Breakthrough curves in hydrogeology are similar to seismograms in containing a variety of undesired noises and regular interferences characterized with high frequency. In this paper, Gaussian filter for processing seismic waves is used to retain low-frequency trend of breakthrough curves and remove away high-frequency fluctuations. At first, the mathematical fundamental of the filter is introduced. Then the filter is applied to process four breakthrough curves measured in laboratory experiments, in which Gaussian parameter is set to be 0.2 and 0.5. Finally, a breakthrough curve in field test is processed with different Gaussian parameters. The results demonstrate how the parameter controls the cutting-off frequency and the filter is well controllable and very efficient in acquiring the primary trend of the curves. Key words: Gaussian filter; convolution; breakthrough curves, cutting-off frequency, noises. Analiza sledilnih krivulj z Gaussovimi filtri Sledilne krivulje (krivulja casovne odvisnosti koncentracije povrnjenega sledila) v hidrogeologiji so podobno kot seizmogrami v geofiziki obremenjene z nezaželenimi visokofrekvencnimi sumi in interferencami. V tem clanku uporabimo Gaussov filter, primarno namenjen obdelavi seizmicnih podatkov, za odstanitev visokofrekvencnih sumov iz sledilnih krivulj. Najprej predstavimo matematicne osnove filtriranja, potem Gaussov filter z parametrom 0,2 in 0,5 uporabimo na stirih sledilnih krivuljah, dobljenih v laboratorijskih pogojih. Na koncu z razlicnimi Gaussovimi parametri obravnavamo sledilno krivuljo, dobljeno pri sledenju v naravi. Z rezultati prikažemo vpliv izbranih parametrov na mejno frekvenco ter prilagodljivost , ucinkovitost in uporabnost filtra za izluscenje primarnih znacilnosti sledilnih krivulj. Kljucne besede: Gaussov filter, konvolucija, sledilne krivulje, mejne frekvence, sum.
{"title":"Gaussian filter to process tracer breakthrough curves","authors":"Guangquan Li, Hong Liu, Simeng Yang","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i2.7269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i2.7269","url":null,"abstract":"Breakthrough curves in hydrogeology are similar to seismograms in containing a variety of undesired noises and regular interferences characterized with high frequency. In this paper, Gaussian filter for processing seismic waves is used to retain low-frequency trend of breakthrough curves and remove away high-frequency fluctuations. At first, the mathematical fundamental of the filter is introduced. Then the filter is applied to process four breakthrough curves measured in laboratory experiments, in which Gaussian parameter is set to be 0.2 and 0.5. Finally, a breakthrough curve in field test is processed with different Gaussian parameters. The results demonstrate how the parameter controls the cutting-off frequency and the filter is well controllable and very efficient in acquiring the primary trend of the curves. Key words: Gaussian filter; convolution; breakthrough curves, cutting-off frequency, noises. Analiza sledilnih krivulj z Gaussovimi filtri Sledilne krivulje (krivulja casovne odvisnosti koncentracije povrnjenega sledila) v hidrogeologiji so podobno kot seizmogrami v geofiziki obremenjene z nezaželenimi visokofrekvencnimi sumi in interferencami. V tem clanku uporabimo Gaussov filter, primarno namenjen obdelavi seizmicnih podatkov, za odstanitev visokofrekvencnih sumov iz sledilnih krivulj. Najprej predstavimo matematicne osnove filtriranja, potem Gaussov filter z parametrom 0,2 in 0,5 uporabimo na stirih sledilnih krivuljah, dobljenih v laboratorijskih pogojih. Na koncu z razlicnimi Gaussovimi parametri obravnavamo sledilno krivuljo, dobljeno pri sledenju v naravi. Z rezultati prikažemo vpliv izbranih parametrov na mejno frekvenco ter prilagodljivost , ucinkovitost in uporabnost filtra za izluscenje primarnih znacilnosti sledilnih krivulj. Kljucne besede: Gaussov filter, konvolucija, sledilne krivulje, mejne frekvence, sum.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48883323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An 86 cm thick sequence of bat guano layers in the Kolatarika Cave in Kurdistan province in the west of Iran was analysed. The sequence was radiocarbon dated and covers an age of approximately 4060 years. The results of geochemical data, statistical studies, along with the investigation, analysis and explanation of historical sources indicate the presence of warm and dry climate conditions between ca 2100 BC and 800 CE. These were contemporaneous with the occurrence of periods of drought and famine during the Achaemenid and Sassanid empires, and might have been was one of the causes of their ‘collapse. The existence of humid climate conditions between 800 and 1450 AD was contemporaneous with the period of Medieval Climate Anomaly and the historically documented prosperity of farms and agriculture during the Seljuk dynasties, the Samanids, and the rise of rainfall and river floods during the period of the Abbasid caliphate. The presence of cold and humid climate conditions between ca 1600 and 1750 AD was consistent with the so-called Little Ice Age and the Maunder Minimum. After this period, the climate of this area changed to warm and dry which was contemporaneous with the occurrence of famine and subsequent droughts of the late Safavid and Qajar dynasties in Iran. Key words: palaeoclimate, geochemistry, Little Ice Age, Medieval Climate Anomaly, Kolatarika Cave, Iran. Poznoholocenske podnebne spremembe v zahodnem Iranu: analize netopirskega gvana in zgodovinskih dokumentov V clanku predstavimo analize 86 centimetrov debelega zaporedja plasti netopirskega gvana v jami Kolatarika v provinci Kurdistan, Zahodni Iran. Radiometricno ugotovljen starostni razpon gvana obsega zadnjih 4060 let. Statisticna obravnava geokemicnih analiz gvana in raziskava zgodovinskih virov kažeta na toplo in suho podnebje v obdobju 2100 pr. n. st. in 800 n. st. To sovpada s susami in lakoto v casu ahamenidskega in sasanidskega cesarstva, kar je bil najverjetneje tudi vzrok njunega propada. Analize gvana kažejo na vlažno podnebje med 800 n. st. in 1450 n. st., kar ustreza srednjeveski podnebni anomaliji in obdobju razvoja kmetijstva in blaginje v casu dinastij Seldžukov in Samanidov. Vlažno podnebje s padavinami je povzrocilo tudi poplavljanje rek v casu abasidskega kalifata. Hladno in vlažno obdobje med letoma 1600 in 1700 sovpada z malo ledeno dobo oziroma Maunderjevim minimumom. Po tem obdobju podnebje postane toplejse in bolj suho, kar spet sovpada z lakoto in susami v poznem obdobju safavidske in kadžarske dinastije v Iranu. Kljucne besede: paleoklima, geokemija, mala ledena doba, srednjeveska podnebna anomalija, jama Kolatarika, Iran.
{"title":"Bat guano and historical evidence of climate changes in the west of Iran during the Late Holocene (Meghalayan Stage)","authors":"F. E. Darabad, M. Maghsoudi, O. Rahimi","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i2.6787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i2.6787","url":null,"abstract":"An 86 cm thick sequence of bat guano layers in the Kolatarika Cave in Kurdistan province in the west of Iran was analysed. The sequence was radiocarbon dated and covers an age of approximately 4060 years. The results of geochemical data, statistical studies, along with the investigation, analysis and explanation of historical sources indicate the presence of warm and dry climate conditions between ca 2100 BC and 800 CE. These were contemporaneous with the occurrence of periods of drought and famine during the Achaemenid and Sassanid empires, and might have been was one of the causes of their ‘collapse. The existence of humid climate conditions between 800 and 1450 AD was contemporaneous with the period of Medieval Climate Anomaly and the historically documented prosperity of farms and agriculture during the Seljuk dynasties, the Samanids, and the rise of rainfall and river floods during the period of the Abbasid caliphate. The presence of cold and humid climate conditions between ca 1600 and 1750 AD was consistent with the so-called Little Ice Age and the Maunder Minimum. After this period, the climate of this area changed to warm and dry which was contemporaneous with the occurrence of famine and subsequent droughts of the late Safavid and Qajar dynasties in Iran. Key words: palaeoclimate, geochemistry, Little Ice Age, Medieval Climate Anomaly, Kolatarika Cave, Iran. Poznoholocenske podnebne spremembe v zahodnem Iranu: analize netopirskega gvana in zgodovinskih dokumentov V clanku predstavimo analize 86 centimetrov debelega zaporedja plasti netopirskega gvana v jami Kolatarika v provinci Kurdistan, Zahodni Iran. Radiometricno ugotovljen starostni razpon gvana obsega zadnjih 4060 let. Statisticna obravnava geokemicnih analiz gvana in raziskava zgodovinskih virov kažeta na toplo in suho podnebje v obdobju 2100 pr. n. st. in 800 n. st. To sovpada s susami in lakoto v casu ahamenidskega in sasanidskega cesarstva, kar je bil najverjetneje tudi vzrok njunega propada. Analize gvana kažejo na vlažno podnebje med 800 n. st. in 1450 n. st., kar ustreza srednjeveski podnebni anomaliji in obdobju razvoja kmetijstva in blaginje v casu dinastij Seldžukov in Samanidov. Vlažno podnebje s padavinami je povzrocilo tudi poplavljanje rek v casu abasidskega kalifata. Hladno in vlažno obdobje med letoma 1600 in 1700 sovpada z malo ledeno dobo oziroma Maunderjevim minimumom. Po tem obdobju podnebje postane toplejse in bolj suho, kar spet sovpada z lakoto in susami v poznem obdobju safavidske in kadžarske dinastije v Iranu. Kljucne besede: paleoklima, geokemija, mala ledena doba, srednjeveska podnebna anomalija, jama Kolatarika, Iran.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47538736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, gypsum, anhydrite, and salt can be dissolved by water flowing through voids in the rocks. The removal of the dissolved material from fissures and bedding partings by physical and/or chemical dissolution enlarges the permeability of the soluble rocks within geologically short periods of time, ranging from 100,000 years down to decades. This geologically short evolution time of voids in soluble rocks poses a substantial risk of mechanical instability of the enlarged voids, and possible surface deformation, when enlarged voids start to collapse. We describe karst and cave features in the rock sequence exposed along the southern part of the Harz Mountains and the Kyffhauser Hills in Germany, where limestone/dolomite and anhydrite/gypsum are exposed along a kilometer-wide strip following the foothills of the Harz Mountains. The rocks have been deposited during the Permian Zechstein period, buried, and exposed later through tectonic uplift. The exposed part of this soluble sequence is dominated by karst features. But there are also substantial cave voids deeper in the rock, with no obvious entrance to the surface, which have been discovered by chance through mining activities. Often, the sub-surface void evolution is closely linked to surface deformation, creating collapse sinkholes and subsidence. In the city of Bad Frankenhausen at the foothills of the Kyffhauser Hills, the evolution of sub surface voids is responsible for the tilting of the church tower of the Oberkirche. We explore the evolution of such a karst system composed of limestone and anhydrite by numerical means, describing flow and transport in a rock mass composed of soluble and insoluble rock sequences, with limestone and anhydrite responsible for the evolution of secondary porosity. Key words: soluble rocks, karst, mine-cave evolution, collapse sinkholes, numerical modelling. Modeliranje speleogeneze v topnih kamninah: primer zechsteinskih kamnin v južnem delu gorovja Harz in v hribovju Kyffhauser Voda, ki tece skozi pore in razpoke v topnih kamninah, kot so apnenec, dolomit, sadra, anhidrit in sol, raztaplja stene prevodnih poti. Ucinkovito odnasanje raztopljene snovi lahko mocno poveca hidravlicno prevodnost vodonosnika v geolosko kratkem casu, ki je v izjemnih primerih dolg vsega nekaj desetletij. Hiter razvoj prevotljenosti lahko povzroci mehansko nestabilnost nastalih votlin in posledicno ugrezanje povrsja. Tak primer najdemo v kilometer sirokem pasu apnenca, dolomita, sadre in anhidrita, ki se razteza vzdolž južnega dela pogorja Harz in hribovja Kyffhauser. Sedimenti, ki so se odložili v permskem Zechsteinskem morju, so bili kasneje globoko pokopani in ponovno tektonsko izdani na povrsje. Izdanki teh kamnin so izrazito krasko preoblikovani, prevotljenost pa je velika tudi v globlje pokopanih kamninah, ki nimajo ocitne povezave s povrsjem in so bile odkrite pri rudarskih delih. Velikokrat se razvoj votlin pod povrsjem izrazi tudi na povr
可溶解的岩石，如石灰石、白云石、石膏、硬石膏和盐可以被流经岩石空隙的水溶解。物理和/或化学溶解作用使裂缝和层理层中的溶解物质消失，在较短的地质时间内(从10万年到几十年不等)增加了可溶性岩石的渗透率。可溶性岩石中孔洞的地质演化时间较短，这给扩大孔洞的力学不稳定带来了很大的风险，当扩大孔洞开始坍塌时，可能会产生表面变形。我们描述了沿着哈茨山脉南部和德国Kyffhauser山暴露的岩石序列中的喀斯特和洞穴特征，在那里，石灰岩/白云岩和硬石膏/石膏沿着哈茨山脉山麓一公里宽的地带暴露出来。这些岩石是在二叠纪zeechstein时期沉积的，后来通过构造隆升被埋藏和暴露。该可溶层序的出露部分以岩溶特征为主。但在岩石深处也有大量的洞穴，没有明显的地表入口，它们是在采矿活动中偶然发现的。通常，地下空洞的演化与地表变形密切相关，形成塌陷陷落孔和沉降。在Kyffhauser山脚下的Bad Frankenhausen市，地下空洞的演变是Oberkirche教堂塔楼倾斜的原因。我们用数值方法探讨了由灰岩和硬石膏组成的岩溶系统的演化，描述了由可溶性和不可溶性岩石序列组成的岩体中的流动和输运，灰岩和硬石膏负责次生孔隙的演化。关键词:可溶性岩，岩溶，矿洞演化，塌陷陷落孔，数值模拟Modeliranje speleogeneze v topnih kamniah: primer zechsteinskih kamniah v južnem delu gorovja Harz in v hribovju Kyffhauser Voda, ki tece skozi pore in razpoke v topnih kamniah, kot so apnenec, dolomte, sadra, and hidrit in sol, raztaplajene prevodniah poi。uinkovito odnasanje raztopljene snoovi lakiko mocka poveka hidravicka prevovodonosnika v geoolosko kratkem casu, ki jizemnih prikikikika dolsega nekaj desetletij。打击razvoj prevotljenosti lahko povzroci mehansko nestabilnost nastalih votlin在posledicno ugrezanje povrsja。Tak primer najdemo v km sirokem pasu apnenca, dolomita, sadre in anhidrita, ki se razteza vzdolkv južnega dela pogorja Harz in hribovja Kyffhauser。沉积，ki so se odložili v permskem Zechsteinskem morju, so bili kasneje globoko pokopani in ponovno tektonsko izdani na povrsje。Izdanki teh kamnin so izizizzito krasko preoblikovani, prevotljenost pa je velikanih kamninah, ki nimajo ocitne povezave ' s povrssystem in so odkrite pridarskih delih。Velikokrat se razvoj votlin pod povrsjem izrazi tudi na povrsju, jer nastajajo udornice in grezi。V mestu Bad Frankenhausen ob vznožju hribovja Kyffhauser se je zaradi razvoja votlin pod povrsjem nagnil cerkveni zvonik。在数值模型中，V - clukaziskujemo - razvoj - kraskih是一种非常有效的方法。V V modelu upostevamo托托,raztapljanje prenos snovi kamninskem masivu, sestavljenem工业区topnih在netopnih kamnin, kj raztapljanje poteka V apnencu anhidritu。另外:topne kamnine, kras, razvoj jam v rudnikih, udorne doline, numericno modeliranje。
{"title":"Modelling speleogenesis in soluble rocks: A case study from the Permian Zechstein sequences exposed along the southern Harz Mountains and the Kyffhäuser Hills, German","authors":"G. Kaufmann, D. Romanov","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i2.7282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i2.7282","url":null,"abstract":"Soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, gypsum, anhydrite, and salt can be dissolved by water flowing through voids in the rocks. The removal of the dissolved material from fissures and bedding partings by physical and/or chemical dissolution enlarges the permeability of the soluble rocks within geologically short periods of time, ranging from 100,000 years down to decades. This geologically short evolution time of voids in soluble rocks poses a substantial risk of mechanical instability of the enlarged voids, and possible surface deformation, when enlarged voids start to collapse. We describe karst and cave features in the rock sequence exposed along the southern part of the Harz Mountains and the Kyffhauser Hills in Germany, where limestone/dolomite and anhydrite/gypsum are exposed along a kilometer-wide strip following the foothills of the Harz Mountains. The rocks have been deposited during the Permian Zechstein period, buried, and exposed later through tectonic uplift. The exposed part of this soluble sequence is dominated by karst features. But there are also substantial cave voids deeper in the rock, with no obvious entrance to the surface, which have been discovered by chance through mining activities. Often, the sub-surface void evolution is closely linked to surface deformation, creating collapse sinkholes and subsidence. In the city of Bad Frankenhausen at the foothills of the Kyffhauser Hills, the evolution of sub surface voids is responsible for the tilting of the church tower of the Oberkirche. We explore the evolution of such a karst system composed of limestone and anhydrite by numerical means, describing flow and transport in a rock mass composed of soluble and insoluble rock sequences, with limestone and anhydrite responsible for the evolution of secondary porosity. Key words: soluble rocks, karst, mine-cave evolution, collapse sinkholes, numerical modelling. Modeliranje speleogeneze v topnih kamninah: primer zechsteinskih kamnin v južnem delu gorovja Harz in v hribovju Kyffhauser Voda, ki tece skozi pore in razpoke v topnih kamninah, kot so apnenec, dolomit, sadra, anhidrit in sol, raztaplja stene prevodnih poti. Ucinkovito odnasanje raztopljene snovi lahko mocno poveca hidravlicno prevodnost vodonosnika v geolosko kratkem casu, ki je v izjemnih primerih dolg vsega nekaj desetletij. Hiter razvoj prevotljenosti lahko povzroci mehansko nestabilnost nastalih votlin in posledicno ugrezanje povrsja. Tak primer najdemo v kilometer sirokem pasu apnenca, dolomita, sadre in anhidrita, ki se razteza vzdolž južnega dela pogorja Harz in hribovja Kyffhauser. Sedimenti, ki so se odložili v permskem Zechsteinskem morju, so bili kasneje globoko pokopani in ponovno tektonsko izdani na povrsje. Izdanki teh kamnin so izrazito krasko preoblikovani, prevotljenost pa je velika tudi v globlje pokopanih kamninah, ki nimajo ocitne povezave s povrsjem in so bile odkrite pri rudarskih delih. Velikokrat se razvoj votlin pod povrsjem izrazi tudi na povr","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44014262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Fiorillo, M. Pagnozzi, Z. Stevanović, G. Ventafridda
Main hydrological features and recharge analysis of the Caposele Spring catchment, southern Italy The Caposele spring supplies with water the Puglia region (southern Italy) since the beginning of the twentieth century by a wide and long (about 400 km) gravity-aqueduct system. Systematic spring discharge measurements exist since 1920. The annual mean discharge of spring is about 4 m3/sec, the spring catchment of the of Mt. Cervialto karst massif is estimated on more than 100 km2. The spring regime is characterised by absence of abrupt peaks in the hydrographs; the flood period occurs in spring-summer time, and the minimum during the autumn-winter time. Thus, the regime is almost opposite that of rainfall which allows a convenient management of the source. The historical data have shown that spring discharge depends also on the hydrological conditions of the previous year because the ‘‘memory effect” of aquifer. The recharge processes have been evaluated using a daily scale recharge model, calibrated on long term annual scale. The results allow to estimate the inertial behaviour of the aquifer, by the difference of recharged and discharged water volume during a hydrological year: after a wet year, an amount of water volume is retained into the aquifer and constitutes the surplus volume stored; after a dry year, the aquifer discharges a water volume higher than the recharged volume (a deficit in storage). Key words: karst aquifer, recharge model, spring discharge, storage, southern Italy. Glavne hidroloske znacilnosti in analiza napajanja zaledja izvira Caposele, južna Italija Izvir Caposele je od zacetka 20. stoletja glavni vodni vir Apulije (južna Italija). Voda je od izvira do mest gravitacijsko speljana po približno 400 km dolgem akvaduktu. Sistematicne meritve pretoka potekajo od leta 1920, povprecni pretok izvira je 4 m3/s, obmocje napajanja je kraski masiv gore Cervialto s povrsino preko 100 km2. Znacilnosti izvira so odsotnost izrazitih vrhov v pretocnem hidrogramu, visok pretok v pomladansko-poletnem casu in nizek pretok v jesensko-zimskem obdobju. Režim pretoka izvira je skoraj obraten od padavin, kar omogoca preprosto upravljanje vodnega vira. Zgodovinski podatki kažejo, da je pretok odvisen od hidroloskih razmer v predhodnem letu, kar je posledica velikega »spominskega ucinka« vodonosnika. Napajanje sistema smo ocenili na podlagi dnevnega modela napajanja, umerjenega na dolgorocno letno obdobje. Z razliko med napajanjem in odtokom v hidroloskem letu, smo ocenili inercijsko obnasanja vodonosnika. Izkaže se, da se v letu z veliko padavinami presežek napajanja skladisci v vodonosniku, v suhem letu pa je volumen odtoka vecji od volumna odtoka. Kljucne besede: kraski vodonosnik, model napajanja, pretok izvira, skladiscenje, južna Italija.
{"title":"MAIN HYDROLOGICAL FEATURES AND RECHARGE ANALYSIS OF THE CAPOSELE SPRING CATCHMENT, SOUTHERN ITALY","authors":"F. Fiorillo, M. Pagnozzi, Z. Stevanović, G. Ventafridda","doi":"10.3986/AC.V48I1.6738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V48I1.6738","url":null,"abstract":"Main hydrological features and recharge analysis of the Caposele Spring catchment, southern Italy The Caposele spring supplies with water the Puglia region (southern Italy) since the beginning of the twentieth century by a wide and long (about 400 km) gravity-aqueduct system. Systematic spring discharge measurements exist since 1920. The annual mean discharge of spring is about 4 m3/sec, the spring catchment of the of Mt. Cervialto karst massif is estimated on more than 100 km2. The spring regime is characterised by absence of abrupt peaks in the hydrographs; the flood period occurs in spring-summer time, and the minimum during the autumn-winter time. Thus, the regime is almost opposite that of rainfall which allows a convenient management of the source. The historical data have shown that spring discharge depends also on the hydrological conditions of the previous year because the ‘‘memory effect” of aquifer. The recharge processes have been evaluated using a daily scale recharge model, calibrated on long term annual scale. The results allow to estimate the inertial behaviour of the aquifer, by the difference of recharged and discharged water volume during a hydrological year: after a wet year, an amount of water volume is retained into the aquifer and constitutes the surplus volume stored; after a dry year, the aquifer discharges a water volume higher than the recharged volume (a deficit in storage). Key words: karst aquifer, recharge model, spring discharge, storage, southern Italy. Glavne hidroloske znacilnosti in analiza napajanja zaledja izvira Caposele, južna Italija Izvir Caposele je od zacetka 20. stoletja glavni vodni vir Apulije (južna Italija). Voda je od izvira do mest gravitacijsko speljana po približno 400 km dolgem akvaduktu. Sistematicne meritve pretoka potekajo od leta 1920, povprecni pretok izvira je 4 m3/s, obmocje napajanja je kraski masiv gore Cervialto s povrsino preko 100 km2. Znacilnosti izvira so odsotnost izrazitih vrhov v pretocnem hidrogramu, visok pretok v pomladansko-poletnem casu in nizek pretok v jesensko-zimskem obdobju. Režim pretoka izvira je skoraj obraten od padavin, kar omogoca preprosto upravljanje vodnega vira. Zgodovinski podatki kažejo, da je pretok odvisen od hidroloskih razmer v predhodnem letu, kar je posledica velikega »spominskega ucinka« vodonosnika. Napajanje sistema smo ocenili na podlagi dnevnega modela napajanja, umerjenega na dolgorocno letno obdobje. Z razliko med napajanjem in odtokom v hidroloskem letu, smo ocenili inercijsko obnasanja vodonosnika. Izkaže se, da se v letu z veliko padavinami presežek napajanja skladisci v vodonosniku, v suhem letu pa je volumen odtoka vecji od volumna odtoka. Kljucne besede: kraski vodonosnik, model napajanja, pretok izvira, skladiscenje, južna Italija.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46292893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Didier Cailhol, P. Audra, C. Nehme, F. Nader, M. Garašić, V. Heresanu, S. Gucel, I. Charalambidou, Lauren Satterfield, Hai Cheng, R. Edwards
The condensation-corrosion process occurs when airflow cools at the contact with colder cave walls. Condensed water becomes aggressive for soluble rocks and corrodes the walls. This process is particularly active close to cave entrances in high thermal gradient zones where external air enters caves. Condensation appears to be important where bat colonies are also present. Bat metabolism and guano decomposition release heat, vapour, and acids. Hence, bat colonies contribute to the increase of condensation- corrosion, especially by providing permanent moisture and chemical aggressiveness. Corrosive air convections produce rounded morphologies, such as ceiling channels, cupolas, and corroded older flowstones. This process has been overlooked in previous research, since related morphologies were often confused with those produced by early phreatic flow. Kyrenia Range in Cyprus has a semi-arid climate. All the studied caves developed along open-fractures. They are located both in recrystallized carbonates (limestone and dolostone, such as Smoky and Pigeons Caves), or in gypsum (First Day and Angry Bat Caves). We also studied a maze cave that acted as a spring in gypsum that initially developed under phreatic conditions, followed by an epiphreatic phase that allowed the development of notches (Fig Tree Cave, also named Incirli Show Cave). Due to the semi-arid climate, external air is very dry in summer, thus condensation seems to occur mainly in winter, when cave atmosphere instability allows large air exchanges between caves and surface atmosphere. In summer, evaporation prevails, allowing the development of popcorn lines in carbonate caves and massive gypsum crusts, stalagmites, and sidewalk rims in gypsum caves. However, the presence of a bat colony in a semi-confined chamber in Smoky Cave is probably the origin of the permanent moisture, also during the dry season, leading to a strong development of condensation-corrosion features such as ceiling cupolas, and possibly to the permanent activity of flowstones. In addition, we detected high concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and radon (Rn) in Fig Tree Cave, possibly related to the activity of the neighbouring overthrust. Based on the five studied caves in the Kyrenia Range and surroundings, the open-fracture caves in carbonates and gypsum have not undergone the typical initial phreatic stage, but have formed in a short time during Pleistocene as a result of the fast uplift of the range and were later reshaped by condensation-corrosion morphologies. Some gypsum caves may have formed entirely by this latter process, after initial minor fracture development. Cyprus is an outstanding area for studying the condensation-corrosion in caves, since a phreatic origin can be ruled out for most of the rounded morphologies. Prispevek kondenzacijske korozije pri razvoju jam v polsuhih obmocjih: predhodni rezultati v jamah Kirenijskega gorovja, Ciper Kondenzacijska korozija se pojavi ob stiku vlažnega zracnega
{"title":"THE CONTRIBUTION OF CONDENSATION-CORROSION IN THE MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF CAVES IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS: PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS IN THE KYRENIA RANGE, CYPRUS","authors":"Didier Cailhol, P. Audra, C. Nehme, F. Nader, M. Garašić, V. Heresanu, S. Gucel, I. Charalambidou, Lauren Satterfield, Hai Cheng, R. Edwards","doi":"10.3986/AC.V48I1.6782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V48I1.6782","url":null,"abstract":"The condensation-corrosion process occurs when airflow cools at the contact with colder cave walls. Condensed water becomes aggressive for soluble rocks and corrodes the walls. This process is particularly active close to cave entrances in high thermal gradient zones where external air enters caves. Condensation appears to be important where bat colonies are also present. Bat metabolism and guano decomposition release heat, vapour, and acids. Hence, bat colonies contribute to the increase of condensation- corrosion, especially by providing permanent moisture and chemical aggressiveness. Corrosive air convections produce rounded morphologies, such as ceiling channels, cupolas, and corroded older flowstones. This process has been overlooked in previous research, since related morphologies were often confused with those produced by early phreatic flow. Kyrenia Range in Cyprus has a semi-arid climate. All the studied caves developed along open-fractures. They are located both in recrystallized carbonates (limestone and dolostone, such as Smoky and Pigeons Caves), or in gypsum (First Day and Angry Bat Caves). We also studied a maze cave that acted as a spring in gypsum that initially developed under phreatic conditions, followed by an epiphreatic phase that allowed the development of notches (Fig Tree Cave, also named Incirli Show Cave). Due to the semi-arid climate, external air is very dry in summer, thus condensation seems to occur mainly in winter, when cave atmosphere instability allows large air exchanges between caves and surface atmosphere. In summer, evaporation prevails, allowing the development of popcorn lines in carbonate caves and massive gypsum crusts, stalagmites, and sidewalk rims in gypsum caves. However, the presence of a bat colony in a semi-confined chamber in Smoky Cave is probably the origin of the permanent moisture, also during the dry season, leading to a strong development of condensation-corrosion features such as ceiling cupolas, and possibly to the permanent activity of flowstones. In addition, we detected high concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and radon (Rn) in Fig Tree Cave, possibly related to the activity of the neighbouring overthrust. Based on the five studied caves in the Kyrenia Range and surroundings, the open-fracture caves in carbonates and gypsum have not undergone the typical initial phreatic stage, but have formed in a short time during Pleistocene as a result of the fast uplift of the range and were later reshaped by condensation-corrosion morphologies. Some gypsum caves may have formed entirely by this latter process, after initial minor fracture development. Cyprus is an outstanding area for studying the condensation-corrosion in caves, since a phreatic origin can be ruled out for most of the rounded morphologies. Prispevek kondenzacijske korozije pri razvoju jam v polsuhih obmocjih: predhodni rezultati v jamah Kirenijskega gorovja, Ciper Kondenzacijska korozija se pojavi ob stiku vlažnega zracnega ","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46483089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Telbisz, Christos L. Stergiou, A. Mindszenty, A. Chatzipetros
{"title":"Geological and Geomorphological Characteristics of Vikos Gorge and Tymphi Mountain (Northern Pindos National Park, Greece) and Karst-Related Social Processes of the Region","authors":"T. Telbisz, Christos L. Stergiou, A. Mindszenty, A. Chatzipetros","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i1.6806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i1.6806","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70389739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The extremely interesting karst of the Capo San Vito area in western Sicily displays the majority of the distinct characteristics of the three-dimensional landscape: karst surfaces, caves, unique water trickling systems, and maritime development (Ruggieri, 2009, 2015). By the sea as well as higher in the hinterland, the surface is mostly karren-like. This part of the planned study of the formation of the entire rock surface of this karst presents the results of studying the slope karren above Custonaci. They reveal the development of karren from subsoil karren and the characteristic formation of the karst surface in this area and on this rock. Keywords: karren, lithology, rock relief, Sicily, Italy Skraplje nad Custonacijem (Sicilija, Italija) Nadvse zanimiv kras podrocja Capo San Vito na zahodu Sicilije ponuja vecino izrazitih znacilnosti trirazsežne pokrajine, krasko povrsje, jame in svojevrstno pretakanje vode ter obmorski razvoj (Ruggieri 2009, 2015). Povrsje je vecinoma skrapljasto, tako ob morju kot v visjem zaledju. Tokrat so pri nacrtovani proucitvi oblikovanja celotnega skalnega povrsja tega krasa predstavljeni izsledki proucevanja pobocnih skrapelj nad Custonacijem. Razkrivajo razvoj skrapelj iz podtalnih skrapelj in znacilno oblikovanje kraskega povrsja v tem okolju in kamnini. Kljucne besede: skraplje, litologija, skalni relief, Sicilija, Italija.
西西里岛西部Capo San Vito地区极其有趣的喀斯特地貌展示了三维景观的大部分独特特征：喀斯特表面、洞穴、独特的滴水系统和海洋开发（Ruggieri，20092015）。在海边和内陆更高的地方，地表大多是卡伦式的。该岩溶整个岩石表面形成的计划研究的这一部分介绍了对Custonaci上方斜坡karren的研究结果。它们揭示了该地区和该岩石上岩溶表面的形成特征，揭示了底土岩溶的发育过程。关键词：karren，岩性，岩石起伏，西西里岛，意大利Scraplje nad Custonaci（西西里岛，义大利）西西里岛西部Capo San Vito最有趣的喀斯特地区拥有三维景观、喀斯特表面、洞穴和独特的水流以及海岸开发的大部分特点（Ruggieri 20092015）。无论是在海边还是在地势较高的腹地，地表大部分都枯萎了。这一次，在对该岩溶整个岩石表面形成的计划研究中，介绍了对Custonaci上方倾斜弹片的研究结果。它们揭示了地下灌木丛中灌木丛的发育以及岩溶表面在这种环境和岩石中的特征形成。关键词：shrappje，岩性，岩石起伏，西西里岛，意大利。
{"title":"Karren above Custonaci (Sicily, Italy)","authors":"M. Knez, R. Ruggieri, T. Slabe","doi":"10.3986/AC.V48I1.7029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V48I1.7029","url":null,"abstract":"The extremely interesting karst of the Capo San Vito area in western Sicily displays the majority of the distinct characteristics of the three-dimensional landscape: karst surfaces, caves, unique water trickling systems, and maritime development (Ruggieri, 2009, 2015). By the sea as well as higher in the hinterland, the surface is mostly karren-like. This part of the planned study of the formation of the entire rock surface of this karst presents the results of studying the slope karren above Custonaci. They reveal the development of karren from subsoil karren and the characteristic formation of the karst surface in this area and on this rock. Keywords: karren, lithology, rock relief, Sicily, Italy Skraplje nad Custonacijem (Sicilija, Italija) Nadvse zanimiv kras podrocja Capo San Vito na zahodu Sicilije ponuja vecino izrazitih znacilnosti trirazsežne pokrajine, krasko povrsje, jame in svojevrstno pretakanje vode ter obmorski razvoj (Ruggieri 2009, 2015). Povrsje je vecinoma skrapljasto, tako ob morju kot v visjem zaledju. Tokrat so pri nacrtovani proucitvi oblikovanja celotnega skalnega povrsja tega krasa predstavljeni izsledki proucevanja pobocnih skrapelj nad Custonacijem. Razkrivajo razvoj skrapelj iz podtalnih skrapelj in znacilno oblikovanje kraskega povrsja v tem okolju in kamnini. Kljucne besede: skraplje, litologija, skalni relief, Sicilija, Italija.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43027982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kang Xiaobing, S. Luo, Mo Xu, Qiang Zhang, Yang Yanna
The tunnel water gushing has long been a difficult hydrogeological problem, especially in karst areas. It affects the entire process of tunnel construction, operation and maintenance. In view of the complex disaster-causing mechanism and difficult quantitative predictions of water inrush, several theoretical methods are adopted to realize dynamic assessment of water inrush in the progressive process of tunnel construction. According to a survey conducted in the Zoumaling tunnel near Chongqing, China, 62% of its total length, e.g., 1525 m is associated with karst（including a fault fracture zone). On the basis of collecting real-time monitoring data about water inrush in the excavated section of the Zoumaling tunnel, a fuzzy data analysis method has been used to analyze the content of seven common ions in the inflow water, which makes it possible to classify the groundwater types and to establish the hydrogeological model of the tunnel site. In order to forecast the possibility and quantity of water inrush, it is essential to accurately model the groundwater system spatially. The preliminary forecasting result about untapped section reveals a small possibility of a sudden water inflow disaster and 35,000 m3/d water inflow, which is close to the ultimately measured quantity of water. This study provides a theoretical reference for the prediction of water inrush during tunnel construction, and the main characteristic of this study is reflected in the real-time prediction of tunnel water inrush according to actual tunnel inflow of excavated sections. This approach can be applied in similar situations for the prediction of tunnel water inrush in other karst regions. Key words: karst region, tunnel water inrush; dynamic estimate; fuzzy cluster analysis. Pricakovana dinamika vdora vode v predore na podlagi meritev med njihovo gradnjo Pojav vdiranja vode v predore je že dolgo casa poznana težava, se posebej na kraskih obmocjih. Pojavlja se med celotno gradnjo predorov, njihovo uporabo in vzdrževanjem. Za proucevanje potencialnega pojava nesrec in težavnega napovedovanja kolicine vdora vode je bilo preizkusenih vec razlicnih teoreticnih metod. Te omogocajo oceno dinamike vdora vode med celotnim procesom gradnje predorov. Pri predoru Zoumaling v bližini mesta Chongqing (Kitajska) približno 62 % dolžine predora (1525 m) poteka na obmocju krasa in cez prelomna obmocja. Na podlagi v realnem casu zbranih podatkov o vdorih vode v izkopanih odsekih predora Zoumaling se je naredila analiza mehkih množic. Ta je bila uporabljena za analizo sedmih v vodi najbolj znacilnih ionov in je omogocila razvrstitev podzemne vode v razlicne skupine, s tem pa izdelavo hidrogeoloskega modela neposredne okolice predora. Za analizo verjetnosti vdora vode in njene možne kolicine je izdelava natancnega modela vodonosnika zelo pomembna. Prvi rezultati, ki se nanasajo na en se nedokoncan odsek, kažejo na majhno možnost nenadnega vdora vode. Najvecja možna dnevna kolicina vdora je ocenj
{"title":"Dynamic estimating the karst tunnel water inflow based on monitoring data during excavation","authors":"Kang Xiaobing, S. Luo, Mo Xu, Qiang Zhang, Yang Yanna","doi":"10.3986/AC.V48I1.4654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V48I1.4654","url":null,"abstract":"The tunnel water gushing has long been a difficult hydrogeological problem, especially in karst areas. It affects the entire process of tunnel construction, operation and maintenance. In view of the complex disaster-causing mechanism and difficult quantitative predictions of water inrush, several theoretical methods are adopted to realize dynamic assessment of water inrush in the progressive process of tunnel construction. According to a survey conducted in the Zoumaling tunnel near Chongqing, China, 62% of its total length, e.g., 1525 m is associated with karst（including a fault fracture zone). On the basis of collecting real-time monitoring data about water inrush in the excavated section of the Zoumaling tunnel, a fuzzy data analysis method has been used to analyze the content of seven common ions in the inflow water, which makes it possible to classify the groundwater types and to establish the hydrogeological model of the tunnel site. In order to forecast the possibility and quantity of water inrush, it is essential to accurately model the groundwater system spatially. The preliminary forecasting result about untapped section reveals a small possibility of a sudden water inflow disaster and 35,000 m3/d water inflow, which is close to the ultimately measured quantity of water. This study provides a theoretical reference for the prediction of water inrush during tunnel construction, and the main characteristic of this study is reflected in the real-time prediction of tunnel water inrush according to actual tunnel inflow of excavated sections. This approach can be applied in similar situations for the prediction of tunnel water inrush in other karst regions. Key words: karst region, tunnel water inrush; dynamic estimate; fuzzy cluster analysis. Pricakovana dinamika vdora vode v predore na podlagi meritev med njihovo gradnjo Pojav vdiranja vode v predore je že dolgo casa poznana težava, se posebej na kraskih obmocjih. Pojavlja se med celotno gradnjo predorov, njihovo uporabo in vzdrževanjem. Za proucevanje potencialnega pojava nesrec in težavnega napovedovanja kolicine vdora vode je bilo preizkusenih vec razlicnih teoreticnih metod. Te omogocajo oceno dinamike vdora vode med celotnim procesom gradnje predorov. Pri predoru Zoumaling v bližini mesta Chongqing (Kitajska) približno 62 % dolžine predora (1525 m) poteka na obmocju krasa in cez prelomna obmocja. Na podlagi v realnem casu zbranih podatkov o vdorih vode v izkopanih odsekih predora Zoumaling se je naredila analiza mehkih množic. Ta je bila uporabljena za analizo sedmih v vodi najbolj znacilnih ionov in je omogocila razvrstitev podzemne vode v razlicne skupine, s tem pa izdelavo hidrogeoloskega modela neposredne okolice predora. Za analizo verjetnosti vdora vode in njene možne kolicine je izdelava natancnega modela vodonosnika zelo pomembna. Prvi rezultati, ki se nanasajo na en se nedokoncan odsek, kažejo na majhno možnost nenadnega vdora vode. Najvecja možna dnevna kolicina vdora je ocenj","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42853197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Nurkholis, T. Adji, E. Haryono, A. Cahyadi, S. Suprayogi
The karst hydrologic system in Pindul Cave can be categorised as ‘binary’ because it is recharged by the developed cave systems around it and by the Kedungbuntung ponor, which originates from an undeveloped karst system. The main objective of this study is to determine whether there are any differences in the aquifer characteristics that recharge to the Kedungbuntung ponor and the Pindul Cave outlet, using a time-series analysis approach. This analysis was conducted using univariate (auto-correlation) and bivariate (cross-correlation) statistical methods, which analyse data based on the domains of time (time-based analysis) and frequency (frequency-based analysis). Furthermore, the Master Recession Curve (MRC) calculation was conducted to confirm the time-series analysis result. Water level and rainfall data in both locations were recorded every 15 minutes over a six-month period (January–June 2017; N = 17,376). According to the time-series analysis, both locations were recharged by conduit, fissure and diffuse flow components; this observation was also confirmed by the MRC graphs which bore three components of recession. Comparison between the two locations showed that the Pindul outlet releases storage aquifers faster than Kedungbuntung. This condition may be caused by the Pindul Cave outlet having a complex karst system supplemented by a developing system, in combination with recharge from the Kedungbuntung ponor. Meanwhile, the dischargedischarge cross-correlation between the two locations was less able to describe the complexity of the karst aquifers, as can be demonstrated by the tracing test method. In addition, the MRC indicated that the aquifers in the Pindul Cave karst system (which have developed) may still have a large storage capacity. To obtain more comprehensive information, especially with regard to the character of the developed karst system around the Pindul karst outlet, a follow-up study must be carried out over a longer period using several additional methods to support the results of this time series analysis study. Key words: Master Recession Curve, time series analysis, karst aquifer characteristics, Pindul Cave karst system. Aplikacija analiz casovnih vrst za karakterizacijo kraskega vodonosnika z jamskim sistemom Pindul, Indonezija Kraski hidroloski sistem jame Pindul lahko oznacimo kot binarni, saj ga napajajo okoliski razviti jamski sistemi in ponor Kedungbuntung, ki se steka z nerazvitega kraskega sistema. Glavni cilj te studije je z uporabo analiz casovnih vrst ugotoviti, ali obstajajo kakrsne koli razlike v znacilnostih vodonosnika, ki napaja ponor Kedungbuntung, in tistim, ki napaja jamo Pindul. Ta analiza je bila izvedena z uporabo univariatnih (avtokorelacijskih) in bivariatnih (navzkrižno korelacijskih) statisticnih metod, ki analizirajo podatke na podlagi casovnih in frekvencnih vrst. Za potrditev rezultatov analiz casovnih vrst smo izvedli tudi izracun glavnih recesijskih krivulj (GRK). Vsakih 15 minut v sestm
{"title":"Time series analysis applications for karst aquifer characterisation in Pindul Cave karst system, Indonesia","authors":"A. Nurkholis, T. Adji, E. Haryono, A. Cahyadi, S. Suprayogi","doi":"10.3986/AC.V48I1.6745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V48I1.6745","url":null,"abstract":"The karst hydrologic system in Pindul Cave can be categorised as ‘binary’ because it is recharged by the developed cave systems around it and by the Kedungbuntung ponor, which originates from an undeveloped karst system. The main objective of this study is to determine whether there are any differences in the aquifer characteristics that recharge to the Kedungbuntung ponor and the Pindul Cave outlet, using a time-series analysis approach. This analysis was conducted using univariate (auto-correlation) and bivariate (cross-correlation) statistical methods, which analyse data based on the domains of time (time-based analysis) and frequency (frequency-based analysis). Furthermore, the Master Recession Curve (MRC) calculation was conducted to confirm the time-series analysis result. Water level and rainfall data in both locations were recorded every 15 minutes over a six-month period (January–June 2017; N = 17,376). According to the time-series analysis, both locations were recharged by conduit, fissure and diffuse flow components; this observation was also confirmed by the MRC graphs which bore three components of recession. Comparison between the two locations showed that the Pindul outlet releases storage aquifers faster than Kedungbuntung. This condition may be caused by the Pindul Cave outlet having a complex karst system supplemented by a developing system, in combination with recharge from the Kedungbuntung ponor. Meanwhile, the dischargedischarge cross-correlation between the two locations was less able to describe the complexity of the karst aquifers, as can be demonstrated by the tracing test method. In addition, the MRC indicated that the aquifers in the Pindul Cave karst system (which have developed) may still have a large storage capacity. To obtain more comprehensive information, especially with regard to the character of the developed karst system around the Pindul karst outlet, a follow-up study must be carried out over a longer period using several additional methods to support the results of this time series analysis study. Key words: Master Recession Curve, time series analysis, karst aquifer characteristics, Pindul Cave karst system. Aplikacija analiz casovnih vrst za karakterizacijo kraskega vodonosnika z jamskim sistemom Pindul, Indonezija Kraski hidroloski sistem jame Pindul lahko oznacimo kot binarni, saj ga napajajo okoliski razviti jamski sistemi in ponor Kedungbuntung, ki se steka z nerazvitega kraskega sistema. Glavni cilj te studije je z uporabo analiz casovnih vrst ugotoviti, ali obstajajo kakrsne koli razlike v znacilnostih vodonosnika, ki napaja ponor Kedungbuntung, in tistim, ki napaja jamo Pindul. Ta analiza je bila izvedena z uporabo univariatnih (avtokorelacijskih) in bivariatnih (navzkrižno korelacijskih) statisticnih metod, ki analizirajo podatke na podlagi casovnih in frekvencnih vrst. Za potrditev rezultatov analiz casovnih vrst smo izvedli tudi izracun glavnih recesijskih krivulj (GRK). Vsakih 15 minut v sestm","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44711509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Strong geochemical gradients of dissolved oxygen and sulphide establish habitats where specialized bacterial and archaeal taxonomic groups occupy specific redox-sensitive niches, primarily based on metabolic and ecological requirements. In contrast, knowledge of microeukaryote diversity and their ecology in redox-stratified habitats is poor, as species-specific occupation of such geochemical gradients has not been well established. Here we assessed total microbial diversity from rRNA genes retrieved from two morphologically distinct microbial mats formed along an oxygen-sulphide gradient in the outflow channel from the Žveplenica sulphidic karst spring, Slovenia. Microbial mats contained diverse bacteria and archaea associated with chemolithoautotrophic and primary productivity, and overall microeukaryotic diversity was higher under oxygenated conditions. The oxygenated mats were comprised of undescribed and undifferentiated fungi, Annelida, Nematoda, Apicomplexa, and Gastrotricha, some being represented by novel lineages. Under anoxic conditions, diversity was dominated by Ciliophora, Nematoda, and Fungi-Ascomycota, also affiliated with novel lineages. Colonization of the distinct mat types related to ecological tolerance of specific geochemical conditions, and the associations between bacterial and archaeal diversity with distinct microeukaryotes may be related to grazing options and food web structure within the karst system. Key words: karst, spring, sulphide, geochemical gradient, diversity, microeukaryotes. Pestra mikrobna diverziteta vzdolž ekokline kisik-sulfid kraskega izvira odkriva potencial za okritje novih taksonov Izraziti geokemijski gradienti raztopljenega kisika in sulfida so osnova za habitate, kjer v odvisnosti od redoks potenciala, predvsem pa glede na metabolne in ekoloske zahteve, specializirane bakterijske in arhejske taksonomske skupine zasedajo obcutljive ekoloske nise. Nasprotno pa je poznavanje diverzitete mikroevkariontov in njihove ekologije v habitatih, stratificiranih glede na redoks potencial, pomanjkljivo, saj vrstno specificne kolonizacije taksnih gradientnih okolij se nismo dobro proucili. Celotno mikrobno diverziteto smo ovrednotili na podlagi zaporedij rRNA genov, ki so bila pridobljena iz dveh morfolosko razlicnih mikrobnih biofilmov, ki nastajata vzdolž gradienta kisik-sulfid v žveplenem kraskem izviru Žveplenica, Slovenija. Mikrobni biofilmi so vsebovali pestro združbo bakterij in arhej, ki jim pripisujemo kemolitoavtotrofen metabolizem s primarno produkcijo, celotna mikroevkariontska diverziteta pa je bila v oksigeniranih okoljskih razmerah visja. Oksigeniran biofilm so vecinoma sestavljale se neopisane in nepoznane glive ter predstavniki skupin Annelida, Nematoda, Apicomplexa in Gastrotricha; nekatere izmed njih pripadajo celo novim linijam. V anoksicnih razmerah so prevladovali predstavniki skupin Ciliophora, Nematoda in Glive-Ascomycota, ki tudi pripadajo novim genetskim linijam. Kolonizacija razlicnih
溶解氧和硫化物的强地球化学梯度建立了栖息地，专门的细菌和古细菌分类群占据了特定的氧化还原敏感生态位，主要基于代谢和生态需求。相比之下，对氧化还原层状生境中微真核生物多样性及其生态学的了解很少，因为这种地球化学梯度的物种特异性占领尚未得到很好的确定。在这里，我们评估了从两个形态不同的微生物席中提取的rRNA基因的总微生物多样性，这些微生物席形成于斯洛文尼亚Žveplenica硫化物喀斯特泉流出通道中的氧硫化物梯度。微生物席中含有多种与化能自养和初级生产力相关的细菌和古细菌，氧化条件下微真核生物多样性总体较高。含氧垫由未描述和未分化的真菌组成，包括节虫、线虫、顶复合体和胃曲虫，其中一些以新谱系为代表。在缺氧条件下，多样性以纤毛菌门、线虫门和真菌子囊菌门为主，也属于新谱系。不同类型垫的定植与特定地球化学条件下的生态耐受性有关，细菌和古细菌多样性与不同微真核生物之间的关联可能与喀斯特系统内的放牧选择和食物网结构有关。关键词:喀斯特，泉水，硫化物，地球化学梯度，多样性，微真核生物Pestra mikrobna diverziteta vzdolev ekokline kisik-sulfid kraskega izvira odkriva potential、kskovita noviva taksonov Izraziti geokemijski、kskovita noviva geokemijski、kskovita noviva geokemijski、kskovita noviva、kskovita noviva、kskovita noviva、kskovita noviva、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita等。在不同的生境，不同的地层，不同的地理位置，不同的地理位置，不同的地理位置，不同的地理位置，不同的地理位置，不同的地理位置，不同的地理位置，不同的地理位置。研究结果表明:1 .微生物多样性与生物多样性的关系，1 .微生物多样性与生物多样性的关系，2 .微生物多样性与生物多样性的关系，1 .微生物多样性与生物多样性的关系。Mikrobni biofilmi so vsebovali pestro združbo bakterij in arhej, ki pripisujemo kemolitotototrofen metabolizem主要产物，celotna mikroevkariontska diverziteta pa je bila v oklsigeniranih okoljskih razmerah visja。在胃目动物、线虫目、顶复体目中，由neopisane引起的肿瘤生物膜的研究表明，neopisane在胃目动物中具有广泛的应用。Nekatere表示:“我认为这是一个非常重要的问题。”【关键词】线虫;纤毛虫;线虫;子囊菌;Kolonizacija razlicnih tipov biofilmov glede na ekolosko耐受性，特定的nih geokemijskih razmer, povezana med bakterijsko在arksko diverzi znacilnii preprestavniki sta lahko povezana z razlicnimi možnostmi preranjevanja in s strukturo preranjevanj verige v kraskem sistemu。kljune: kras, izvir, sulfid, geokemijski gradient, diverziteta, mikroevkarionti。
{"title":"Karst spring microbial mat microeukaryotic diversity differs across an oxygen-sulphide ecocline and reveals potential for novel taxa discovery","authors":"J. Mulec, A. Engel","doi":"10.3986/AC.V48I1.4949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V48I1.4949","url":null,"abstract":"Strong geochemical gradients of dissolved oxygen and sulphide establish habitats where specialized bacterial and archaeal taxonomic groups occupy specific redox-sensitive niches, primarily based on metabolic and ecological requirements. In contrast, knowledge of microeukaryote diversity and their ecology in redox-stratified habitats is poor, as species-specific occupation of such geochemical gradients has not been well established. Here we assessed total microbial diversity from rRNA genes retrieved from two morphologically distinct microbial mats formed along an oxygen-sulphide gradient in the outflow channel from the Žveplenica sulphidic karst spring, Slovenia. Microbial mats contained diverse bacteria and archaea associated with chemolithoautotrophic and primary productivity, and overall microeukaryotic diversity was higher under oxygenated conditions. The oxygenated mats were comprised of undescribed and undifferentiated fungi, Annelida, Nematoda, Apicomplexa, and Gastrotricha, some being represented by novel lineages. Under anoxic conditions, diversity was dominated by Ciliophora, Nematoda, and Fungi-Ascomycota, also affiliated with novel lineages. Colonization of the distinct mat types related to ecological tolerance of specific geochemical conditions, and the associations between bacterial and archaeal diversity with distinct microeukaryotes may be related to grazing options and food web structure within the karst system. Key words: karst, spring, sulphide, geochemical gradient, diversity, microeukaryotes. Pestra mikrobna diverziteta vzdolž ekokline kisik-sulfid kraskega izvira odkriva potencial za okritje novih taksonov Izraziti geokemijski gradienti raztopljenega kisika in sulfida so osnova za habitate, kjer v odvisnosti od redoks potenciala, predvsem pa glede na metabolne in ekoloske zahteve, specializirane bakterijske in arhejske taksonomske skupine zasedajo obcutljive ekoloske nise. Nasprotno pa je poznavanje diverzitete mikroevkariontov in njihove ekologije v habitatih, stratificiranih glede na redoks potencial, pomanjkljivo, saj vrstno specificne kolonizacije taksnih gradientnih okolij se nismo dobro proucili. Celotno mikrobno diverziteto smo ovrednotili na podlagi zaporedij rRNA genov, ki so bila pridobljena iz dveh morfolosko razlicnih mikrobnih biofilmov, ki nastajata vzdolž gradienta kisik-sulfid v žveplenem kraskem izviru Žveplenica, Slovenija. Mikrobni biofilmi so vsebovali pestro združbo bakterij in arhej, ki jim pripisujemo kemolitoavtotrofen metabolizem s primarno produkcijo, celotna mikroevkariontska diverziteta pa je bila v oksigeniranih okoljskih razmerah visja. Oksigeniran biofilm so vecinoma sestavljale se neopisane in nepoznane glive ter predstavniki skupin Annelida, Nematoda, Apicomplexa in Gastrotricha; nekatere izmed njih pripadajo celo novim linijam. V anoksicnih razmerah so prevladovali predstavniki skupin Ciliophora, Nematoda in Glive-Ascomycota, ki tudi pripadajo novim genetskim linijam. Kolonizacija razlicnih ","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41732535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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