Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0204119c
Jasmina S. Ćirić
This article delves into the intriguing ΦΧΦΠ cryptograms on the west facade of the St. George Church in Staro Nagoričino, shedding light on their connection to the era of King Milutin and their profound theological significance. It explores the convergence of architecture and symbolism, focusing on these cryptograms as a representation of the “True Light” within Christianity and its correlation to the concept of victory. The study delves into the influence of the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts. It investigates how placing these cryptograms above the church’s doorway resonates with architectural and spiritual narratives. It examines the architectural features of the church’s west façade, reflecting King Milutin’s depiction on the north wall and his role as the “New Constantine.” The cryptogram ΦΧΦΠ ( “The light of Christ shines upon all”) is strategically placed above the bifora in the central axis of the facade, marking the four sides of the Cross. The motif depicting the true light coming into the world is painted on both sides of the interior of the west entrance, creating a liminal space. This motif references the ancient Biblical verse from the Gospel of John 1:9: “The true light, which gives light to everyone, was coming into the world”. Apart from the biblical reference, the patronage inscriptions and the prayerful mention of King Stefan Uroš II Milutin Nemanjić and Queen Simonis are also highlighted. Their names are inscribed on the lintel of the portal. This study uncovers the intricate symbolism and architectural nuances of the St. George Church in Staro Nagoričino, shedding light on the interplay of liturgical and historical context in this remarkable Byzantine architectural gem.
{"title":"UNVEILING THE ‘TRUE LIGHT’: BRICK CRYPTOGRAMS AT ST. GEORGE CHURCH IN STARO NAGORIČINO","authors":"Jasmina S. Ćirić","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0204119c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0204119c","url":null,"abstract":"This article delves into the intriguing ΦΧΦΠ cryptograms on the west facade of the St. George Church in Staro Nagoričino, shedding light on their connection to the era of King Milutin and their profound theological significance. It explores the convergence of architecture and symbolism, focusing on these cryptograms as a representation of the “True Light” within Christianity and its correlation to the concept of victory. The study delves into the influence of the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts. It investigates how placing these cryptograms above the church’s doorway resonates with architectural and spiritual narratives. It examines the architectural features of the church’s west façade, reflecting King Milutin’s depiction on the north wall and his role as the “New Constantine.” The cryptogram ΦΧΦΠ ( “The light of Christ shines upon all”) is strategically placed above the bifora in the central axis of the facade, marking the four sides of the Cross. The motif depicting the true light coming into the world is painted on both sides of the interior of the west entrance, creating a liminal space. This motif references the ancient Biblical verse from the Gospel of John 1:9: “The true light, which gives light to everyone, was coming into the world”. Apart from the biblical reference, the patronage inscriptions and the prayerful mention of King Stefan Uroš II Milutin Nemanjić and Queen Simonis are also highlighted. Their names are inscribed on the lintel of the portal. This study uncovers the intricate symbolism and architectural nuances of the St. George Church in Staro Nagoričino, shedding light on the interplay of liturgical and historical context in this remarkable Byzantine architectural gem.","PeriodicalId":508513,"journal":{"name":"SCIENCE International Journal","volume":"339 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139181144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0204025m
Ljiljana Stosic Mihajlovic, Marija Mihajlović
Just as in the field of architecture every detail is important, from the foundation to the roof every element must be carefully planned and executed, it is the same with digital marketing - every detail, from the creation of the website, its promotion, social networks to advertising, must be carefully planned and performed. Modern companies in the world of race are looking for a way to stand out and attract new customers, which is also true for companies in the construction industry. Today, if you want to expand your business regardless of the size of the company, it cannot be achieved without digital marketing and an adequate marketing strategy. In the world of architecture and construction, every project begins with a detailed plan. Without a plan, regardless of the quality of the materials or the expertise of the workers, a construction project will not be successful. It’s the same with digital marketing – without a strategically designed marketing campaign and effective lease of media space, the online presence will not be able to compete with the competition. Creating quality content, publishing it and monitoring it is an indispensable part of a digital marketing strategy. In the construction industry, it has become very important to use content marketing as a way of informing and educating, gaining trust and attracting the target audience. Because today’s customers expect and look for quality content and information on the Internet. In this paper, we aim to present the importance of digital marketing, then the organization of marketing campaigns and the rental of advertising space in digital media in the field of architecture and the construction industry. Digital marketing in construction offers an incredible opportunity - direct connection with target clients or customers. With the right strategy, using various digital channels, one can reach potential clients who are really interested in the services. In Serbia, there are tens of thousands of companies operating in the field of architecture and construction industry, including: consulting companies, design firms, contractors, suppliers of materials and equipment, sellers of tools and machines and related activities. However, it is certain that less than 50% of these companies do not have their own website. Even those companies that have their own website, or a large number of existing websites, are not optimized. At the very beginning, this leads us to the conclusion that digital marketing in construction is an underdeveloped area.
{"title":"DIGITAL MARKETING IN PRACTICE","authors":"Ljiljana Stosic Mihajlovic, Marija Mihajlović","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0204025m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0204025m","url":null,"abstract":"Just as in the field of architecture every detail is important, from the foundation to the roof every element must be carefully planned and executed, it is the same with digital marketing - every detail, from the creation of the website, its promotion, social networks to advertising, must be carefully planned and performed. Modern companies in the world of race are looking for a way to stand out and attract new customers, which is also true for companies in the construction industry. Today, if you want to expand your business regardless of the size of the company, it cannot be achieved without digital marketing and an adequate marketing strategy. In the world of architecture and construction, every project begins with a detailed plan. Without a plan, regardless of the quality of the materials or the expertise of the workers, a construction project will not be successful. It’s the same with digital marketing – without a strategically designed marketing campaign and effective lease of media space, the online presence will not be able to compete with the competition. Creating quality content, publishing it and monitoring it is an indispensable part of a digital marketing strategy. In the construction industry, it has become very important to use content marketing as a way of informing and educating, gaining trust and attracting the target audience. Because today’s customers expect and look for quality content and information on the Internet. In this paper, we aim to present the importance of digital marketing, then the organization of marketing campaigns and the rental of advertising space in digital media in the field of architecture and the construction industry. Digital marketing in construction offers an incredible opportunity - direct connection with target clients or customers. With the right strategy, using various digital channels, one can reach potential clients who are really interested in the services. In Serbia, there are tens of thousands of companies operating in the field of architecture and construction industry, including: consulting companies, design firms, contractors, suppliers of materials and equipment, sellers of tools and machines and related activities. However, it is certain that less than 50% of these companies do not have their own website. Even those companies that have their own website, or a large number of existing websites, are not optimized. At the very beginning, this leads us to the conclusion that digital marketing in construction is an underdeveloped area.","PeriodicalId":508513,"journal":{"name":"SCIENCE International Journal","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139180576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0204125h
Sanel Hadžiahmetović Jurida, Nenad Blaženović, Emir Z. Muhić
This paper examines phonemic transcription errors of L2 learners of English, majoring in English language and literature, undergraduate students affiliated with the English Departments in two of the country’s major university cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), as case study and provides a comparison of their performance across several levels. The paper is a result of collaboration between two English Departments in BiH, one based in Tuzla and the other one in Banja Luka. The main focus of the paper is to look into English phonemic transcription errors made by students of English at the Bachelor’s level.The study encompasses a total of 30 students from the English Department in Tuzla, and 40 students in the Banja Luka English Department in the academic year 2022/2023. All students attended the English Phonetics and Phonology courses taught during the first year of study. Students’ English transcription errors were first collected and then analysed and categorised, respectively, focusing on the most important aspects of connected speech. More specifically, the study shows the extent to which the two groups of students, following the same curriculum and syllabus, developed their English phonemic transcription skills, with a particular focus on the use of diacritics for aspirated and unexploded plosives, velarized, dental and syllabic consonants. Additionally, keeping in mind that various phonological phenomena are found in connected speech, the paper focuses on coalescence (the coalescent type of assimilation) as one of the most frequent such phenomena found in everyday usage. In the concluding remarks, the paper discusses the levels to which both groups of students in the two English Departments have succeeded in comprehending basic terms in this field, an understanding of the sound system in English, and to what degree they mastered narrow transcription skills in particular.
{"title":"STUDENTS’ PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION ERROR ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY IN TUZLA AND BANJA LUKA ENGLISH DEPARTMENTS","authors":"Sanel Hadžiahmetović Jurida, Nenad Blaženović, Emir Z. Muhić","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0204125h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0204125h","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines phonemic transcription errors of L2 learners of English, majoring in English language and literature, undergraduate students affiliated with the English Departments in two of the country’s major university cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), as case study and provides a comparison of their performance across several levels. The paper is a result of collaboration between two English Departments in BiH, one based in Tuzla and the other one in Banja Luka. The main focus of the paper is to look into English phonemic transcription errors made by students of English at the Bachelor’s level.The study encompasses a total of 30 students from the English Department in Tuzla, and 40 students in the Banja Luka English Department in the academic year 2022/2023. All students attended the English Phonetics and Phonology courses taught during the first year of study. Students’ English transcription errors were first collected and then analysed and categorised, respectively, focusing on the most important aspects of connected speech. More specifically, the study shows the extent to which the two groups of students, following the same curriculum and syllabus, developed their English phonemic transcription skills, with a particular focus on the use of diacritics for aspirated and unexploded plosives, velarized, dental and syllabic consonants. Additionally, keeping in mind that various phonological phenomena are found in connected speech, the paper focuses on coalescence (the coalescent type of assimilation) as one of the most frequent such phenomena found in everyday usage. In the concluding remarks, the paper discusses the levels to which both groups of students in the two English Departments have succeeded in comprehending basic terms in this field, an understanding of the sound system in English, and to what degree they mastered narrow transcription skills in particular.","PeriodicalId":508513,"journal":{"name":"SCIENCE International Journal","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139180708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0204087g
Gordana Tomić, Ivana Lešević, S. Nastić
The year 2020 proved to be challenging in many fields. The entire economy suffered huge losses and the tourism is no exception. The research offered in this paper was conducted in this regard, the aim of which was to examine the tourist habits of the Serbian residents before the pandemic, and then to compare them with the behaviour of passengers in this new situation. Surveys designed partly as open questions, and partly as questions with offered answers, and their analysis, revealed that the habits of the citizens of our country change forcibly and that the preferences of a typical Serbian tourist always gravitate to foreign destinations. Only the pandemic led tourists to travel around Serbia, which, as they admit, they do not know enough about. An important role in that context played the government’s tourist vouchers, which to some extent helped overcome the economic difficulties of travel. The conclusion is therefore that although tourism has suffered damage, the imposed global isolation may be just an opportunity to attract domestic tourists. As could easily be concluded, tourism in 2020 faced great challenges globally, because of the Covid-19 virus epidemic. World stock markets and the world economy are in crisis and the extent and consequences of this crisis are still unknown. Tourism as an economic branch does not include only travel but relates to other economic activities that are an integral part of sustainable development. Some tourist destinations in the world once facing too many tourists, now are facing flights cancelled during the pandemic, and the number of visits dropped in a short period of time. On the other hand, we are witnessing events that are a consequence of the declining number of tourists, and which are a kind of nature’s recovery from human presence (dolphins in Venice, animals on city streets, reduced air pollution, etc.). It seems that nature needed a break from man, and viewed from that side, one can see the positive effects of limited movement.
{"title":"COVID-19 VIRUS PANDEMIC – CRASH OF THE SERBIAN TOURISM OR THE OPPORTUNITY TO PROSPER?","authors":"Gordana Tomić, Ivana Lešević, S. Nastić","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0204087g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0204087g","url":null,"abstract":"The year 2020 proved to be challenging in many fields. The entire economy suffered huge losses and the tourism is no exception. The research offered in this paper was conducted in this regard, the aim of which was to examine the tourist habits of the Serbian residents before the pandemic, and then to compare them with the behaviour of passengers in this new situation. Surveys designed partly as open questions, and partly as questions with offered answers, and their analysis, revealed that the habits of the citizens of our country change forcibly and that the preferences of a typical Serbian tourist always gravitate to foreign destinations. Only the pandemic led tourists to travel around Serbia, which, as they admit, they do not know enough about. An important role in that context played the government’s tourist vouchers, which to some extent helped overcome the economic difficulties of travel. The conclusion is therefore that although tourism has suffered damage, the imposed global isolation may be just an opportunity to attract domestic tourists. As could easily be concluded, tourism in 2020 faced great challenges globally, because of the Covid-19 virus epidemic. World stock markets and the world economy are in crisis and the extent and consequences of this crisis are still unknown. Tourism as an economic branch does not include only travel but relates to other economic activities that are an integral part of sustainable development. Some tourist destinations in the world once facing too many tourists, now are facing flights cancelled during the pandemic, and the number of visits dropped in a short period of time. On the other hand, we are witnessing events that are a consequence of the declining number of tourists, and which are a kind of nature’s recovery from human presence (dolphins in Venice, animals on city streets, reduced air pollution, etc.). It seems that nature needed a break from man, and viewed from that side, one can see the positive effects of limited movement.","PeriodicalId":508513,"journal":{"name":"SCIENCE International Journal","volume":"273 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139181202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tourist offers play an important role in the society of the modern consumer. Tourism represents the act of traveling for the purpose of recreation, as well as obtaining services to achieve that goal. Tourism is a service industry, which is made up of a number of tangible and intangible elements. A tourist is a person who travels at least eighty kilometers from the place of permanent residence for the purpose of recreation, as defined by the World Tourism Organization (part of the United Nations). Tangible elements include transportation systems - air, rail, road, water and more recently, space; catering services - accommodation, food and drinks, tours, souvenirs, etc. The intangible elements are: rest and relaxation, culture, adventure, new and different experiences. In addition to a greater number of different tourist offers and consumer interests, the development of cultural truism is increasingly significant. This is due to the fact that today tourists are not satisfied only with a vacation in nature, in the sun, but also with other contents and activities. An increasing number of tourists are interested in tourist manifestations, which show the achievements, beliefs, traditions, and way of life of the ethnically heterogeneous population of the selected destinations. In addition to museums and monuments, there is a growing interest in gastronomic specialties of traditional dishes, music, dance, song. The expansion of cultural exchange at the national and international level through the participation of folklore ensembles at festivals in the country and abroad become the bearers of the tourist offer. The aim of the paper is to show the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents for interest in folklore events that are part of cultural identity and the potential of tradition as a driver of tourist offers. Empirical research was conducted on a sample of 42 respondents in the territory of Vojvodina. The questionnaire consisted of 100 different questions classified into 4 groups. The questionnaire used in this research was based on Delamere’s scale (Delamere et al., 2001), which was modified and shortened for the purpose of more efficient interviewing. The presented research results are presented in tabular and graphical form and obtained on the basis of processed data using descriptive, comparative methods. At the end of the research, the conclusion was drawn that the interest of the younger population in visiting folklore festivals and recognizing folk dances is increasing. The interviewees stated that the most important elements for recognizing the elements of folk tradition are songs, dances and costumes. The motive that attracts cultural visitors is the rich - historical heritage of Vojvodina as a destination for folklore festivals. The destination of the folklore festival is important to potential visitors, as is its character. Based on everything, a general conclusion can be drawn that the development of folklore events can significant
旅游服务在现代消费者社会中扮演着重要角色。旅游业代表着以娱乐为目的的旅行行为，以及为实现这一目标而获取服务的行为。旅游业是一种服务业，由许多有形和无形要素组成。根据世界旅游组织（隶属于联合国）的定义，游客是指为娱乐目的从常住地出发至少旅行八十公里的人。有形要素包括交通系统--航空、铁路、公路、水路以及最近的太空交通；餐饮服务--住宿、餐饮、旅游、纪念品等。无形要素包括：休息和放松、文化、探险、不同的新体验。除了提供更多不同的旅游产品和消费者兴趣之外，文化的发展也越来越重要。这是因为今天的游客已不仅仅满足于在大自然中享受阳光下的假期，他们还喜欢其他内容和活动。越来越多的游客对旅游表现形式感兴趣，这些表现形式展示了所选目的地不同民族的成就、信仰、传统和生活方式。除了博物馆和古迹，人们对传统菜肴、音乐、舞蹈和歌曲等特色美食也越来越感兴趣。通过民俗乐团参加国内外的节庆活动，扩大了国内和国际文化交流，成为旅游产品的承载者。本文旨在说明受访者对作为文化认同一部分的民俗活动感兴趣的社会人口特征，以及传统作为旅游产品驱动力的潜力。对伏伊伏丁那省境内的 42 名受访者进行了抽样调查。调查问卷包括 100 个不同的问题，分为 4 组。本研究使用的问卷以德拉米尔量表（Delamere et al.研究结果以表格和图表形式呈现，是在使用描述性比较方法处理数据的基础上得出的。研究结束时得出的结论是，年轻人对参观民俗节日和欣赏民间舞蹈的兴趣日益浓厚。受访者表示，认识民间传统元素的最重要因素是歌曲、舞蹈和服饰。吸引文化游客的动机是伏伊伏丁那作为民俗节目的地的丰富历史遗产。民俗节的目的地对潜在游客很重要，民俗节的特色也很重要。综上所述，可以得出一个一般性结论，即民俗活动的发展可以极大地改善文化旅游，尤其是支持农村地区的发展。
{"title":"FOLKLORE MANIFESTATIONS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF CULTURAL TOURISM IN VOJVODINA","authors":"Dušica Cvijanović, Miloš Bajagić, Drago Cvijanović","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0204067c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0204067c","url":null,"abstract":"Tourist offers play an important role in the society of the modern consumer. Tourism represents the act of traveling for the purpose of recreation, as well as obtaining services to achieve that goal. Tourism is a service industry, which is made up of a number of tangible and intangible elements. A tourist is a person who travels at least eighty kilometers from the place of permanent residence for the purpose of recreation, as defined by the World Tourism Organization (part of the United Nations). Tangible elements include transportation systems - air, rail, road, water and more recently, space; catering services - accommodation, food and drinks, tours, souvenirs, etc. The intangible elements are: rest and relaxation, culture, adventure, new and different experiences. In addition to a greater number of different tourist offers and consumer interests, the development of cultural truism is increasingly significant. This is due to the fact that today tourists are not satisfied only with a vacation in nature, in the sun, but also with other contents and activities. An increasing number of tourists are interested in tourist manifestations, which show the achievements, beliefs, traditions, and way of life of the ethnically heterogeneous population of the selected destinations. In addition to museums and monuments, there is a growing interest in gastronomic specialties of traditional dishes, music, dance, song. The expansion of cultural exchange at the national and international level through the participation of folklore ensembles at festivals in the country and abroad become the bearers of the tourist offer. The aim of the paper is to show the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents for interest in folklore events that are part of cultural identity and the potential of tradition as a driver of tourist offers. Empirical research was conducted on a sample of 42 respondents in the territory of Vojvodina. The questionnaire consisted of 100 different questions classified into 4 groups. The questionnaire used in this research was based on Delamere’s scale (Delamere et al., 2001), which was modified and shortened for the purpose of more efficient interviewing. The presented research results are presented in tabular and graphical form and obtained on the basis of processed data using descriptive, comparative methods. At the end of the research, the conclusion was drawn that the interest of the younger population in visiting folklore festivals and recognizing folk dances is increasing. The interviewees stated that the most important elements for recognizing the elements of folk tradition are songs, dances and costumes. The motive that attracts cultural visitors is the rich - historical heritage of Vojvodina as a destination for folklore festivals. The destination of the folklore festival is important to potential visitors, as is its character. Based on everything, a general conclusion can be drawn that the development of folklore events can significant","PeriodicalId":508513,"journal":{"name":"SCIENCE International Journal","volume":"76 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139180659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0204107i
R. Ivanova
The issue of enterprises’ business is relevant at all phases and stages of their development. The survival of enterprises and the continuation of their business in the context of the complex and contradictory economic reality require them to be financially stable, properly oriented and positioned on the competitive market that is characterized with certain level of entropy. The achievement and maintaining of market and financial stability require the enterprises to implement measures for the continuous increase of their business efficiency. The importance and relevance of this issue are even higher today due to the effect of a system of internal and external factors, and as a result of the existing crises some of which are still experienced. For example, the enterprises’ business is subject to the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic consequences and the health crisis, supply chain disturbance, closing and restriction of many business and activities in the country, etc., it has caused. The business of the Bulgarian enterprises is also influenced by the wars led in the vicinity of the territory of Bulgaria, the occurred gas crisis, the unstable political situation, the high inflation rate, the increase of energy and other resource prices and a number of other factors.The author’s interest to the issues of enterprises’ business efficiency and the methods for its analysis is a long-term interest. Observations show that the specialized literature in the country does not offer theoretically substantiated general methodology for efficiency analysis, which is feasible and useful for the business practice. Only individual methodologies for analysis of different aspects of the efficiency are offered, such as methodology for analysis of the efficient use of workforce (analysis of the labour efficiency indicator). Thus, the objectively existing dialectic relations between the resultative indicators that characterise the various aspects of efficiency and the factor indicators that affect the improvement or worsening of the business in general and its specific aspects, cannot be covered. This publication reviews the methodology for analysis of enterprises’ business efficiency. The concept of efficiency is consistently highlighted, the sources of the information necessary for its analysis are described, and the system of indicators for business efficiency analysis is justified. The author’s objective is to suggest an improved general methodology for analysis of business efficiency, which integrates the individual private methods for analysis of its different aspects in the course of the enterprises’ business.
{"title":"SOME THOUGHTS ON THE BUSINESS EFFICIENCY AND THE METHODS FOR ITS ANALYSIS","authors":"R. Ivanova","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0204107i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0204107i","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of enterprises’ business is relevant at all phases and stages of their development. The survival of enterprises and the continuation of their business in the context of the complex and contradictory economic reality require them to be financially stable, properly oriented and positioned on the competitive market that is characterized with certain level of entropy. The achievement and maintaining of market and financial stability require the enterprises to implement measures for the continuous increase of their business efficiency. The importance and relevance of this issue are even higher today due to the effect of a system of internal and external factors, and as a result of the existing crises some of which are still experienced. For example, the enterprises’ business is subject to the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic consequences and the health crisis, supply chain disturbance, closing and restriction of many business and activities in the country, etc., it has caused. The business of the Bulgarian enterprises is also influenced by the wars led in the vicinity of the territory of Bulgaria, the occurred gas crisis, the unstable political situation, the high inflation rate, the increase of energy and other resource prices and a number of other factors.The author’s interest to the issues of enterprises’ business efficiency and the methods for its analysis is a long-term interest. Observations show that the specialized literature in the country does not offer theoretically substantiated general methodology for efficiency analysis, which is feasible and useful for the business practice. Only individual methodologies for analysis of different aspects of the efficiency are offered, such as methodology for analysis of the efficient use of workforce (analysis of the labour efficiency indicator). Thus, the objectively existing dialectic relations between the resultative indicators that characterise the various aspects of efficiency and the factor indicators that affect the improvement or worsening of the business in general and its specific aspects, cannot be covered. This publication reviews the methodology for analysis of enterprises’ business efficiency. The concept of efficiency is consistently highlighted, the sources of the information necessary for its analysis are described, and the system of indicators for business efficiency analysis is justified. The author’s objective is to suggest an improved general methodology for analysis of business efficiency, which integrates the individual private methods for analysis of its different aspects in the course of the enterprises’ business.","PeriodicalId":508513,"journal":{"name":"SCIENCE International Journal","volume":"86 1-4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139181377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0204141r
Žarko Rađenović, Tatjana Boshkov
Cities all over the world are looking for dependable and sustainable growth solutions as a consequence of expansion of citizen demands, ecological issues, and technology advancements. Comprehending the notion of smart cities requires understanding its fundamental multiple dimensions. Regarding the complexity of smart cities, a multilayered framework incorporating social inclusion, environmental sustainability, and inclusive economic growth is required. Six fundamental aspects of smart cities are identified by researchers: people, transportation, living, government, environment, and economics. Moreover, the main goal of developing smart cities is to use information technology to increase urban sustainability. In order to evaluate how well European cities have the capacity to change according to the requirements of their population, the aim of this study is to ensure an aggregate rating of smart city performance based on citizens’ needs. The research creates an important contribution by offering an extensive framework to measure smart cities’ urban performance using the multi-criteria ARAS (Additive Ratio Assessment) decision-making method. The analysis additionally provides a contribution by identifying the key smart cities’ indicators that have the greatest impact on Aalborg’s optimal urban performance achievement, making it the best-ranked, smart liveable and Danish sustainability „flagship“ city.
{"title":"SMART CITIES SUSTAINABILITY ACHIEVEMENTS RANKING: PCA WEIGHTING","authors":"Žarko Rađenović, Tatjana Boshkov","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0204141r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0204141r","url":null,"abstract":"Cities all over the world are looking for dependable and sustainable growth solutions as a consequence of expansion of citizen demands, ecological issues, and technology advancements. Comprehending the notion of smart cities requires understanding its fundamental multiple dimensions. Regarding the complexity of smart cities, a multilayered framework incorporating social inclusion, environmental sustainability, and inclusive economic growth is required. Six fundamental aspects of smart cities are identified by researchers: people, transportation, living, government, environment, and economics. Moreover, the main goal of developing smart cities is to use information technology to increase urban sustainability. In order to evaluate how well European cities have the capacity to change according to the requirements of their population, the aim of this study is to ensure an aggregate rating of smart city performance based on citizens’ needs. The research creates an important contribution by offering an extensive framework to measure smart cities’ urban performance using the multi-criteria ARAS (Additive Ratio Assessment) decision-making method. The analysis additionally provides a contribution by identifying the key smart cities’ indicators that have the greatest impact on Aalborg’s optimal urban performance achievement, making it the best-ranked, smart liveable and Danish sustainability „flagship“ city.","PeriodicalId":508513,"journal":{"name":"SCIENCE International Journal","volume":"174 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139181337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0204017r
Dragana Radivojević, Neda Gavrić
The educational process for every individual has an important role in life. An even more important role is played by the teacher, on whom the quality of teaching depends a lot. Teachers fight their own battles along the way - how to interest the student and develop positive attitudes about teaching and teaching content, how to implement teaching as high-quality as possible, how to contribute to better student achievements, etc. One of the key things for quality acquisition of knowledge is students’ awareness of the importance and applicability of the teaching content they learn. The concept of the content of natural science, on which we will base this work, refers to the content of natural sciences that are covered within the subject My environment (in the first three grades) or Nature and society (fourth and fifth grade) in the Republic of Srpska according to the Curriculum for elementary education (2021). The aim of the paper is to examine the differences in experiencing the content of science and their realization in the teaching of nature and society among students of younger grades of elementary school. A survey questionnaire was conducted with 343 students of grades II-V. The Likert-type questionnaire consisted of 13 statements to which the students responded by circling one of the provided answers on a five-point scale - “strongly agree”, “partially agree”, “not sure”, “mostly disagree” and “disagree”. The following research tasks were set: examine the homogeneity of the variance in student answers; perform a one-factor analysis of variance according to the independent variable “class”; examine the existence of statistically significant differences in responses between groups; interpret and analyze the obtained results. The results of the research indicate that the differences appear in favor of second-grade students, who experience the teaching of nature and society more positively, and adopt the material with more enthusiasm, than students of other grades. Classes organized according to some of the active learning models leave a better impression and effect, as found. Enthusiasm for learning declines already in the third grade, but returns with a slightly lower intensity in the fourth and fifth grade. What they all have in common is that they can be used by active learning models, of which ambiental teaching of nature and society, followed by multimedia teaching, stands out. Since through the research we have gained knowledge about the experience of science content and its implementation among students of younger school age, in the next research we should deal with each grade individually, trying to find out what actually happens at the transition from the second to the third grade, and what from the third to in the fourth, or in the fifth, regarding the adoption of the contents of nature and society, with special reference to specific learning models.
{"title":"DIFFERENCES IN THE EXPERIENCE OF SCIENCE CONTENTS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN CLASSROOM TEACHING","authors":"Dragana Radivojević, Neda Gavrić","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0204017r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0204017r","url":null,"abstract":"The educational process for every individual has an important role in life. An even more important role is played by the teacher, on whom the quality of teaching depends a lot. Teachers fight their own battles along the way - how to interest the student and develop positive attitudes about teaching and teaching content, how to implement teaching as high-quality as possible, how to contribute to better student achievements, etc. One of the key things for quality acquisition of knowledge is students’ awareness of the importance and applicability of the teaching content they learn. The concept of the content of natural science, on which we will base this work, refers to the content of natural sciences that are covered within the subject My environment (in the first three grades) or Nature and society (fourth and fifth grade) in the Republic of Srpska according to the Curriculum for elementary education (2021). The aim of the paper is to examine the differences in experiencing the content of science and their realization in the teaching of nature and society among students of younger grades of elementary school. A survey questionnaire was conducted with 343 students of grades II-V. The Likert-type questionnaire consisted of 13 statements to which the students responded by circling one of the provided answers on a five-point scale - “strongly agree”, “partially agree”, “not sure”, “mostly disagree” and “disagree”. The following research tasks were set: examine the homogeneity of the variance in student answers; perform a one-factor analysis of variance according to the independent variable “class”; examine the existence of statistically significant differences in responses between groups; interpret and analyze the obtained results. The results of the research indicate that the differences appear in favor of second-grade students, who experience the teaching of nature and society more positively, and adopt the material with more enthusiasm, than students of other grades. Classes organized according to some of the active learning models leave a better impression and effect, as found. Enthusiasm for learning declines already in the third grade, but returns with a slightly lower intensity in the fourth and fifth grade. What they all have in common is that they can be used by active learning models, of which ambiental teaching of nature and society, followed by multimedia teaching, stands out. Since through the research we have gained knowledge about the experience of science content and its implementation among students of younger school age, in the next research we should deal with each grade individually, trying to find out what actually happens at the transition from the second to the third grade, and what from the third to in the fourth, or in the fifth, regarding the adoption of the contents of nature and society, with special reference to specific learning models.","PeriodicalId":508513,"journal":{"name":"SCIENCE International Journal","volume":"43 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139180631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0204043v
Marta Vejseli
This article examines a recent ruling alongside EU legislative advancements concerning the application of EU State aid regulations to free trade zones. The correct application of state aid rules to free trade zones is crucial for several reasons, encompassing legal, economic, and political dimensions. State aid rules help to maintain a level playing field for all market participants. By ensuring that state aid is applied correctly in free trade zones, unfair advantages or disadvantages are minimized, promoting fair competition among businesses. The correct applicability of state aid rules aligns with international trade agreements and standards. It ensures that a region or country is in compliance with broader economic and trade practices which could affect international relations and trade partnerships. Further, State aid rules aim to prevent market distortions that could arise from improper subsidies or aid. By applying these rules correctly in free trade zones, economic efficiency can be better achieved, and resources can be allocated more optimally. Lastly, predictability and legal certainty are essential for investor confidence. When state aid rules are correctly applied, investors have a clearer understanding of the legal and economic environment, which may lead to increased investment and economic growth.One of the most recent case-law of the European Court of Justice (“ECJ”) is the ruling of September 21, 2022, in the case T-95/21 concerning the Madeira Free Zone State aid scheme. The ECJ affirmed that the Europeans Commission’s (hereinafter: Commission) conclusion, which stated that the implementation of the Madeira Free Zone State aid scheme (Regime III) did not adhere to the approved conditions, was accurate. The scheme was not implemented according to State aid law, and therefore it must be recovered. The primary objective of the scheme was to enhance the economic development of Madeira through tax incentives. Consequently, the General Court dismissed Portugal’s appeal against the Commission’s decision (KPMG et al., 2022). The authority however, which was involved in granting the State aid, was not only Portugal but also Região Autónoma da Madeira (Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal, hereinafter “RAM”) and therefore, it decided to appeal the Commission’s decision, as individual applicant. Same as Portugual, RAM which seeks annulment of Articles 1 and 4 to 6 of Commission Decision (EU) 2022/1414 of 4 December 2020 on the aid scheme SA.21259 (2018/C) (ex 2018/NN) implemented by Portugal in favour of the free zone of Madeira (Zona Franca da Madeira - ZFM) - Scheme III (OJ 2022, L 217, p. 49). Therefore, on June 12, 2023, the General Court was required to render a judgment on the same subject matter as its decision on September 21, 2022 (Case T-131/21 Região Autónoma da Madeira v Commission, 2023). The only distinction is that the current applicant is different from the previous case.
{"title":"RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN STATE AID LAW CONCERNING FREE TRADE ZONES","authors":"Marta Vejseli","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0204043v","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0204043v","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines a recent ruling alongside EU legislative advancements concerning the application of EU State aid regulations to free trade zones. The correct application of state aid rules to free trade zones is crucial for several reasons, encompassing legal, economic, and political dimensions. State aid rules help to maintain a level playing field for all market participants. By ensuring that state aid is applied correctly in free trade zones, unfair advantages or disadvantages are minimized, promoting fair competition among businesses. The correct applicability of state aid rules aligns with international trade agreements and standards. It ensures that a region or country is in compliance with broader economic and trade practices which could affect international relations and trade partnerships. Further, State aid rules aim to prevent market distortions that could arise from improper subsidies or aid. By applying these rules correctly in free trade zones, economic efficiency can be better achieved, and resources can be allocated more optimally. Lastly, predictability and legal certainty are essential for investor confidence. When state aid rules are correctly applied, investors have a clearer understanding of the legal and economic environment, which may lead to increased investment and economic growth.One of the most recent case-law of the European Court of Justice (“ECJ”) is the ruling of September 21, 2022, in the case T-95/21 concerning the Madeira Free Zone State aid scheme. The ECJ affirmed that the Europeans Commission’s (hereinafter: Commission) conclusion, which stated that the implementation of the Madeira Free Zone State aid scheme (Regime III) did not adhere to the approved conditions, was accurate. The scheme was not implemented according to State aid law, and therefore it must be recovered. The primary objective of the scheme was to enhance the economic development of Madeira through tax incentives. Consequently, the General Court dismissed Portugal’s appeal against the Commission’s decision (KPMG et al., 2022). The authority however, which was involved in granting the State aid, was not only Portugal but also Região Autónoma da Madeira (Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal, hereinafter “RAM”) and therefore, it decided to appeal the Commission’s decision, as individual applicant. Same as Portugual, RAM which seeks annulment of Articles 1 and 4 to 6 of Commission Decision (EU) 2022/1414 of 4 December 2020 on the aid scheme SA.21259 (2018/C) (ex 2018/NN) implemented by Portugal in favour of the free zone of Madeira (Zona Franca da Madeira - ZFM) - Scheme III (OJ 2022, L 217, p. 49). Therefore, on June 12, 2023, the General Court was required to render a judgment on the same subject matter as its decision on September 21, 2022 (Case T-131/21 Região Autónoma da Madeira v Commission, 2023). The only distinction is that the current applicant is different from the previous case.","PeriodicalId":508513,"journal":{"name":"SCIENCE International Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139181136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0204037p
Snežana P. Perišić, Miljan D. Miljković
The term Anglicism is increasingly present in contemporary literature, but also in teaching contents and programs, as an indispensable part of adapting the Serbian language to the influence of the English language on vocabulary and literary language. Students, as well as teachers, are daily faced with the challenges posed by the placement of anglicisms in professional literature, as well as in literary and artistic texts, so additional types of learning are needed in order to adopt concepts and understand them in the right context. For the above reason, this research deals with and has as its main goal to examine the understanding of English language among fourth-grade pupils of elementary schools from the area of Kosovska Mitrovica and Zvečan in relation to the understanding of English language among fourth-grade pupils from the area of Lebane Municipality. The research included 133 respondents - 84 fourth-grade elementary school pupils in Kosovska Mitrovica and Zvečan and 49 fourth-grade elementary school pupils from Lebane, of different genders and academic achievements. The obtained results show us that there are statistically significant differences between pupils from different areas, where pupils from Kosovska Mitrovica and Zvečan have a greater understanding of anglicisms compared to pupils from the Municipality of Lebane. The obtained results confirm the set research hypothesis.
{"title":"UNDERSTANDING OF ANGLICISMS IN THE TEACHING OF SERBIAN LANGUAGE BY PUPILS OF THE FOURTH GRADE OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN 2021 AND 2023 - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS","authors":"Snežana P. Perišić, Miljan D. Miljković","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0204037p","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0204037p","url":null,"abstract":"The term Anglicism is increasingly present in contemporary literature, but also in teaching contents and programs, as an indispensable part of adapting the Serbian language to the influence of the English language on vocabulary and literary language. Students, as well as teachers, are daily faced with the challenges posed by the placement of anglicisms in professional literature, as well as in literary and artistic texts, so additional types of learning are needed in order to adopt concepts and understand them in the right context. For the above reason, this research deals with and has as its main goal to examine the understanding of English language among fourth-grade pupils of elementary schools from the area of Kosovska Mitrovica and Zvečan in relation to the understanding of English language among fourth-grade pupils from the area of Lebane Municipality. The research included 133 respondents - 84 fourth-grade elementary school pupils in Kosovska Mitrovica and Zvečan and 49 fourth-grade elementary school pupils from Lebane, of different genders and academic achievements. The obtained results show us that there are statistically significant differences between pupils from different areas, where pupils from Kosovska Mitrovica and Zvečan have a greater understanding of anglicisms compared to pupils from the Municipality of Lebane. The obtained results confirm the set research hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":508513,"journal":{"name":"SCIENCE International Journal","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139181638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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