Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.24271/psr.2023.399649.1334
Indrani Jadhav, Sudhir Singh, Apurva Joshi
Soil health is the soil quality that promotes and sustains plant development, increasing efficiency while preserving long-term ecological quality. A significant population of creatures that encourage plant growth, like the Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), are the essential elements of healthy soil. In the rhizosphere soil, PGPR has various categories of ecologically advantageous functions. The ability of PGPR to clean up the environment is one of their other crucial functions. In this article, we examine the current study on the many processes of PGPR in sustaining healthy agricultural soil conditions, hence lowering (or eliminating) the dependency on harmful agrochemicals. This review thoroughly explains the present PGPR core processes to have more agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. It is used as a soil rhizoremediator, biocontrol agent, and plant growth booster. Utilizing PGPR, which has the potential to function as an effective bioprotectant, is the only natural option to preserve soil health. The findings illustrate the extent of phosphate solubilization across different time intervals and in the presence of various phytopathogens. In the final Analysis, Sustainable agriculture stands to benefit greatly from research into manipulating rhizobacteria for enhanced plant development and soil health.
{"title":"Modifying Rhizobacteria for Improved Plant Growth and Soil Health in Sustainable Agriculture","authors":"Indrani Jadhav, Sudhir Singh, Apurva Joshi","doi":"10.24271/psr.2023.399649.1334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2023.399649.1334","url":null,"abstract":"Soil health is the soil quality that promotes and sustains plant development, increasing efficiency while preserving long-term ecological quality. A significant population of creatures that encourage plant growth, like the Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), are the essential elements of healthy soil. In the rhizosphere soil, PGPR has various categories of ecologically advantageous functions. The ability of PGPR to clean up the environment is one of their other crucial functions. In this article, we examine the current study on the many processes of PGPR in sustaining healthy agricultural soil conditions, hence lowering (or eliminating) the dependency on harmful agrochemicals. This review thoroughly explains the present PGPR core processes to have more agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. It is used as a soil rhizoremediator, biocontrol agent, and plant growth booster. Utilizing PGPR, which has the potential to function as an effective bioprotectant, is the only natural option to preserve soil health. The findings illustrate the extent of phosphate solubilization across different time intervals and in the presence of various phytopathogens. In the final Analysis, Sustainable agriculture stands to benefit greatly from research into manipulating rhizobacteria for enhanced plant development and soil health.","PeriodicalId":508608,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences","volume":"26 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139964255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-12DOI: 10.24271/psr.2024.192393
H. Gaznayee, Halmat A. Sabr, Ali Galalaey, Shakir Shakir, Farhad Omer, Shadia Kareem, Snoor Ababakr, Ragheb Mohammad, Fuad Ahmad
{"title":"Corrigendum to ''Integrate Terrain Variables and Rapid Eye Satellite in Vegetation Indices, for Identifying Forest Cover Area and Density: A Case Study in Mountainous Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR)'' [Volume 6, Issue 1, 107-114]","authors":"H. Gaznayee, Halmat A. Sabr, Ali Galalaey, Shakir Shakir, Farhad Omer, Shadia Kareem, Snoor Ababakr, Ragheb Mohammad, Fuad Ahmad","doi":"10.24271/psr.2024.192393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2024.192393","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":508608,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140458347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-12DOI: 10.24271/psr.2023.408530.1353
Halmat A. Sabr
The Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) measures of the relative wetness or dryness of a given area of land based on its topography. This index is frequently used to evaluate hydrology and ecology studies. This study examined the association between TWI and vegetation distribution using a number of remote sensing techniques. The study was identified patterns in the data and based statistical analyses to assess the strength and significance of the relationship between TWI and vegetation statues. The result is shown this forest cover patterns are influenced by various environmental factors, including topography, and moisture levels. It is also involved comparing vegetation cover in areas with different TWI values or analyzing the relationship between TWI and other topographical variables such as slope, aspect, and elevation. A significant vegetation variation was found between slope aspects in vegetation distribution. It was revealed that (78%) of a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was affected by together aspects and TWI, which may be due to a significant association between (NDVI), but this parameter was also highly influenced by slope and DEM because (17%) of the vegetation cover was obtained within these two factors.
{"title":"Integrate Terrain Variables and RapidEye Satellite in Vegetation Indices, for Identifying Forest Cover Area and Density: A Case Study in Mountainous Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR)","authors":"Halmat A. Sabr","doi":"10.24271/psr.2023.408530.1353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2023.408530.1353","url":null,"abstract":"The Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) measures of the relative wetness or dryness of a given area of land based on its topography. This index is frequently used to evaluate hydrology and ecology studies. This study examined the association between TWI and vegetation distribution using a number of remote sensing techniques. The study was identified patterns in the data and based statistical analyses to assess the strength and significance of the relationship between TWI and vegetation statues. The result is shown this forest cover patterns are influenced by various environmental factors, including topography, and moisture levels. It is also involved comparing vegetation cover in areas with different TWI values or analyzing the relationship between TWI and other topographical variables such as slope, aspect, and elevation. A significant vegetation variation was found between slope aspects in vegetation distribution. It was revealed that (78%) of a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was affected by together aspects and TWI, which may be due to a significant association between (NDVI), but this parameter was also highly influenced by slope and DEM because (17%) of the vegetation cover was obtained within these two factors.","PeriodicalId":508608,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences","volume":"25 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140458007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-12DOI: 10.24271/psr.2023.419571.1402
Rezhin Hamza, Rubar Muhammed Salih, Nariman Ahmad
{"title":"Delimitation of Iraqi Scorzonera L. (Cichorieae, Asteraceae) species in Sulaimani District (MSU), Kurdistan Region, based on morphological characterization","authors":"Rezhin Hamza, Rubar Muhammed Salih, Nariman Ahmad","doi":"10.24271/psr.2023.419571.1402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2023.419571.1402","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":508608,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139964463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-31DOI: 10.24271/psr.2024.433607.1461
Mohammad Hajiazizi, S. Flamarz
Currently, high-filled cut-and-cover tunnels (HFCCTs) are a practical solution for the prospect of reclaiming valuable usable lands with valleys and hilly terrain around the world. As a result of the very high backfill soil amount above the HFCCT producing very huge earth pressure, it is essential to use methods of load reduction methods to reduce the earth loads and pressures on the HFCCT, which will increase the safety by reducing the tunnel designing loads. This study focuses on six load reduction scenarios using expanded polystyrene (EPS) and tire-derived aggregate (TDA) in three different forms. The research includes using EPS geofoam and TDA in arch and combined horizontal and arch formations as methods of LEP reduction on HFCCTs which is the first time these methods have been used as methods of any type of load reduction on HFCCTs. A number of significant factors, including the suggested EPS and TDA forms, the EPS and TDA thickness, and the distance between the bottom of the EPS or the TDA and the top of the HFCCT were studied. The study results determined that a significant LEP reduction on the HFCCTs was achieved, especially with the use of TDA in a horizontal form. Also, model verification was made by comparison between the calculated and estimated LEP values on the HFCCT study model using the Rankine equation, Rankine modified equation, and Abaqus CAE 2019 software. The calculated and estimated LEP values showed that the calculated value using the Rankine modified equation is 23.61% lower than the calculated value using the Rankine equation, which is a high percentage of difference. The estimated value using Abaqus CAE 2019 is 47.56% higher than the calculated value using the Rankine equation, which is also a high percentage of difference. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
{"title":"Lateral Earth Pressure Reduction on High-Filled Cut-and-Cover Tunnels Using Expanded Polystyrene Geofoam and Tire-Derived Aggregate","authors":"Mohammad Hajiazizi, S. Flamarz","doi":"10.24271/psr.2024.433607.1461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2024.433607.1461","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, high-filled cut-and-cover tunnels (HFCCTs) are a practical solution for the prospect of reclaiming valuable usable lands with valleys and hilly terrain around the world. As a result of the very high backfill soil amount above the HFCCT producing very huge earth pressure, it is essential to use methods of load reduction methods to reduce the earth loads and pressures on the HFCCT, which will increase the safety by reducing the tunnel designing loads. This study focuses on six load reduction scenarios using expanded polystyrene (EPS) and tire-derived aggregate (TDA) in three different forms. The research includes using EPS geofoam and TDA in arch and combined horizontal and arch formations as methods of LEP reduction on HFCCTs which is the first time these methods have been used as methods of any type of load reduction on HFCCTs. A number of significant factors, including the suggested EPS and TDA forms, the EPS and TDA thickness, and the distance between the bottom of the EPS or the TDA and the top of the HFCCT were studied. The study results determined that a significant LEP reduction on the HFCCTs was achieved, especially with the use of TDA in a horizontal form. Also, model verification was made by comparison between the calculated and estimated LEP values on the HFCCT study model using the Rankine equation, Rankine modified equation, and Abaqus CAE 2019 software. The calculated and estimated LEP values showed that the calculated value using the Rankine modified equation is 23.61% lower than the calculated value using the Rankine equation, which is a high percentage of difference. The estimated value using Abaqus CAE 2019 is 47.56% higher than the calculated value using the Rankine equation, which is also a high percentage of difference. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","PeriodicalId":508608,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences","volume":"248 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140472199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.24271/psr.2023.403821.1342
Ajay Manchala, V. V. Kishore
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has transfigured transportation with connected vehicles, smart infrastructure, and self-driving cars. Road collisions and accidents are still a problem for road safety. This review of the literature discusses the prediction of IoV accidents and collisions as well as the detection of hazards using data mining, deep learning, and machine learning techniques. It describes the most recent developments to these methods and how they enhanced IoV safety. The article starts off by going over data collection, data quality, and the ever-changing nature of IoV traffic scenarios. What follows is a detailed breakdown of the ML, DL, and DM methods used in IoV safety applications. Convolutional neural networks, artificial neural networks, recurrent neural networks, support vector machines, and decision trees. As examples of real-world applications and case studies, intelligent accident prediction models, driver attention forecasting, traffic congestion forecasting, spatiotemporal analysis in autonomous vehicles, scene-graph embedding, and V2P collision risk alerts are discussed. The goal of this review is to give readers a comprehensive overview of the cutting-edge methods enhancing IoV accident prediction, collision avoidance, and hazard detection.
{"title":"Advancements in Machine Learning and Data Mining Techniques for Collision Prediction and Hazard Detection in Internet of Vehicles","authors":"Ajay Manchala, V. V. Kishore","doi":"10.24271/psr.2023.403821.1342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2023.403821.1342","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has transfigured transportation with connected vehicles, smart infrastructure, and self-driving cars. Road collisions and accidents are still a problem for road safety. This review of the literature discusses the prediction of IoV accidents and collisions as well as the detection of hazards using data mining, deep learning, and machine learning techniques. It describes the most recent developments to these methods and how they enhanced IoV safety. The article starts off by going over data collection, data quality, and the ever-changing nature of IoV traffic scenarios. What follows is a detailed breakdown of the ML, DL, and DM methods used in IoV safety applications. Convolutional neural networks, artificial neural networks, recurrent neural networks, support vector machines, and decision trees. As examples of real-world applications and case studies, intelligent accident prediction models, driver attention forecasting, traffic congestion forecasting, spatiotemporal analysis in autonomous vehicles, scene-graph embedding, and V2P collision risk alerts are discussed. The goal of this review is to give readers a comprehensive overview of the cutting-edge methods enhancing IoV accident prediction, collision avoidance, and hazard detection.","PeriodicalId":508608,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences","volume":"542 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140482773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-26DOI: 10.24271/psr.2023.415676.1388
P. Maulood
{"title":"DRIS formulas and PCA approach for evaluation of the nutritional status of walnut trees in the Hawraman area","authors":"P. Maulood","doi":"10.24271/psr.2023.415676.1388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2023.415676.1388","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":508608,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences","volume":"58 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139594462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-17DOI: 10.24271/psr.2023.388351.1272
Mohan Jadhav, A. N. Sarwade, Vijay M Sardar, Hemlata M Jadhav
Background: Blood glucose monitors are critical to diabetes management. There is no permanent medicine to cure diabetes. Presently, invasive glucose blood meters extract blood sample by pecking a needle into the patient’s fingers. This results in the formation of copious calluses on the fingertips and causes more pain to lure blood again and again for repetitive measurements. Objectives: The study aims to develop Non-Invasive Glucometer to monitor the glucose level of a person using a Wi-Fi module. A variation in amplitudes, and phases of received packets, helps to measure glucose levels. A Hampel filter is used to suppress abrupt amplitude variations occurring due to environmental effects. Further, the Fast-Tree Regression algorithm is used to train the model for different glucose concentrations for accurate prediction and detection of diabetes. It also reduces dataset dimension for minimizing the training time of the device. Thereafter, Clarke Error Grid Analysis helps to estimate the accuracy. Materials and Methods: Two ESP32 Wi-Fi devices, are installed on a computer for real time sensing of Channel State Information (CSI) between an Receiver Access Point and Transmitter Station. Further, additional header information such as MAC address, RSSI, and other metadata along with the CSI is sent for all 64 subcarriers. Here, statistical regression analysis is considered only to confirm the results. Results: The accuracy achieved is 95 % with coefficient of determination in terms of an R 2 value of 0.99. The device measures glucose level in less than 3 sec. It can store 2000 test results with time, date, daily and weekly average reports for random, before, and after the meal. A containers containing air and 5% Glucose solution helps to validate the models behavior with specific glucose content. Conclusion: The portable painless device is found to be useful to monitor the glucose level at home and office. The benefits is low-cost and Non –Invasive. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
{"title":"Development of a Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Device Using Machine Learning Technology","authors":"Mohan Jadhav, A. N. Sarwade, Vijay M Sardar, Hemlata M Jadhav","doi":"10.24271/psr.2023.388351.1272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2023.388351.1272","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Blood glucose monitors are critical to diabetes management. There is no permanent medicine to cure diabetes. Presently, invasive glucose blood meters extract blood sample by pecking a needle into the patient’s fingers. This results in the formation of copious calluses on the fingertips and causes more pain to lure blood again and again for repetitive measurements. Objectives: The study aims to develop Non-Invasive Glucometer to monitor the glucose level of a person using a Wi-Fi module. A variation in amplitudes, and phases of received packets, helps to measure glucose levels. A Hampel filter is used to suppress abrupt amplitude variations occurring due to environmental effects. Further, the Fast-Tree Regression algorithm is used to train the model for different glucose concentrations for accurate prediction and detection of diabetes. It also reduces dataset dimension for minimizing the training time of the device. Thereafter, Clarke Error Grid Analysis helps to estimate the accuracy. Materials and Methods: Two ESP32 Wi-Fi devices, are installed on a computer for real time sensing of Channel State Information (CSI) between an Receiver Access Point and Transmitter Station. Further, additional header information such as MAC address, RSSI, and other metadata along with the CSI is sent for all 64 subcarriers. Here, statistical regression analysis is considered only to confirm the results. Results: The accuracy achieved is 95 % with coefficient of determination in terms of an R 2 value of 0.99. The device measures glucose level in less than 3 sec. It can store 2000 test results with time, date, daily and weekly average reports for random, before, and after the meal. A containers containing air and 5% Glucose solution helps to validate the models behavior with specific glucose content. Conclusion: The portable painless device is found to be useful to monitor the glucose level at home and office. The benefits is low-cost and Non –Invasive. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","PeriodicalId":508608,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences","volume":" 398","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139617984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-14DOI: 10.24271/psr.2023.417373.1394
Salar Qadir, A. Abdulrahman, Ibrahim M. Rashid Samin, Ahmed Abdulrahman, Kameran Ali
The Iraqi Kurdistan region possesses abundant solar energy potential, yet its energy supply relies heavily on non-renewable fossil fuels. As energy demand continues to surge, exploring alternative generation methods is imperative. In this modern era, photovoltaic systems are gaining widespread recognition for their robustness, sustainability, and practicality. Evaluating the performance of these systems is crucial for understanding various operational aspects. This study assesses the effectiveness of a 5-kW grid-connected photovoltaic system strategically installed on rooftops of residential buildings in Kalar City, Iraq. The PVsyst software, a widely used simulation tool for predicting energy output and refining system configurations, is utilized for the analysis. The software simulates the proposed PV system to predict its energy production performance, aiding in selecting the appropriate solar panel size and inverter model to meet the required load demand. The simulation results reveal that the proposed system has the potential to generate 8,814 MWh of electricity annually. Performance ratio analysis highlights December's highest PR at 90.9%, while April records the lowest PR at 79.9%, with an annual average PR of 84.5%. This performance metric underscores the system's efficiency and reliability, with superior performance during the winter months and slightly reduced performance in the summer. The study underscores the region's solar energy potential, aligning with the Kurdistan Regional Government's goals of promoting clean energy. Additionally, it demonstrates that the PV system offers a practical solution for Kalar City to meet its growing energy demands.
{"title":"Design and Performance Analysis of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems in Kalar City, Kurdistan, Iraq: A Case Study","authors":"Salar Qadir, A. Abdulrahman, Ibrahim M. Rashid Samin, Ahmed Abdulrahman, Kameran Ali","doi":"10.24271/psr.2023.417373.1394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2023.417373.1394","url":null,"abstract":"The Iraqi Kurdistan region possesses abundant solar energy potential, yet its energy supply relies heavily on non-renewable fossil fuels. As energy demand continues to surge, exploring alternative generation methods is imperative. In this modern era, photovoltaic systems are gaining widespread recognition for their robustness, sustainability, and practicality. Evaluating the performance of these systems is crucial for understanding various operational aspects. This study assesses the effectiveness of a 5-kW grid-connected photovoltaic system strategically installed on rooftops of residential buildings in Kalar City, Iraq. The PVsyst software, a widely used simulation tool for predicting energy output and refining system configurations, is utilized for the analysis. The software simulates the proposed PV system to predict its energy production performance, aiding in selecting the appropriate solar panel size and inverter model to meet the required load demand. The simulation results reveal that the proposed system has the potential to generate 8,814 MWh of electricity annually. Performance ratio analysis highlights December's highest PR at 90.9%, while April records the lowest PR at 79.9%, with an annual average PR of 84.5%. This performance metric underscores the system's efficiency and reliability, with superior performance during the winter months and slightly reduced performance in the summer. The study underscores the region's solar energy potential, aligning with the Kurdistan Regional Government's goals of promoting clean energy. Additionally, it demonstrates that the PV system offers a practical solution for Kalar City to meet its growing energy demands.","PeriodicalId":508608,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences","volume":" 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139623435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.24271/psr.2024.188481
Reem Abdul Hadi, Abbas Khalaf Mohammad
The paper focuses on treating industrial wastewater contaminated with methylene blue using chitosan powder as an adsorbent. Chitosan is well recognised in diverse fields and readily available at low cost. Chitosan is derived from marine fish scale waste. The study used methylene blue dye at various concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 mg / L. Experimental experiments were carried out at different temperatures ranging from 25 to 40 °C to evaluate the efficacy of chitosan in dye removal. Kinetic and kinetic equilibrium experiments were performed, and the thermodynamic properties of the system were studied. The results showed that chitosan effectively removed the methylene blue die from the polluted industrial wastewater. At 25 °C, the removal efficiency was found to be 94%. Overall, this study demonstrates the possibility of using chitosan as an adsorbent to treat industrial wastewater contaminated with methylene blue. It was found through the equipoise test that the adsorption process occurs through the first 30 minutes of the adsorption process start of the adsorption process. Chitosan was an excellent and effective substance in removing dye contaminants from industrial water. It was observed that Freundlich's law obeyed the absorption process, and the error rate was much better than the Langmuir model. Simultaneously, the kinetics followed the second-order model better than the first-order model with R2= 0.999.
{"title":"The Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Industrial Wastewater by Using Chitosan","authors":"Reem Abdul Hadi, Abbas Khalaf Mohammad","doi":"10.24271/psr.2024.188481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2024.188481","url":null,"abstract":"The paper focuses on treating industrial wastewater contaminated with methylene blue using chitosan powder as an adsorbent. Chitosan is well recognised in diverse fields and readily available at low cost. Chitosan is derived from marine fish scale waste. The study used methylene blue dye at various concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 mg / L. Experimental experiments were carried out at different temperatures ranging from 25 to 40 °C to evaluate the efficacy of chitosan in dye removal. Kinetic and kinetic equilibrium experiments were performed, and the thermodynamic properties of the system were studied. The results showed that chitosan effectively removed the methylene blue die from the polluted industrial wastewater. At 25 °C, the removal efficiency was found to be 94%. Overall, this study demonstrates the possibility of using chitosan as an adsorbent to treat industrial wastewater contaminated with methylene blue. It was found through the equipoise test that the adsorption process occurs through the first 30 minutes of the adsorption process start of the adsorption process. Chitosan was an excellent and effective substance in removing dye contaminants from industrial water. It was observed that Freundlich's law obeyed the absorption process, and the error rate was much better than the Langmuir model. Simultaneously, the kinetics followed the second-order model better than the first-order model with R2= 0.999.","PeriodicalId":508608,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences","volume":"108 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140515750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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