ISME meetings have been organized regularly since 1977, and in 1986 the 4th ISME was hosted by Ljubljana. The 17th ISME was in Leipzig, Germany, where 2250 delegates from 60 countries met. During the symposium eight plenary lectures, 26 different sections and three days of poster presentations were organized. A participant could choose one of six or seven simultaneously running sections daily which covered an extremely wide set of microbial ecology from evolution, modeling of microbial interactions, review on new and existing metabolic pathways, (meta)genomics, interactions between microbes and hosts, biogeochemical cycles, bioinformatics, new methods and innovative bioremediation procedures. It became clearly evident that microbial ecology can offer some answers to many urgent global issues. Some interesting highlights from the symposium are given below.
{"title":"17th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology - ISME 17","authors":"J. Mulec","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i3.7713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i3.7713","url":null,"abstract":"ISME meetings have been organized regularly since 1977, and in 1986 the 4th ISME was hosted by Ljubljana. The 17th ISME was in Leipzig, Germany, where 2250 delegates from 60 countries met. During the symposium eight plenary lectures, 26 different sections and three days of poster presentations were organized. A participant could choose one of six or seven simultaneously running sections daily which covered an extremely wide set of microbial ecology from evolution, modeling of microbial interactions, review on new and existing metabolic pathways, (meta)genomics, interactions between microbes and hosts, biogeochemical cycles, bioinformatics, new methods and innovative bioremediation procedures. It became clearly evident that microbial ecology can offer some answers to many urgent global issues. Some interesting highlights from the symposium are given below.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41372686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Rožič, Tomislav Popit, L. Gale, T. Verbovšek, Ines Vidmar, M. Dolenec, P. Ž. Rožič
The Julian Alps are composed almost exclusively of Triassic to Lower Jurassic carbonates, which results in a karstified high-alpine landscape. In such settings, large water accumulations are not expected and precipitated water drains vertically, gathers in deep, large-scale aquifers, and outflows in large karstic springs located in deeply incised valleys. Some small lakes, however, exist in high alpine areas. Most commonly, they formed above impermeable glacial sediments and are generally characterized by stagnant waters. Jezero v Ledvicah lake, which is one of the seven lakes in the Triglav Lakes Valley, is an exception, because it shows high subaqueous water inflow and outflow and occurs among highly karstified and permeable carbonates. Combining previous research with our new, detailed geological mapping of the lake surroundings and sedimentary research on the Lower Jurassic strata, we propose a hydrogeological model with the aim of explaining the extraordinary behaviour of the lake. We propose that Jezero v Ledvicah lake: A) is part of the “gutter-shaped” aquifer with perched groundwater that is situated below the floor of the Triglav Lakes Valley; B) barriers of the aquifer are structural (faults and thrust) and stratigraphic (clay interlayers in Lower Jurassic limestone); C) the lake formed in a structural, hydrogeological and morphological depression within this aquifer; D) the groundwater of the aquifer is recharged not solely from the surface directly above the aquifer but additionally by subterraneous inflow from the overlying Slatna Nappe aquifer; and E) groundwater outflows from the aquifer at the southern end of the Triglav Lakes Valley, where the Lower Jurassic limestone pinches out.Key words: high-alpine lake, karstic aquifer, Julian Alps, Triglav Lakes Valley, Jurassic limestone, Southern Alps.Nastanek Jezera v Ledvicah – globel v žlebu podobnem kraskem vodonosniku (Julijske Alpe, SZ Slovenija)Julijske Alpe skoraj v celoti sestavljajo triasni in jurski karbonati, kar se odraža v morfologiji kraske visokogorske pokrajine. V tovrstnih razmerah ni pricakovati vecjih povrsinskih pojavov vode, saj padavinska voda pronica vertikalno in se akumulira v obsežnih globokih vodonosnikih, iz teh pa izteka v izdatnih kraskih izvirih, ki so v globoko vrezanih dolinah. Kljub temu v alpskem visokogorju obstaja nekaj manjsih jezer. Vecina jih je nastala nad neprepustnimi ledeniskimi sedimenti in jih lahko opredelimo kot stojece vode. Jezero v Ledvicah, ki je eno izmed sedmih jezer v dolini Triglavskih jezer, je izjema, saj ima mocno podzemno napajanje in iztok (je pretocno) ter se pojavlja med mocno zakraselimi in prepustnimi karbonati. Na podlagi predhodnih raziskav, izdelave nove geoloske karte okolice jezera in sedimentoloskih raziskav spodnjejurskih plasti predlagamo strukturno-geoloski in hidrogeoloski model, da bi razložili nastanek in lokacijo jezera. Nase ugotovitve kažejo, da je A) Jezero v Ledvicah del žlebu podobnega vodonosnika z vise
{"title":"Origin of the Jezero v Ledvicah lake; a depression in a gutter-shaped karstic aquifer (Julian Alps, NW Slovenia)","authors":"B. Rožič, Tomislav Popit, L. Gale, T. Verbovšek, Ines Vidmar, M. Dolenec, P. Ž. Rožič","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i3.7446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i3.7446","url":null,"abstract":"The Julian Alps are composed almost exclusively of Triassic to Lower Jurassic carbonates, which results in a karstified high-alpine landscape. In such settings, large water accumulations are not expected and precipitated water drains vertically, gathers in deep, large-scale aquifers, and outflows in large karstic springs located in deeply incised valleys. Some small lakes, however, exist in high alpine areas. Most commonly, they formed above impermeable glacial sediments and are generally characterized by stagnant waters. Jezero v Ledvicah lake, which is one of the seven lakes in the Triglav Lakes Valley, is an exception, because it shows high subaqueous water inflow and outflow and occurs among highly karstified and permeable carbonates. Combining previous research with our new, detailed geological mapping of the lake surroundings and sedimentary research on the Lower Jurassic strata, we propose a hydrogeological model with the aim of explaining the extraordinary behaviour of the lake. We propose that Jezero v Ledvicah lake: A) is part of the “gutter-shaped” aquifer with perched groundwater that is situated below the floor of the Triglav Lakes Valley; B) barriers of the aquifer are structural (faults and thrust) and stratigraphic (clay interlayers in Lower Jurassic limestone); C) the lake formed in a structural, hydrogeological and morphological depression within this aquifer; D) the groundwater of the aquifer is recharged not solely from the surface directly above the aquifer but additionally by subterraneous inflow from the overlying Slatna Nappe aquifer; and E) groundwater outflows from the aquifer at the southern end of the Triglav Lakes Valley, where the Lower Jurassic limestone pinches out.Key words: high-alpine lake, karstic aquifer, Julian Alps, Triglav Lakes Valley, Jurassic limestone, Southern Alps.Nastanek Jezera v Ledvicah – globel v žlebu podobnem kraskem vodonosniku (Julijske Alpe, SZ Slovenija)Julijske Alpe skoraj v celoti sestavljajo triasni in jurski karbonati, kar se odraža v morfologiji kraske visokogorske pokrajine. V tovrstnih razmerah ni pricakovati vecjih povrsinskih pojavov vode, saj padavinska voda pronica vertikalno in se akumulira v obsežnih globokih vodonosnikih, iz teh pa izteka v izdatnih kraskih izvirih, ki so v globoko vrezanih dolinah. Kljub temu v alpskem visokogorju obstaja nekaj manjsih jezer. Vecina jih je nastala nad neprepustnimi ledeniskimi sedimenti in jih lahko opredelimo kot stojece vode. Jezero v Ledvicah, ki je eno izmed sedmih jezer v dolini Triglavskih jezer, je izjema, saj ima mocno podzemno napajanje in iztok (je pretocno) ter se pojavlja med mocno zakraselimi in prepustnimi karbonati. Na podlagi predhodnih raziskav, izdelave nove geoloske karte okolice jezera in sedimentoloskih raziskav spodnjejurskih plasti predlagamo strukturno-geoloski in hidrogeoloski model, da bi razložili nastanek in lokacijo jezera. Nase ugotovitve kažejo, da je A) Jezero v Ledvicah del žlebu podobnega vodonosnika z vise","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48495489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Mulec, M. Petrič, Alenka Koželj, C. Brun, Erika Batagelj, A. Hladnik, L. Holko
Chemical and bacterial gradients under different hydrological conditions were studied in a well-developed underground karst system. Water samples were collected from the main underground drainage conduit of the Pivka River from October 2013 until June 2016. The system responds quickly to external pulses (precipitation events), and is also impacted by human interventions, as is demonstrated mainly by fluctuations of sulphates, chlorides, and occasionally elevated concentrations of organic and faecal pollutants. Chemical and bacterial parameters showed a monotonous trend of decreasing concentrations from the ponor towards the interior of the karst massif during stable hydrological conditions, and a significant change during high water conditions. High flow events tend to equilibrate chemical and bacterial parameters in the underground river. Concentrations of chlorides, TOC (total organic carbon) and nitrates were the most indicative parameters describing the formation of the gradient. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water indicated that the main karst conduit collects isotopically different waters from the aquifer. The river water collected after nine kilometres of underground flow was always isotopically lighter than the waters collected from the upstream sites. Multiparameter analysis proved to be a useful tool for providing a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the underground water, which influence both the underground environment and the ecology of the biome.Key words: karst, hydrology, water chemistry, nutrients, stable isotopes, PCA, bacteria. Multiparametrska analiza okoljskih gradientov, povezanih s hidroloskimi razmerami v binarnem kraskem sistemu (podzemni tok reke Pivke, Slovenija)V dobro razvitem podzemnem kraskem sistemu smo pri razlicnih hidroloskih pogojih preucevali kemijske in bakterijske gradiente. Vzorce vode smo odvzeli iz glavnega podzemnega toka reke Pivke med oktobrom 2013 in junijem 2016. Sistem se hitro odziva na zunanje impulze (padavinski dogodki) in je tudi podvržen clovekovim posegom, kar dokazujejo predvsem nihanja v koncentraciji sulfatov in kloridov ter obcasno povisane koncentracije organskih in fekalnih onesnaževal. Spremljanje kemijskih in bakterijskih parametrov v stabilnih hidroloskih razmerah je pokazalo monotoni trend zniževanja koncentracij od ponora proti notranjosti kraskega masiva. Razmere se izrazito spremenijo v casu visokih vod, ko pride v podzemnem vodotoku do izenacenja tako kemijskih kot bakterijskih parametrov. Kloridi, TOC (skupni organski ogljik) in nitrati so bili najbolj indikativni parametri za opis nastanka gradienta. Stabilni izotopi vodika in kisika v vodi so pokazali, da vodotok glavnega kraskega kanala zbira izotopsko razlicne vode iz vodonosnika. Voda podzemne reke po devetih kilometrih toka v podzemlju je bila vedno izotopsko lažja kot vode iz gorvodno vzorcevanih mest. Multiparametrska analiza se je izkazala kot uporabno orodje za celovitejse razumevan
{"title":"A multiparameter analysis of environmental gradients related to hydrological conditions in a binary karst system (underground course of the Pivka River, Slovenia)","authors":"J. Mulec, M. Petrič, Alenka Koželj, C. Brun, Erika Batagelj, A. Hladnik, L. Holko","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i3.7145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i3.7145","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical and bacterial gradients under different hydrological conditions were studied in a well-developed underground karst system. Water samples were collected from the main underground drainage conduit of the Pivka River from October 2013 until June 2016. The system responds quickly to external pulses (precipitation events), and is also impacted by human interventions, as is demonstrated mainly by fluctuations of sulphates, chlorides, and occasionally elevated concentrations of organic and faecal pollutants. Chemical and bacterial parameters showed a monotonous trend of decreasing concentrations from the ponor towards the interior of the karst massif during stable hydrological conditions, and a significant change during high water conditions. High flow events tend to equilibrate chemical and bacterial parameters in the underground river. Concentrations of chlorides, TOC (total organic carbon) and nitrates were the most indicative parameters describing the formation of the gradient. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water indicated that the main karst conduit collects isotopically different waters from the aquifer. The river water collected after nine kilometres of underground flow was always isotopically lighter than the waters collected from the upstream sites. Multiparameter analysis proved to be a useful tool for providing a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the underground water, which influence both the underground environment and the ecology of the biome.Key words: karst, hydrology, water chemistry, nutrients, stable isotopes, PCA, bacteria. Multiparametrska analiza okoljskih gradientov, povezanih s hidroloskimi razmerami v binarnem kraskem sistemu (podzemni tok reke Pivke, Slovenija)V dobro razvitem podzemnem kraskem sistemu smo pri razlicnih hidroloskih pogojih preucevali kemijske in bakterijske gradiente. Vzorce vode smo odvzeli iz glavnega podzemnega toka reke Pivke med oktobrom 2013 in junijem 2016. Sistem se hitro odziva na zunanje impulze (padavinski dogodki) in je tudi podvržen clovekovim posegom, kar dokazujejo predvsem nihanja v koncentraciji sulfatov in kloridov ter obcasno povisane koncentracije organskih in fekalnih onesnaževal. Spremljanje kemijskih in bakterijskih parametrov v stabilnih hidroloskih razmerah je pokazalo monotoni trend zniževanja koncentracij od ponora proti notranjosti kraskega masiva. Razmere se izrazito spremenijo v casu visokih vod, ko pride v podzemnem vodotoku do izenacenja tako kemijskih kot bakterijskih parametrov. Kloridi, TOC (skupni organski ogljik) in nitrati so bili najbolj indikativni parametri za opis nastanka gradienta. Stabilni izotopi vodika in kisika v vodi so pokazali, da vodotok glavnega kraskega kanala zbira izotopsko razlicne vode iz vodonosnika. Voda podzemne reke po devetih kilometrih toka v podzemlju je bila vedno izotopsko lažja kot vode iz gorvodno vzorcevanih mest. Multiparametrska analiza se je izkazala kot uporabno orodje za celovitejse razumevan","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47334455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Appalachian landscape provides an excellent opportunity to examine an environment that promotes sediment subsidence, accumulation and possible preservation: mantled karst. Mantled karst exists along the Blue Ridge-Great Valley margin from south-central Pennsylvania to central Virginia. Topographically, the mantled karst contains low-relief irregular topography with abundant surface depressions, some of which contain ponds, and in places lacks continual surface drainage and springs. Sand and gravel quarries along the valley margin expose predominantly stream flow, hyperconcentrated flow, debris flow and hillslope (colluvial) deposits that mantle karstic Paleozoic bedrock and carbonate residuum. Unconformable and sometimes erosive contacts between carbonate residuum and clastic sediments, and soft-sediment deformation features have been observed within exposures suggesting subsidence into accumulation and/or preservation space created by geochemical dissolution and collapse that continues today. The likelihood of long-term survival in the geological record is dependent upon the relationship between the subsiding sediment and geomorphic base level. The Blue Ridge-Great Valley mantled karst likely contains both short-term accumulation space that is closer to geomorphic base level, thus more prone to removal by fluvial processes, and preservation space, which occurs well below geomorphic base level, where sedimentary sequences may be stored for prolonged periods of time. Ultimately, both accumulation and preservation spaces can provide insight into depositional processes, landscapes and possibly paleoenvironmental conditions, but the geologic record becomes more distorted and fragmented further back into deep time and as this landscape evolves into the future. Key words: karst, sedimentary environments, subsidence, preservation potential, landscape evolution. Razvoj pokritega krasa na robu obmocja Blue Ridge – Great Valley, ZDA: okolja akumulacije in ohranjanja sedimentov Pokriti kras Apalacev nudi izjemne možnosti preucevanja odlaganja, akumulacije in ohranjanja sedimentov. Za pokriti kras na robu obmocja Blue Ridge – Great Valley med južno-osrednjo Pensilvanijo in osrednjo Virginijo so znacilna topografsko razgibana nižavja s stevilnimi depresijami, ki so lahko tudi ojezerjene, povrsinski odtok pa je ponekod nepovezan. Kamnolomi peska in grusca vzdolž roba doline razkrivajo razlicne fluvialne in pobocne sedimente, ki pokrivajo zakrasele paleozojske karbonate in njihov reziduum. Nekonformni in erozijski stiki med karbonatnim reziduumom in klasticnimi sedimenti ter deformacijske oblike v mehkih sedimentih kažejo na akumulacijo in ohranjanje sedimentov v kraskih prostorih. Casovna stabilnost sedimentov je odvisna tudi od položaja ugrezanja sedimentov glede na erozijski nivo: prostori akumulacije so blizu erozijskega nivoja in zato podvrženi fluvialnemu odnasanju, prostori ohranjanja pa so pod erozijskim nivojem, zato so tam sedimentna zaporedja ohr
阿巴拉契亚的景观提供了一个绝佳的机会来研究一种促进沉积物沉降、积累和可能保存的环境:覆盖的喀斯特。从宾夕法尼亚州中南部到弗吉尼亚州中部，沿着蓝岭-大峡谷边缘存在着覆盖的喀斯特地貌。在地形上，覆盖岩溶为低起伏的不规则地形，地表洼地丰富，其中一些洼地含有池塘，有些地方缺乏连续的地表排水和泉水。沿山谷边缘的砂石采石场主要暴露出流、高浓度流、碎屑流和覆盖岩溶古生代基岩和碳酸盐残留物的山坡(崩积)矿床。在暴露区内观察到碳酸盐残留物和碎屑沉积物之间的不整合和有时侵蚀接触，以及软沉积物变形特征，表明地球化学溶解和崩塌造成的沉降进入堆积和/或保存空间，这种现象一直持续到今天。地质记录中长期存在的可能性取决于沉降沉积物与地貌基准面之间的关系。蓝岭-大峡谷覆盖型喀斯特可能既包含短期堆积空间，更接近地貌基准面，因此更容易被河流作用移除;也包含保存空间，它发生在远低于地貌基准面的地方，沉积序列可以在那里长期储存。最终，堆积和保存空间都可以提供对沉积过程、景观和可能的古环境条件的洞察，但地质记录变得更加扭曲和碎片化，进一步回到深时间，随着景观的演变到未来。关键词:喀斯特;沉积环境;沉降;Razvoj pokritega krasa na robu obmocja Blue Ridge - Great Valley, ZDA: okolja akumulacje in ohranjanja sedimentov Pokriti kras Apalacev nudi izemne možnosti preucevanja odlaganja, akumulacje in ohranjanja sedimentov。Za pokriti kras na robu obmocja Blue Ridge - Great Valley med južno-osrednjo Pensilvanijo in osrednjo Virginijo so znacilna topografsko razgibana nižavja s stevilnimi depresijami, ki so lahko tudi ojezerjene, povrsinski odtok pa je ponekod nepovezan。grusca vzdolkv roba沉积中的Kamnolomi peska, njihov rezidouze沉积中的razkrivajo - razlicne - fluvialne, njihov rezidouze沉积中的pokrivajo - zakrasele古zojske碳酸盐岩。Nekonformni in erozijski stiki; karbonatnim rezidumu; karkaratnim rezidu; karkaratnim rezidu; karkarnim rezidu;Casovna stabilest sedimentov je odvisna tudi od položaja ugrezanja sedimentov glede na erozijski nivo: prostori akumulacje so blizu erozijskega nivoja in zato podvrženi fluvialnemu odnasanju, prostori ohranjanja pa so pod erozijskim nivojem, zato so tam sedina zaporedja ohranjena precj dlje。[3]沉积过程研究进展[j]。Starejsi zapisi so slabse ohranjeni in bolj razdrobljeni。kljune: kras, sedimentacijska okolja, ugrezanje，潜在的ohranjanja沉积，razvoj povrsja
{"title":"Evolution of Mantled Karst Along the Blue Ridge-Great Valley Margin, USA: An Environment of Sediment Accumulation and Possible Preservation","authors":"T. Grote","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i3.7441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i3.7441","url":null,"abstract":"The Appalachian landscape provides an excellent opportunity to examine an environment that promotes sediment subsidence, accumulation and possible preservation: mantled karst. Mantled karst exists along the Blue Ridge-Great Valley margin from south-central Pennsylvania to central Virginia. Topographically, the mantled karst contains low-relief irregular topography with abundant surface depressions, some of which contain ponds, and in places lacks continual surface drainage and springs. Sand and gravel quarries along the valley margin expose predominantly stream flow, hyperconcentrated flow, debris flow and hillslope (colluvial) deposits that mantle karstic Paleozoic bedrock and carbonate residuum. Unconformable and sometimes erosive contacts between carbonate residuum and clastic sediments, and soft-sediment deformation features have been observed within exposures suggesting subsidence into accumulation and/or preservation space created by geochemical dissolution and collapse that continues today. The likelihood of long-term survival in the geological record is dependent upon the relationship between the subsiding sediment and geomorphic base level. The Blue Ridge-Great Valley mantled karst likely contains both short-term accumulation space that is closer to geomorphic base level, thus more prone to removal by fluvial processes, and preservation space, which occurs well below geomorphic base level, where sedimentary sequences may be stored for prolonged periods of time. Ultimately, both accumulation and preservation spaces can provide insight into depositional processes, landscapes and possibly paleoenvironmental conditions, but the geologic record becomes more distorted and fragmented further back into deep time and as this landscape evolves into the future. Key words: karst, sedimentary environments, subsidence, preservation potential, landscape evolution. Razvoj pokritega krasa na robu obmocja Blue Ridge – Great Valley, ZDA: okolja akumulacije in ohranjanja sedimentov Pokriti kras Apalacev nudi izjemne možnosti preucevanja odlaganja, akumulacije in ohranjanja sedimentov. Za pokriti kras na robu obmocja Blue Ridge – Great Valley med južno-osrednjo Pensilvanijo in osrednjo Virginijo so znacilna topografsko razgibana nižavja s stevilnimi depresijami, ki so lahko tudi ojezerjene, povrsinski odtok pa je ponekod nepovezan. Kamnolomi peska in grusca vzdolž roba doline razkrivajo razlicne fluvialne in pobocne sedimente, ki pokrivajo zakrasele paleozojske karbonate in njihov reziduum. Nekonformni in erozijski stiki med karbonatnim reziduumom in klasticnimi sedimenti ter deformacijske oblike v mehkih sedimentih kažejo na akumulacijo in ohranjanje sedimentov v kraskih prostorih. Casovna stabilnost sedimentov je odvisna tudi od položaja ugrezanja sedimentov glede na erozijski nivo: prostori akumulacije so blizu erozijskega nivoja in zato podvrženi fluvialnemu odnasanju, prostori ohranjanja pa so pod erozijskim nivojem, zato so tam sedimentna zaporedja ohr","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43085791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hugo Rodrigues de Araujo, H. A. S. Lobo, L. Travassos
In the last two decades, Brazil has advanced in the creation of Natural Protected Areas (NPAs), reaching more than 17% of its territory. However, the budget allocated for the effectiveness of NPAs is still insufficient, creating gaps that hinder these areas from fulfilling their purposes. The Cavernas do Peruacu National Park (PNCP) was created in 1999. Its ecotourism infrastructure was conceived and built from 2011 to 2015 and opened to the public in 2017. The implementation of the PNCP differs from other NPAs under the responsibility of the federal government management in Brazil, since it involves private resources from companies with legal obligations to environmental compensation. In this context, a study on the PNCP was carried out, with primary and secondary data analysed. The research aimed at report the process of the PNCP implementation as well as presenting the current state of management and prospects for this Park. With the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that the experience of a partnership between the public power and the private initiative is a practical possibility for the implementation and management of ecotourism, expanding its socioeconomic sustainability and contributing to the goals of nature conservation.Key words: national parks, ecotourism, natural heritage, archaeological sites.Prispevek zasebnikov pri vzpostavitvi in upravljanju ekoturizma v jamah narodnega parka Cavernas do Seruacu, BrazilijaBrazilija je v zadnjih dveh desetletjih razvijala program zascitenih naravnih obmocij, ki danes zavzemajo 17 % povrsine države. Vendar namenska proracunska sredstva namenjena zascitenim obmocjem, ne zadoscajo za ucinkovito upravljanje in izvajanje zascite. Narodni park Cavernas do Peruacu (NPCP) je bil ustanovljen leta 1995. Infrastruktura, zasnovana na ekoloskem pristopu, je bila zgrajena med leti 2011 in 2015 in leta 2017 odprta za javnost. NPCP je izjema med zascitenimi obmocji v upravljanju brazilske vlade, saj prejema tudi sredstva zasebnih podjetij, ki so zakonsko obvezana dajatev okoljskega nadomestila. V raziskavi porocamo o razvoju, upravljanju in perspektivah parka. Pokažemo, da je javno zasebno partnerstvo mogoce in da lahko bistveno izboljsa možnosti ucinkovitega upravljanja, utrjuje socialno-ekonomsko vzdržnost obmocja in prispeva k boljsemu varovanju narave.Kljucne besede: narodni parki, ekoturizem, naravna dediscina, arheoloska najdisca.
{"title":"Evaluation of the private participation in the implementation and management of ecotourism in cavernas do Peruaçu national park, Brazil","authors":"Hugo Rodrigues de Araujo, H. A. S. Lobo, L. Travassos","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i3.7273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i3.7273","url":null,"abstract":"In the last two decades, Brazil has advanced in the creation of Natural Protected Areas (NPAs), reaching more than 17% of its territory. However, the budget allocated for the effectiveness of NPAs is still insufficient, creating gaps that hinder these areas from fulfilling their purposes. The Cavernas do Peruacu National Park (PNCP) was created in 1999. Its ecotourism infrastructure was conceived and built from 2011 to 2015 and opened to the public in 2017. The implementation of the PNCP differs from other NPAs under the responsibility of the federal government management in Brazil, since it involves private resources from companies with legal obligations to environmental compensation. In this context, a study on the PNCP was carried out, with primary and secondary data analysed. The research aimed at report the process of the PNCP implementation as well as presenting the current state of management and prospects for this Park. With the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that the experience of a partnership between the public power and the private initiative is a practical possibility for the implementation and management of ecotourism, expanding its socioeconomic sustainability and contributing to the goals of nature conservation.Key words: national parks, ecotourism, natural heritage, archaeological sites.Prispevek zasebnikov pri vzpostavitvi in upravljanju ekoturizma v jamah narodnega parka Cavernas do Seruacu, BrazilijaBrazilija je v zadnjih dveh desetletjih razvijala program zascitenih naravnih obmocij, ki danes zavzemajo 17 % povrsine države. Vendar namenska proracunska sredstva namenjena zascitenim obmocjem, ne zadoscajo za ucinkovito upravljanje in izvajanje zascite. Narodni park Cavernas do Peruacu (NPCP) je bil ustanovljen leta 1995. Infrastruktura, zasnovana na ekoloskem pristopu, je bila zgrajena med leti 2011 in 2015 in leta 2017 odprta za javnost. NPCP je izjema med zascitenimi obmocji v upravljanju brazilske vlade, saj prejema tudi sredstva zasebnih podjetij, ki so zakonsko obvezana dajatev okoljskega nadomestila. V raziskavi porocamo o razvoju, upravljanju in perspektivah parka. Pokažemo, da je javno zasebno partnerstvo mogoce in da lahko bistveno izboljsa možnosti ucinkovitega upravljanja, utrjuje socialno-ekonomsko vzdržnost obmocja in prispeva k boljsemu varovanju narave.Kljucne besede: narodni parki, ekoturizem, naravna dediscina, arheoloska najdisca.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49653522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kinetic fractionation of 18O and clumped isotopes 13C18O in calcite precipitated to speleothems in cave environments renders the paleo-climatic interpretation of these proxies difficult. Therefore a better understanding of the processes generating the isotope imprint is needed. A heuristic approach is taken to interpret recent data of the fractionations in a cave analogue experiment of calcite precipitation (Hansen et al. 2019) that shows a dependence on experimental precipitation rates, F. An expression, , is derived that is based on uni-directional irreversible precipitation and is valid for large F when the forward rate of precipitation dominates the backward rate of dissolution. In that derivation it is assumed that the kinetic constants of precipitation rates are different for the different isotopologues and that this is also true for their equilibrium concentrations ceq with respect to calcite. The constant, e, is expressed by the kinetic fractionation where α denote the rate constants of precipitation for the rare and abundant isotopologues. The second constant, λ, is determined by the differing equilibrium concentrations of HCO3- isotopologues with respect to calcite and the pCO2 in the surrounding atmosphere. Fitting this expression to the experimental data one obtains the parameters e and λ for different temperatures. Regarding these results the temporal evolution of 18δCaCO3 (t) and Δ47(t) is discussed for the experimental conditions and for cave environments. This has implications to the application of 1000lnα18 CaCO3-H2O as a paleo-thermometer. It shows the reason why so many differing calibrations have been reported. These results analogously can be applied also to clumped isotopes 13C18O and the calibration of the Δ47-thermometer with regard to speleothem calcite. In summary, a better understanding of the problems arising in the search for generally valid calibrations of 18O and Δ47 paleothermometers is presented.Key words: Calcium carbonate, 13C and 18O isotopes, clumped isotopes, kinetic fractionation between HCO3- and calcite, Δ47 paleothermometer.Kineticna frakcionacija izotopov 18O, 13C in izotopskega skupka 18O13C v sigah in zanesljivost paleotermometrov 18O in Δ47Kineticna frakcionacija 18O in skupka 13C18O v kalcitu, ki se kot siga odlaga v jamskih okoljih, dela težave pri interpretaciji paleoklime na osnovi teh proksijev. Zato potrebujemo boljse razumevanje procesov, od katerih je odvisen izotopski zapis v sigah. V tem delu s hevristicnim pristopom interpretiramo nedavno pridobljene podatke frakcionacij . Podatki, pridobljeni ob izlocanju kalcita v pogojih, podobnih jamskim, kažejo, da na frakcionacijo bistveno vpliva hitrost izlocanja kalcita (Hansen et al. 2019). V pogojih, ko je izlocanje bistveno hitrejse od raztapljanja, velja zveza . Pri izpeljavi te enacbe upostevamo, da so kineticne konstante izlocanja in ravnotežna konstanta kalcita razlicne za razlicne izotopologe. Konstanto e lahko izrazimo s kineticno frakciona
{"title":"Kinetic fractionation of the isotope composition of 18O, 13C, and of clumped isotope 18O13C in calcite deposited to speleothems. Implications to the reliability of the 18O and Δ47 paleothermometers","authors":"W. Dreybrodt","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i3.7710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i3.7710","url":null,"abstract":"Kinetic fractionation of 18O and clumped isotopes 13C18O in calcite precipitated to speleothems in cave environments renders the paleo-climatic interpretation of these proxies difficult. Therefore a better understanding of the processes generating the isotope imprint is needed. A heuristic approach is taken to interpret recent data of the fractionations in a cave analogue experiment of calcite precipitation (Hansen et al. 2019) that shows a dependence on experimental precipitation rates, F. An expression, , is derived that is based on uni-directional irreversible precipitation and is valid for large F when the forward rate of precipitation dominates the backward rate of dissolution. In that derivation it is assumed that the kinetic constants of precipitation rates are different for the different isotopologues and that this is also true for their equilibrium concentrations ceq with respect to calcite. The constant, e, is expressed by the kinetic fractionation where α denote the rate constants of precipitation for the rare and abundant isotopologues. The second constant, λ, is determined by the differing equilibrium concentrations of HCO3- isotopologues with respect to calcite and the pCO2 in the surrounding atmosphere. Fitting this expression to the experimental data one obtains the parameters e and λ for different temperatures. Regarding these results the temporal evolution of 18δCaCO3 (t) and Δ47(t) is discussed for the experimental conditions and for cave environments. This has implications to the application of 1000lnα18 CaCO3-H2O as a paleo-thermometer. It shows the reason why so many differing calibrations have been reported. These results analogously can be applied also to clumped isotopes 13C18O and the calibration of the Δ47-thermometer with regard to speleothem calcite. In summary, a better understanding of the problems arising in the search for generally valid calibrations of 18O and Δ47 paleothermometers is presented.Key words: Calcium carbonate, 13C and 18O isotopes, clumped isotopes, kinetic fractionation between HCO3- and calcite, Δ47 paleothermometer.Kineticna frakcionacija izotopov 18O, 13C in izotopskega skupka 18O13C v sigah in zanesljivost paleotermometrov 18O in Δ47Kineticna frakcionacija 18O in skupka 13C18O v kalcitu, ki se kot siga odlaga v jamskih okoljih, dela težave pri interpretaciji paleoklime na osnovi teh proksijev. Zato potrebujemo boljse razumevanje procesov, od katerih je odvisen izotopski zapis v sigah. V tem delu s hevristicnim pristopom interpretiramo nedavno pridobljene podatke frakcionacij . Podatki, pridobljeni ob izlocanju kalcita v pogojih, podobnih jamskim, kažejo, da na frakcionacijo bistveno vpliva hitrost izlocanja kalcita (Hansen et al. 2019). V pogojih, ko je izlocanje bistveno hitrejse od raztapljanja, velja zveza . Pri izpeljavi te enacbe upostevamo, da so kineticne konstante izlocanja in ravnotežna konstanta kalcita razlicne za razlicne izotopologe. Konstanto e lahko izrazimo s kineticno frakciona","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43243447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hui Yang, M. Prelovšek, F. Huang, Chunlai Zhang, Jianhua Cao, N. Ravbar
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a critical measure of soil organic matter (SOM) content. SOM plays a vital role in ecosystem services, soil fertility, soil water retention capacity, and carbon cycling. SOC can be partitioned into various carbon fractions, which exhibit diverse stability and chemical compositions that are influenced variably by lithology as well as biological and climatic processes. A better understanding of SOC and the influence of different bedrock types on carbon fractions could facilitate the evaluation of the fate and stability of SOC. The present study is focused on the concentrations and characteristics of different SOC fractions (e.g., Labile organic carbon, LOC; Recalcitrant organic carbon, ROC; Calcium-bound organic carbon, Ca-SOC; Iron/aluminium-bound organic carbon, Fe/Al-SOC) in forest soils associated with different bedrock lithology under similar climate conditions in the centre of the ‘Classical Karst’, and evaluates influence of the geological environment on SOC. SOC and SOC fraction concentrations decreased with an increase in depth in all profiles, indicating stabilized soil profiles. SOC values (9.7–45.5 g∙kg-1) were consistent with the findings of other studies on soils in the region. ROC and Fe/Al-SOC (51.5–65.8 % and 68.0–73.3 %, respectively) were the major SOC fractions, while Ca-SOC accounted for a considerably lower proportion (6.4–7.4 %) of the SOC contents. Key factors influencing SOC contents were calcite (expressed as calcium oxide) and clay contents, which represent mineral complexes stabilizing SOC. Overall Fe2O3 and Al2O3 concentration did not explain differences in SOC nor its fractions, potentially due to the importance of chemical/mineral forms of Fe- and Al-related minerals (reactivity). Soils on carbonate rocks, which are richer in clay and CaO, had 6.35 g∙kg-1 (28 percentage points) higher concentrations of SOC average when compared with soils on siliciclastic rock, due to higher concentrations of stabilized SOC fractions. The results demonstrate that bedrock lithology and pedogenesis are key factors influencing SOM stabilization.Key words: karst soil, soil organic carbon, labile organic carbon, recalcitrant organic carbon, calcium-bound organic carbon, iron/aluminium-bound organic carbon.Kvantifikacija in vrednotenje organskega ogljika in njegovih frakcij v tleh: primer s Klasicnega Krasa, JZ SlovenijaZ meritvami organskega ogljika v prsteh (SOC) izražamo vsebnost organskih snovi v prsteh (SOM). SOM igra kljucno vlogo pri ekosistemskih storitvah, rodovitnosti, zmogljivosti zadrževanja vode in kroženju ogljika. SOC lahko razdelimo na razlicne ogljikove frakcije, ki kažejo razlicno stabilnost in kemicno sestavo, na katero razlicno vplivajo litoloska zgradba, bioloski in podnebni procesi. Boljse razumevanje SOC in vpliv razlicnih vrst maticne podlage na ogljikove frakcije bi lahko olajsala oceno stabilnosti SOC. Ta studija preucuje koncentracije in dinamiko razlicnih frakcij SOC (npr. labil
{"title":"Quantification and evaluation of soil organic carbon and its fractions: case study from the Classical Karst, SW Slovenia","authors":"Hui Yang, M. Prelovšek, F. Huang, Chunlai Zhang, Jianhua Cao, N. Ravbar","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i3.7305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i3.7305","url":null,"abstract":"Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a critical measure of soil organic matter (SOM) content. SOM plays a vital role in ecosystem services, soil fertility, soil water retention capacity, and carbon cycling. SOC can be partitioned into various carbon fractions, which exhibit diverse stability and chemical compositions that are influenced variably by lithology as well as biological and climatic processes. A better understanding of SOC and the influence of different bedrock types on carbon fractions could facilitate the evaluation of the fate and stability of SOC. The present study is focused on the concentrations and characteristics of different SOC fractions (e.g., Labile organic carbon, LOC; Recalcitrant organic carbon, ROC; Calcium-bound organic carbon, Ca-SOC; Iron/aluminium-bound organic carbon, Fe/Al-SOC) in forest soils associated with different bedrock lithology under similar climate conditions in the centre of the ‘Classical Karst’, and evaluates influence of the geological environment on SOC. SOC and SOC fraction concentrations decreased with an increase in depth in all profiles, indicating stabilized soil profiles. SOC values (9.7–45.5 g∙kg-1) were consistent with the findings of other studies on soils in the region. ROC and Fe/Al-SOC (51.5–65.8 % and 68.0–73.3 %, respectively) were the major SOC fractions, while Ca-SOC accounted for a considerably lower proportion (6.4–7.4 %) of the SOC contents. Key factors influencing SOC contents were calcite (expressed as calcium oxide) and clay contents, which represent mineral complexes stabilizing SOC. Overall Fe2O3 and Al2O3 concentration did not explain differences in SOC nor its fractions, potentially due to the importance of chemical/mineral forms of Fe- and Al-related minerals (reactivity). Soils on carbonate rocks, which are richer in clay and CaO, had 6.35 g∙kg-1 (28 percentage points) higher concentrations of SOC average when compared with soils on siliciclastic rock, due to higher concentrations of stabilized SOC fractions. The results demonstrate that bedrock lithology and pedogenesis are key factors influencing SOM stabilization.Key words: karst soil, soil organic carbon, labile organic carbon, recalcitrant organic carbon, calcium-bound organic carbon, iron/aluminium-bound organic carbon.Kvantifikacija in vrednotenje organskega ogljika in njegovih frakcij v tleh: primer s Klasicnega Krasa, JZ SlovenijaZ meritvami organskega ogljika v prsteh (SOC) izražamo vsebnost organskih snovi v prsteh (SOM). SOM igra kljucno vlogo pri ekosistemskih storitvah, rodovitnosti, zmogljivosti zadrževanja vode in kroženju ogljika. SOC lahko razdelimo na razlicne ogljikove frakcije, ki kažejo razlicno stabilnost in kemicno sestavo, na katero razlicno vplivajo litoloska zgradba, bioloski in podnebni procesi. Boljse razumevanje SOC in vpliv razlicnih vrst maticne podlage na ogljikove frakcije bi lahko olajsala oceno stabilnosti SOC. Ta studija preucuje koncentracije in dinamiko razlicnih frakcij SOC (npr. labil","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43640908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caves reaching the (epi)phreatic zone may provide the only access to groundwater in the internal parts of karst aquifers. Modern instruments enable unattended high frequency measurements of groundwater parameters in such caves. A network of distributed observation points may give new information on temporal and spatial pattern of groundwater flow. Such network, recording water level, temperature and specific electrical conductivity was established in all major ponors and active water caves of the karst aquifer between Planinsko Polje and springs of the Ljubljanica River, Slovenia. Up to three and a half years long records were analysed in view of available and relevant geological, speleological, meteorological and hydrological information, and basic hydraulic principles of the epiphreatic flow. The result of the interpretation were models of possible conduit networks of the three main flow subsystems draining Planinsko Polje. For each subsystem a hydraulic model comprising the main features of the inferred conduit network and inputs was made. The models were adjusted until their response to the typical flood situations gave a good qualitative fit to the response of the observation network. The results provide new insights into the mechanism of flood propagation through the system and its relation to the known conduit geometry. The hydraulic role of known cave passages is assessed and new flow pathways are proposed. Back-flooding within the aquifer causes an increase of head in the polje, followed by the activation of higher located ponor zones and flow pathways related to them. Hydrographs recorded in two caves located northwest from Planinsko Polje revealed pos sible high transmissivity zone of the Idrija Fault Zone and the mechanism of estavelles located at the polje’s north-western border. The approach taken in this work offers new insights into the relation between the conduit network geometry and flood mechanism. It can be used elsewhere in conduit-dominated systems with multiple accesses to groundwater flow and well constrained recharge.Key words: karst aquifer, epiphreatic zone, groundwater monitoring, hydraulic models, Planinsko Polje, Ljubljanica River.Dinamika podzemne vode med Planinskim poljem in izviri Ljubljanice, Slovenija Jame v epifraticni coni obicajno predstavljajo edini dostop do podzemne vode znotraj kraskega vodonosnika. Sodobni merilniki omogocajo kakovostne zvezne meritve razlicnih parametrov tudi v taksnih jamah. Merilna mreža z vec lokacijami znotraj izbranega vodonosnika lahko ponudi nove podatke o casovni in prostorski dinamiki toka podzemne vode. Taksna merilna mreža, z meritvami visine, temperature in elektroprevodnosti vode, je bila vzpostavljena v vseh pomembnejsih ponorih in vodnih jamah na obmocju med Planinskim poljem in izviri Ljubljanice. Do tri in pol leta dolgi nizi podatkov so bili analizirani z vidika razpoložljivih geoloskih, speleoloskih, meteoroloskih in hidroloskih podatkov ter osnovnih hidravlicnih na
{"title":"Groundwater dynamics between Planinsko Polje and springs of the Ljubljanica River, Slovenia","authors":"Matej Blatnik, C. Mayaud, F. Gabrovšek","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i2.7263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i2.7263","url":null,"abstract":"Caves reaching the (epi)phreatic zone may provide the only access to groundwater in the internal parts of karst aquifers. Modern instruments enable unattended high frequency measurements of groundwater parameters in such caves. A network of distributed observation points may give new information on temporal and spatial pattern of groundwater flow. Such network, recording water level, temperature and specific electrical conductivity was established in all major ponors and active water caves of the karst aquifer between Planinsko Polje and springs of the Ljubljanica River, Slovenia. Up to three and a half years long records were analysed in view of available and relevant geological, speleological, meteorological and hydrological information, and basic hydraulic principles of the epiphreatic flow. The result of the interpretation were models of possible conduit networks of the three main flow subsystems draining Planinsko Polje. For each subsystem a hydraulic model comprising the main features of the inferred conduit network and inputs was made. The models were adjusted until their response to the typical flood situations gave a good qualitative fit to the response of the observation network. The results provide new insights into the mechanism of flood propagation through the system and its relation to the known conduit geometry. The hydraulic role of known cave passages is assessed and new flow pathways are proposed. Back-flooding within the aquifer causes an increase of head in the polje, followed by the activation of higher located ponor zones and flow pathways related to them. Hydrographs recorded in two caves located northwest from Planinsko Polje revealed pos sible high transmissivity zone of the Idrija Fault Zone and the mechanism of estavelles located at the polje’s north-western border. The approach taken in this work offers new insights into the relation between the conduit network geometry and flood mechanism. It can be used elsewhere in conduit-dominated systems with multiple accesses to groundwater flow and well constrained recharge.Key words: karst aquifer, epiphreatic zone, groundwater monitoring, hydraulic models, Planinsko Polje, Ljubljanica River.Dinamika podzemne vode med Planinskim poljem in izviri Ljubljanice, Slovenija Jame v epifraticni coni obicajno predstavljajo edini dostop do podzemne vode znotraj kraskega vodonosnika. Sodobni merilniki omogocajo kakovostne zvezne meritve razlicnih parametrov tudi v taksnih jamah. Merilna mreža z vec lokacijami znotraj izbranega vodonosnika lahko ponudi nove podatke o casovni in prostorski dinamiki toka podzemne vode. Taksna merilna mreža, z meritvami visine, temperature in elektroprevodnosti vode, je bila vzpostavljena v vseh pomembnejsih ponorih in vodnih jamah na obmocju med Planinskim poljem in izviri Ljubljanice. Do tri in pol leta dolgi nizi podatkov so bili analizirani z vidika razpoložljivih geoloskih, speleoloskih, meteoroloskih in hidroloskih podatkov ter osnovnih hidravlicnih na","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46718616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Informal cooperation between Slovenian and Chinese karstologists started as early as 1980's, but the main boost was initiated after 1995 in the frame of several national and international projects. Fruitful long-term cooperation between the Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and Yunnan Institute of Geography, Yunnan University, successfully culminated in many joint research efforts, among which the research in Stone Forest (Shilin) in South China Karst was the most apparent one.
{"title":"Exposition in Stone Forest National Park: international cooperation between Slovenia and China in research and development of Stone Forest UNESCO Global Geopark","authors":"J. Mulec","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i2.7712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i2.7712","url":null,"abstract":"Informal cooperation between Slovenian and Chinese karstologists started as early as 1980's, but the main boost was initiated after 1995 in the frame of several national and international projects. Fruitful long-term cooperation between the Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and Yunnan Institute of Geography, Yunnan University, successfully culminated in many joint research efforts, among which the research in Stone Forest (Shilin) in South China Karst was the most apparent one.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47215169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Z. Hajna, Bojan Otoničar, P. Pruner, M. Culiberg, Jaroslav Č. Hlaváč, O. Mandic, R. Skála, P. Bosák
A large karst doline at section Hrastje – Lesnica in the Dolenjska region (SE Slovenia) was uncovered during the construction of Slovene highway No. A2. Its fill consists of brownish-yellow clay to silt with plant remains and ferrugineous coatings after root casts and gastropods (paleosol horizon) in the bottom, and overlying thick lacustrine laminated grey clayey sediments which were partly rubified. Brownish-yellow clay to silt contains quartz, chlorite, muscovite and feldspars transported as external clastic material from evolved karst and non-carbonate landscapes from surroundings into the site. The material is well weathered only in the area of the paleosol horizon. The strongly impoverished malacocoenosis indicates any Quaternary warm phase characterized by light semi-open forest with patches of open ground habitats. Only the last paleomagnetic sample in the bottom of sediment sequence shows reverse polarity of magnetic field and represents the geomagnetic excursion, i.e., the Blake excursion at ca 120–112 ka (MIS 5e), rather than Brunhes/Matuyama boundary at 0.78 Ma (MIS 19). Thick lacustrine laminated grey clayey sediments above are also dominated by quartz, muscovite, chlorite and feldspar. That overlying sediment was almost unweathered (content of feldspars, muscovite and chlorite); it was only slightly rubified on its surface, in middle part of the section and at the contact with the underlying karstified limestone slope of the depression. The grey sediment has a different mineralogical composition than underlying soils (e.g., lack of quartz, chlorite) and non-carbonate residue of the host limestone. Therefore, the grey sediments could not serve as a parent (source) material for terra rossa formation in the broader area (i.e., polygenetic red soils developed in paleoclimate related to current Mediterranean climatic conditions). Laminated grey sediment was deposited in a rather cold climate. Relatively poor palynospectra may indicate transport of pollen grains out of the depocentre with flowing water and/or the rapid deposition. The latter is supported by insufficiently centered paleosecular variations. Plant assemblages indicate that the dominant cover of the surrounding landscape was temperate climatic zone riparian forest with some quite humid environment as wetlands and ponds on periodically flooded plain. The regional correlation, based especially on an abundance of Fagus, indicates the deposition at the beginning of the last glacial cycle (Wurmian) in its warmer substage – MIS 5c (ca 105–95 ka). All paleomagnetic samples from this part of the sediment section show normal magnetization and negligible clockwise rotation of 1.8° ± 4.7°. Key words: karst sediments, mineralogy, gastropods, palynology, paleomagnetism, paleoenvironment, Dolenjska region, Slovenia. Pozno pleistocenski jezerski sedimenti in njihova povezava z rdecimi tlemi na severovzhodnem robu Dinarskega krasa Na Dolenjskem krasu je bila med graditvijo trase A2 slovenske
在斯洛文尼亚A2号公路的施工过程中，发现了多伦jska地区（斯洛文尼亚东南部）Hrastje–Lesnica段的一条大型岩溶洼地。其填充物由棕黄色粘土至淤泥组成，底部为根模和腹足类动物（古土壤层）后的植物遗骸和铁质涂层，以及部分被红宝石化的上覆厚湖相层状灰色粘质沉积物。褐黄色粘土至粉土含有石英、绿泥石、白云母和长石，它们作为外部碎屑物质从周围演化的岩溶和非碳酸盐景观输送到现场。该物质仅在古土壤层区域风化良好。极度贫困的软珊瑚虫表明任何第四纪温暖期，其特征是浅色半开放森林和开阔的地面栖息地。只有沉积物序列底部的最后一个古地磁样本显示出磁场的相反极性，并代表地磁偏移，即约120–112 ka的Blake偏移（MIS 5e），而不是0.78 Ma的Brunhes/Matuyama边界（MIS 19）。上面的厚湖相层状灰色粘质沉积物也以石英、白云母、绿泥石和长石为主。上覆沉积物几乎未风化（长石、白云母和绿泥石含量）；它的表面、剖面的中间部分以及与凹陷下伏的岩溶石灰岩斜坡的接触处仅轻微变红。灰色沉积物的矿物组成与下层土壤不同（例如，缺乏石英、绿泥石）和宿主石灰岩的非碳酸盐残留物。因此，灰色沉积物不能作为更广泛地区的红土地形成的母体（来源）材料（即，在与当前地中海气候条件相关的古气候中发育的多因红土）。层状灰色沉积物是在相当寒冷的气候中沉积的。相对较差的孢粉谱可能表明花粉粒随着流水和/或快速沉积而离开沉积中心。后者得到了不充分集中的古世俗变异的支持。植物组合表明，周围景观的主要覆盖物是温带气候带的河岸林，在周期性泛滥的平原上有一些相当潮湿的环境，如湿地和池塘。区域相关性，特别是基于Fagus的丰度，表明沉积在最后一次冰川周期（Wurmian）开始时，处于其较温暖的亚阶段-MIS 5c（约105–95 ka）。该部分沉积物剖面的所有古地磁样本均显示出正常磁化和1.8°±4.7°的可忽略顺时针旋转。关键词：喀斯特沉积物、矿物学、腹足类、孢粉学、古地磁、古环境、斯洛文尼亚多伦jska地区。波兹诺·普里斯托昆斯基沉积在njiova povezava z rdecimi tlemi na severovzhodnem robu Dinarskega krasa na Dolenjskem krasu je bila med graditvijo trase A2 slovenskega avtocestnega križa na odseku Hrastje–Lesnica razgaljena vecja vrtaca。V spodnjem delu je bila povsem zapolnjena z rjavkastorumenim deposition om glinene do meljaste frakcije，V zgornjem delo pa z debelim zaporedjem laminiranega sivega glinenega depositia，ki bil ponekod rahlo rubificiran。Rjavkasto rumeni glineni do meljasti deposition na dnu vrtace，v katerem so posamezni rastlinski ostanki，s koreninami povezane ferigene skorje in gastrodi（古水平），vsebuje kremen，klorit，muscovit in playoklaze。因此，在nekarbonatnega（fluvialnega）povrsja，我们可以选择使用klastini材料。Dobro preperel材料为水平古滑石。莫诺·奥西罗马塞纳（Mono osiromasena malakocenoza nakazuje eno od toplih faz kvartarja），在塔尔尼居住区的贾萨米（jasami odprtih talnih habitatov），她是一位前总统。Samo zadnji od paleomagnetnih vzorcev na dnu raziskanega depositionnega zaporedja kaže reverzno polarnost magnetnega polja。Menimo，da ta revezna polarnost kaže na t.i.Blakeovo geomagnetno ekskurzijo pred cca 12.00 in 112.000 leti（MIS 5e）in ne meje Brunhes/Matuyama pred 780.000 letti（MIS 19）。Tudi v debelem zaporedju sivih laminiranih glinastih jezerskih depositionov prevladujejo med minerali kreman，muskovit，klorit in glinenci。Glede na ohranjenost glinenih minerov，klorita sklephamo中的muskovita，da so ti沉积学skoraj neprereli；rahlo so rubificirani le na povrsju，v osrednjem delu profila in na stiku z zakraselo podlago vrtace。Mineraloska sestava sivih depositov je drugacna kot v spodaj ležecem talnem horizontu，kjer je manj kremena in klorita，razlikuje pa se tudi od nekarbonatnega preperinskega ostanka apencapse prikamine。Kot tak torej siv deposition ni izvorni material na sosednjih obmocjih pogoste terre rosse（poligenetska rdeca tla，razvita v pleoklimatskih razmerah，podbnih danasnjemu mediteranskemu podnebju）。Laminirani沉积，因此odložili v razmeroma hladnem obdobju。 一方面，一个相当差的栅栏可能表明花粉粒是用液态水从仓库中去除的，另一方面，花粉粒的沉积速率很高。为了支持这一过程，他们还认为古世俗变异的中心性不足。植物群表明，周围地区主要生长着温和气候区的沿海森林，在洪泛平原的潮湿时期，偶尔会出现湿地和少量排水。主要基于大量山毛榉花粉（Fagus）的区域相关性表明，灰色粘土沉积物沉积在大约105000年至95000年前所谓的MIS 5c期间最后一次冰循环（Wurm）开始的温暖时期。沉积物剖面这一部分的所有古地磁样本均显示正
{"title":"Late Pleistocene lacustrine sediments and their relation to red soils in the Northeastern margin of the Dinaric Karst","authors":"N. Z. Hajna, Bojan Otoničar, P. Pruner, M. Culiberg, Jaroslav Č. Hlaváč, O. Mandic, R. Skála, P. Bosák","doi":"10.3986/ac.v48i2.7080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i2.7080","url":null,"abstract":"A large karst doline at section Hrastje – Lesnica in the Dolenjska region (SE Slovenia) was uncovered during the construction of Slovene highway No. A2. Its fill consists of brownish-yellow clay to silt with plant remains and ferrugineous coatings after root casts and gastropods (paleosol horizon) in the bottom, and overlying thick lacustrine laminated grey clayey sediments which were partly rubified. Brownish-yellow clay to silt contains quartz, chlorite, muscovite and feldspars transported as external clastic material from evolved karst and non-carbonate landscapes from surroundings into the site. The material is well weathered only in the area of the paleosol horizon. The strongly impoverished malacocoenosis indicates any Quaternary warm phase characterized by light semi-open forest with patches of open ground habitats. Only the last paleomagnetic sample in the bottom of sediment sequence shows reverse polarity of magnetic field and represents the geomagnetic excursion, i.e., the Blake excursion at ca 120–112 ka (MIS 5e), rather than Brunhes/Matuyama boundary at 0.78 Ma (MIS 19). Thick lacustrine laminated grey clayey sediments above are also dominated by quartz, muscovite, chlorite and feldspar. That overlying sediment was almost unweathered (content of feldspars, muscovite and chlorite); it was only slightly rubified on its surface, in middle part of the section and at the contact with the underlying karstified limestone slope of the depression. The grey sediment has a different mineralogical composition than underlying soils (e.g., lack of quartz, chlorite) and non-carbonate residue of the host limestone. Therefore, the grey sediments could not serve as a parent (source) material for terra rossa formation in the broader area (i.e., polygenetic red soils developed in paleoclimate related to current Mediterranean climatic conditions). Laminated grey sediment was deposited in a rather cold climate. Relatively poor palynospectra may indicate transport of pollen grains out of the depocentre with flowing water and/or the rapid deposition. The latter is supported by insufficiently centered paleosecular variations. Plant assemblages indicate that the dominant cover of the surrounding landscape was temperate climatic zone riparian forest with some quite humid environment as wetlands and ponds on periodically flooded plain. The regional correlation, based especially on an abundance of Fagus, indicates the deposition at the beginning of the last glacial cycle (Wurmian) in its warmer substage – MIS 5c (ca 105–95 ka). All paleomagnetic samples from this part of the sediment section show normal magnetization and negligible clockwise rotation of 1.8° ± 4.7°. Key words: karst sediments, mineralogy, gastropods, palynology, paleomagnetism, paleoenvironment, Dolenjska region, Slovenia. Pozno pleistocenski jezerski sedimenti in njihova povezava z rdecimi tlemi na severovzhodnem robu Dinarskega krasa Na Dolenjskem krasu je bila med graditvijo trase A2 slovenske","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42954221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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