratory analyses measured 25(OH)D and cortisol concentrations in saliva using an ELISA assay. To evaluate the relationship between breastfeeding, vitamin D, and cortisol among children, several statistical tests were conducted, including the Chi2 test, the U-Mann–Whitney test, Kendall's Tau correlation, and multivariate and stepwise backward regression.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Breastfed girls had notably higher cortisol concentrations than boys (<i>Z</i> = 1.9885; <i>p</i> = 0.0468). In addition, for girls, there was a significant positive correlation between the length of breastfeeding and cortisol concentrations (<i>τ</i> = 0.2299). The concentration of cortisol was found to have a significant positive correlation with the concentration of vitamin D (<i>τ</i> = 0.1630). Breastfeeding duration (in months) was found to have a significant positive correlation with vitamin D concentration in males (<i>τ</i> = 0.1791). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the concentration of vitamin D and cortisol (<i>τ</i> = 0.2035). The multiple regression model revealed a significant positive correlation between breastfeeding duration (in months) and cortisol concentration in boys (Beta = 0.532; <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between cortisol concentration and vitamin D concentration in boys (Beta = 0.217; <i>p</i> = 0.0284). In contrast to boys, vitamin D concentrations in girls were found to have a positive correlation with the season of the study, specifically in late spring (Beta = 0.379; <i>p</i> = 0.0002). Additionally, backward stepwise regression indicated in boys a significant positive correlation between breastfeeding and cortisol levels (Beta = 0.620; <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and a positive correlation between cortisol levels and vitamin D levels (Beta = 0.222; <i>p</i> = 0.0247). Backward stepwise regression analysis also showed a significant positive correlation between vitamin D levels and high family SES (Beta = 0.258; <i>p</i> = 0

背景：本研究的目的是调查喂养类型（母乳喂养/配方喂养）和母乳喂养持续时间（以月为单位）是否会对6-13岁儿童的维生素D浓度和皮质醇水平产生长期影响。此外，我们研究了家庭社会经济地位（SES）水平是否会改变这些关系。材料与方法：分析对象为170名6-13岁的儿童，其中女孩92名，男孩78名。这项研究包括父母问卷调查和实验室分析。调查问卷包括出生后最初几个月的饮食情况和家庭生活水平。实验室分析使用ELISA法测量唾液中的25(OH)D和皮质醇浓度。为了评估儿童母乳喂养、维生素D和皮质醇之间的关系，我们进行了多项统计检验，包括Chi2检验、U-Mann-Whitney检验、Kendall's Tau相关、多变量回归和逐步回归。结果：母乳喂养的女孩皮质醇浓度明显高于男孩（Z = 1.9885; p = 0.0468）。此外，对于女孩来说，母乳喂养时间与皮质醇浓度之间存在显著的正相关（τ = 0.2299）。皮质醇浓度与维生素D浓度呈显著正相关（τ = 0.1630）。母乳喂养时间（以月为单位）与男性维生素D浓度呈显著正相关（τ = 0.1791）。此外，维生素D浓度与皮质醇之间存在正相关（τ = 0.2035）。多元回归模型显示，母乳喂养持续时间（月）与男孩皮质醇浓度呈显著正相关（Beta = 0.532; p）。结论：母乳喂养与6-13岁男孩皮质醇和维生素D水平显著升高有关。此外，较高的社会经济地位与较高的维生素D水平有关。

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引用次数: 0

Genetic and Phenotypic Associations of the Polygenic Score of Delay Discounting and Life History Traits 延迟贴现和生活史性状多基因评分的遗传和表型关联。

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Human Biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.70192

Martin Fieder, Susanne Huber

Objectives

Delay discounting reflects individual differences in future orientation and impulsivity and may relate to life-history strategies. Because delay discounting has a substantial genetic basis, we investigated whether the polygenic score (PGS) for delay discounting is associated with genetic predispositions for key life-history traits—education, age at first birth, and number of children—and whether these relationships are reflected phenotypically.

Methods

We used data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, including 2713 men and 2980 women of European ancestry with available genetic data. Linear regressions examined associations between the delay-discounting PGS and PGSs for educational attainment, age at first birth, and number of children. Parallel models assessed phenotypic associations with years of postsecondary education, age at first birth, and number of children. All models controlled for birth year and the first 10 genomic principal components.

Results

In both sexes, the delay-discounting PGS was strongly negatively associated with the PGSs for educational attainment and age at first birth, and positively associated with the PGS for number of children. Phenotypic associations were directionally consistent but substantially smaller: higher delay-discounting PGSs predicted fewer years of education, earlier first birth, and (marginally) more children. Explained variance ranged from approximately 4%–5% for education to 1%–2% for reproductive traits.

Conclusion

Genetic and phenotypic associations between delay discounting, education, and reproductive timing align with predictions from fast–slow life-history theory. These findings suggest that behavioral tendencies related to impulsivity and future orientation share molecular genetic foundations with key life-history traits while leaving substantial scope for environmental influences.

目的：延迟折扣反映了未来取向和冲动性的个体差异，并可能与生活史策略有关。由于延迟折扣具有重要的遗传基础，我们研究了延迟折扣的多基因评分（PGS）是否与关键生活史特征（教育程度、第一胎年龄和子女数量）的遗传倾向有关，以及这些关系是否在表型上得到反映。方法：我们使用来自威斯康辛纵向研究的数据，包括2713名男性和2980名欧洲血统的女性，并有可用的遗传数据。线性回归检验了延迟折扣PGS和PGS与受教育程度、第一胎年龄和子女数量之间的关系。平行模型评估了与高等教育年限、首次生育年龄和子女数量的表型关联。所有模型都控制了出生年份和前10个基因组主成分。结果：在两性中，延迟折扣PGS与受教育程度和第一胎年龄的PGS呈显著负相关，与子女数量的PGS呈显著正相关。表型关联在方向上是一致的，但实质上较小：较高的延迟贴现pgs预示着更少的受教育年限，更早的首次生育，以及（略微）更多的孩子。可解释的方差范围从教育的4%-5%到生殖性状的1%-2%。结论：延迟折扣、教育和生育时间之间的遗传和表型关联与快-慢生活史理论的预测一致。这些发现表明，与冲动和未来取向相关的行为倾向与关键的生活史特征具有相同的分子遗传基础，同时也为环境影响留下了很大的余地。

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引用次数: 0