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A Street-Specific Analysis of Level of Traffic Stress Trends in Strava Bicycle Ridership and its Implications for Low-Stress Bicycling Routes in Toronto Strava 自行车骑行者交通压力水平趋势的街道特定分析及其对多伦多低压力自行车路线的影响
Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.32866/001c.92109
A. A. Imrit, Jaimy Fischer, Timothy C. Y. Chan, Shoshanna Saxe, Madeleine Bonsma-Fisher
This study uses Strava bicycling data to investigate network level patterns of bicycle ridership in Toronto, Canada based on Level of Traffic Stress (LTS). We found that most bicycling occurred on a small fraction of the network, with just 10% of all roads and paths accounting for 75% of all bicycle kilometres travelled in 2022. Low-stress routes (LTS 1 and LTS 2) were more popular than high-stress routes for the top 80% most popular streets. The majority of bicycle kilometres travelled (84%) in LTS 2 occurred on routes with no bicycle infrastructure, highlighting the importance of quiet residential streets in forming a low-stress bike network. Despite high-stress conditions, some LTS 3 and LTS 4 streets were heavily used, suggesting infrastructure gaps in Toronto’s bicycle network.
本研究使用 Strava 自行车数据,根据交通压力水平(LTS)调查加拿大多伦多自行车骑行的网络水平模式。我们发现,大多数自行车骑行只发生在一小部分交通网络中,2022 年,仅有 10%的道路和路径占自行车总行驶公里数的 75%。在前 80% 最受欢迎的街道中,低压力路线(LTS 1 和 LTS 2)比高压力路线更受欢迎。在低速公路系统 2 中,大多数自行车行驶公里数(84%)都发生在没有自行车基础设施的路线上,这凸显了安静的住宅街道在形成低压力自行车网络中的重要性。尽管存在高压力条件,但一些低强度测试 3 和低强度测试 4 的街道仍被大量使用,这表明多伦多的自行车网络存在基础设施缺口。
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引用次数: 0
Equity in Resilience Hub Design and Transportation through Community Discussions 通过社区讨论实现复原力枢纽设计和交通的公平性
Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.32866/001c.91270
Sarah Wan, Stephen D. Wong
This research highlights transportation, placement, and features of resilience hubs preferred by underserved populations, using Edmonton, Alberta as a case study. Semi-structured focus groups were conducted with eight different underserved populations (n=52), and thematic analysis was performed to determine common themes and inform equity-centered engineering design. By talking directly with community members, we found that resilience hubs should be placed in locations that are easily accessible by walking or public transit, and additional infrastructure is needed to meet users’ needs. Most underserved participants prefer locations that are close to their neighborhood, indicating a proximity-based approach for future implementation.
本研究以阿尔伯塔省埃德蒙顿市为案例,重点介绍了服务不足人群偏好的抗灾中心的交通、位置和特点。我们与八个不同的服务不足人群(n=52)进行了半结构化焦点小组讨论,并进行了主题分析,以确定共同的主题,为以公平为中心的工程设计提供信息。通过与社区成员直接交流,我们发现复原力中心应建在便于步行或乘坐公共交通到达的地点,并且需要额外的基础设施来满足用户的需求。大多数得不到充分服务的参与者倾向于选择靠近其社区的地点,这表明在未来的实施过程中应以就近原则为基础。
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引用次数: 0
Chem-FINESE: Validating Fine-Grained Few-shot Entity Extraction through Text Reconstruction Chem-FINESE:通过文本重构验证细粒度少量实体提取
Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2401.10189
Qingyun Wang, Zixuan Zhang, Hongxiang Li, Xuan Liu, Jiawei Han, Heng Ji, Huimin Zhao
Fine-grained few-shot entity extraction in the chemical domain faces two unique challenges. First, compared with entity extraction tasks in the general domain, sentences from chemical papers usually contain more entities. Moreover, entity extraction models usually have difficulty extracting entities of long-tailed types. In this paper, we propose Chem-FINESE, a novel sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) based few-shot entity extraction approach, to address these two challenges. Our Chem-FINESE has two components: a seq2seq entity extractor to extract named entities from the input sentence and a seq2seq self-validation module to reconstruct the original input sentence from extracted entities. Inspired by the fact that a good entity extraction system needs to extract entities faithfully, our new self-validation module leverages entity extraction results to reconstruct the original input sentence. Besides, we design a new contrastive loss to reduce excessive copying during the extraction process. Finally, we release ChemNER+, a new fine-grained chemical entity extraction dataset that is annotated by domain experts with the ChemNER schema. Experiments in few-shot settings with both ChemNER+ and CHEMET datasets show that our newly proposed framework has contributed up to 8.26% and 6.84% absolute F1-score gains respectively.
化学领域的细粒度少量实体提取面临两个独特的挑战。首先,与一般领域的实体提取任务相比,化学论文中的句子通常包含更多实体。此外,实体提取模型通常难以提取长尾类型的实体。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于序列到序列(seq2seq)的新型少量实体提取方法--Chem-FINESE,以解决这两个难题。我们的 Chem-FINESE 有两个组成部分:一个是 seq2seq 实体提取器,用于从输入句子中提取命名实体;另一个是 seq2seq 自我验证模块,用于从提取的实体中重建原始输入句子。一个好的实体提取系统需要忠实地提取实体,受此启发,我们的新自我验证模块利用实体提取结果来重构原始输入句。此外,我们还设计了一种新的对比损失,以减少提取过程中的过度复制。最后,我们发布了新的细粒度化学实体提取数据集 ChemNER+,该数据集由领域专家根据 ChemNER 模式进行注释。使用 ChemNER+ 和 CHEMET 数据集进行的少量实验表明,我们新提出的框架分别提高了 8.26% 和 6.84% 的 F1 分数绝对值。
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引用次数: 1
Autonomous Driving or Teleportation? Travel Time Use, Usefulness, and Other Insights from a Survey of Long-Distance Recreational Travelers 自动驾驶还是远程传送?长途休闲旅行者调查中的旅行时间使用、实用性及其他启示
Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.32866/001c.92087
Sailesh Acharya, Patrick A. Singleton
Based on a survey of 696 visitors to US national parks, we found higher preferences for working/studying/reading (+77%), using social media (+63%), and entertaining (+34%) activities when traveling in an autonomous vehicle (AV) compared to a human-driven vehicle (HV). A multinomial logit-based ranked-choice analysis (between HVs, AVs, and teleportation) suggests that while most travelers enjoy spending time traveling by manually driving and/or engaging in activities of interest in HVs and AVs, some would prefer teleportation instead of spending time traveling. The choice of AVs is significantly influenced by preferences for working/studying/reading and eating/caring activities.
根据对 696 名美国国家公园游客的调查,我们发现与人类驾驶的车辆(HV)相比,游客在乘坐自动驾驶车辆(AV)旅行时更喜欢工作/学习/阅读(+77%)、使用社交媒体(+63%)和娱乐活动(+34%)。基于多叉 logit 的排序选择分析(在 HV、AV 和远程传送之间)表明,虽然大多数旅行者喜欢通过手动驾驶和/或参与 HV 和 AV 中感兴趣的活动来消磨旅行时间,但有些人更愿意选择远程传送,而不是消磨旅行时间。工作/学习/阅读和饮食/护理活动的偏好对 AV 的选择有很大影响。
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引用次数: 0
Temporary versus Permanent Pandemic Transit Leavers: Findings from the 2022 US National Household Travel Survey 临时性与永久性大流行过境离境者:2022 年美国全国家庭旅行调查的结果
Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.32866/001c.92046
Julene Paul
Using data from the 2022 National Household Travel Survey, I explore the socio-demographic characteristics of Americans who reduced their use of public transit during the latter stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. I also examine differences between travelers whose reduced transit use was temporary versus permanent. Using adjusted Wald tests and multinomial logistic regression, I find significant differences between people who did not leave transit and those who did, as well as between temporary and permanent transit leavers. Notably, owning a vehicle, having a disability, and working from home were associated with leaving public transit permanently rather than temporarily.
利用 2022 年全国家庭旅行调查的数据,我探讨了在 COVID-19 大流行后期减少使用公共交通的美国人的社会人口特征。我还研究了减少使用公共交通是暂时性的还是永久性的旅行者之间的差异。通过调整后的 Wald 检验和多项式逻辑回归,我发现没有离开公共交通的人与离开公共交通的人之间存在显著差异,临时离开公共交通的人与永久离开公共交通的人之间也存在显著差异。值得注意的是,拥有车辆、残疾和在家工作与永久性而非临时性离开公共交通有关。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding People’s Safety Perceptions During a Recent Evacuation: The Case of Hurricane Ian (2022) 了解人们在近期疏散过程中的安全认知:飓风伊恩的案例(2022年)
Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.32866/001c.91268
Md. Shaharier Alam, Mark W. Horner, E. Ozguven, Billie Ventimiglia, Dennis Smith
This study examines how individuals affected by Hurricane Ian (2022) perceived safety-related issues during the evacuation based on a Pollfish survey (n=100) in Lee County, Florida. 62% of survey respondents evacuated, with the majority going to a friend or relative’s home, and personal vehicles were the primary mode of transportation. Greatest concerns during evacuation included the cost of food and amenities, traffic congestion, and standing water. Upon returning home, primary concerns were disaster debris, fuel availability, and the availability of food and amenities. A binary logistic regression was employed to explore socio-economic factors’ impact on evacuation decisions, revealing significant factors.
本研究以佛罗里达州李县的 Pollfish 调查(n=100)为基础,探讨了受飓风伊恩(2022 年)影响的个人在撤离过程中如何看待与安全相关的问题。62% 的调查对象进行了撤离,其中大多数人前往朋友或亲戚家,个人车辆是主要的交通方式。撤离时最担心的问题包括食品和便利设施的费用、交通拥堵和积水。在返回家园时,最担心的问题是灾难废墟、燃料供应以及食品和便利设施的供应。为探讨社会经济因素对撤离决定的影响,我们采用了二元逻辑回归法,发现了一些重要因素。
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引用次数: 0
Linking Neighborhood Walkability to the Independence and Quality of Life of Older Adults across Canada 将邻里步行能力与加拿大老年人的独立性和生活质量联系起来
Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.32866/001c.91402
Paul Redelmeier, Meredith Alousi-Jones, Merrina Zhang, Isabella Jimenez, A. El-geneidy
In car dependent societies, driving cessation may reduce older adults’ independence and quality of life. One way to maintain independence for older adults after quitting driving is to encourage walking to local destinations. This paper explores how neighborhood walkability impacts older adults’ ability to maintain their lifestyles as they age. Based on data collected from the 2023 Aging in Place survey (N=3,551), we analyze the relationship between survey respondents’ perceptions of transport in their neighborhood and its Walk Score across 6 Canadian regions. We explore the association between neighborhood walkability and respondents’ perception of their independence, quality of life, and likelihood of needing to move in the future. We find that those living in walkable neighborhoods believe that they will maintain their lifestyle when they stop driving compared to those who live in less walkable areas. The results indicate that neighborhood walkability is a key element in enabling older adults to keep their independence and sustain their lifestyle.
在依赖汽车的社会中,停止驾驶可能会降低老年人的独立性和生活质量。老年人戒车后保持独立性的一种方法是鼓励步行前往当地目的地。本文探讨了社区步行能力如何影响老年人在步入老年后保持生活方式的能力。基于从 2023 年 "居家养老 "调查(N=3551)中收集的数据,我们分析了加拿大 6 个地区的调查对象对其社区交通的看法与步行得分之间的关系。我们探讨了社区步行能力与受访者对其独立性、生活质量以及未来需要搬迁的可能性的看法之间的关系。我们发现,与那些居住在步行能力较差地区的人相比,那些居住在步行便利社区的人认为,当他们停止开车时,他们将保持自己的生活方式。结果表明,街区的步行能力是老年人保持独立性和维持生活方式的关键因素。
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引用次数: 0
Nearshoring to Mexico and US Supply Chain Resilience as a Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic 应对 COVID-19 大流行病的墨西哥近岸外包和美国供应链复原力
Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.32866/001c.91272
Thomas Stringer, M. Ramírez-Melgarejo
The COVID-19 pandemic prompted global supply chain upheavals, triggering shortages and delays. Governments and companies sought resilient strategies for future crises. A US response was “nearshoring,” shifting manufacturing from China to Mexico. Analyzing trade data from 2019 to 2023, this study examines if this shift occurred and its sectoral impact. Both countries initially rebounded post-Q1 2020 disruptions. However, China’s exports waned, while Mexico’s surged, surpassing China by March 2023. Sectors like machinery and electrical components showed similar trends. Mexico excelled in US supply, while China’s dominance eroded, affirming the nearshoring hypothesis. Proximity significantly bolstered long-term supply chain resilience.
COVID-19 大流行导致全球供应链动荡,引发短缺和延误。各国政府和公司纷纷寻求应对未来危机的策略。美国的对策是 "近岸外包",将制造业从中国转移到墨西哥。本研究通过分析 2019 年至 2023 年的贸易数据,研究了这种转移是否发生及其对各行业的影响。两国在 2020 年第一季度中断后都出现了初步反弹。然而,中国的出口减弱,而墨西哥的出口激增,到 2023 年 3 月超过了中国。机械和电气元件等行业也呈现出类似的趋势。墨西哥在美国供应方面表现突出,而中国的主导地位则受到削弱,这证实了近岸化假设。近岸化大大增强了供应链的长期弹性。
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引用次数: 0
Patterns in Bike Theft and Recovery 自行车盗窃和追回模式
Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.32866/001c.90056
Achituv Cohen, Trisalyn Nelson, Dillon T. Fitch-Polse, Elizabeth Schattle, Seth Herr, Moreno Zanotto, Meghan Winters
Limited research on the patterns of bicycle theft and recovery makes it difficult to tackle the issue of bicycle theft. Our goal is to generate knowledge that can reduce the negative impacts of bicycle theft by better understanding patterns in bicycle theft and recovery. We analyzed data from a North American survey on bicycle theft conditions and recovery circumstances. Results indicate that the reported stolen bicycles were usually locked (59%), and stolen overnight (41%) from enclosed spaces (28%). 15% of stolen bicycles are recovered. Reporting the stolen bicycle on a variety of channels could increase the chance to recover them.
由于对自行车失窃和找回模式的研究有限,因此很难解决自行车失窃问题。我们的目标是,通过更好地了解自行车失窃和找回的模式,获取能够减少自行车失窃负面影响的知识。我们分析了北美自行车失窃情况和找回情况调查的数据。结果表明,报案的被盗自行车通常上锁(59%),在夜间被盗(41%),在封闭空间被盗(28%)。15%的被盗自行车被找回。通过各种渠道举报被盗自行车可以增加找回自行车的机会。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating the Vulnerability of the Sydney Train Network by Comparing Access-based and Network Centrality Metrics 通过比较基于访问的指标和网络中心性指标评估悉尼火车网络的脆弱性
Pub Date : 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.32866/001c.88982
Bahman Lahoorpoor, Somwrita Sarkar, David Levinson
Operational incidents are a significant cause of unreliability on rail transit networks. These incidents cause major delays in services, impact passenger travel time, and have knock-on effects that interrupt other public transport services. Consequently, the vulnerability of the rail transit network is a crucial concern for managers and operators. This paper employs network vulnerability analysis to characterize individual critical stations in a railway network. The concepts of graph theory and person-weighted access are implemented to identify the critical nodes in the Sydney train and metro network, and the results are compared. In the first method, weighted and unweighted centrality measures are computed to find the most critical station. In particular, eigenvector centrality is used to identify the critical nodes by scoring all nodes in the network using the first eigenvector of the graph adjacency matrix. In the second approach, stations are ranked by the reduction of access before and after an incident. Finding of this study may have implications not only for the train operators and managers but also for the transit network planners to enhance the resilience of the public transport network.
运营事故是造成轨道交通网络不可靠的一个重要原因。这些事故会导致服务严重延误,影响乘客的旅行时间,并产生连锁效应,干扰其他公共交通服务。因此,轨道交通网络的脆弱性是管理者和运营商关注的重要问题。本文采用网络脆弱性分析来描述铁路网络中各个关键车站的特征。本文采用图论和人员加权访问的概念来识别悉尼火车和地铁网络中的关键节点,并对结果进行了比较。在第一种方法中,通过计算加权和非加权中心度量来找出最关键的车站。其中,特征向量中心性是通过使用图邻接矩阵的第一个特征向量对网络中的所有节点进行评分来确定关键节点的。在第二种方法中,根据事故发生前后访问量的减少情况对站点进行排序。这项研究的结果不仅对列车运营商和管理者,而且对公交网络规划者提高公共交通网络的复原力都有意义。
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引用次数: 0
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