Timely quantitative detection of wheel polygonal wear is of great significance for railway maintenance and improving the train running quality. However, existing deep learning-based detection methods struggle with speed variation-induced feature distribution shifts, exhibiting weak transferability and failing to achieve quantitative diagnosis of wheel defects. To address these issues, a novel discriminative joint adversarial network (NDJAN) for polygonal fault detection under varying running speeds is proposed in this paper. A multi-branch parallel ResNet is first developed to extract sensitive features from raw signals using shortcut connections, which can preserve critical wear amplitude-related information and alleviate gradient vanishing problems. Then, a two-level discriminative feature fusion (TLDFF) scheme is designed with a hybrid attention mechanism and lightweight depthwise separable convolutions. The former is employed to amplify discriminative features, while the latter achieves intelligent fusion of multi-branch features through learnable weighting coefficients, ensuring optimal integration of complementary information from different branches. Finally, an implicit-explicit joint distribution alignment (IEJDA) strategy is presented to address fundamental transfer distribution discrepancies under variable operating conditions. This module accomplishes global distribution matching and fine-grained adaptation of decision boundaries by acting on the feature layer and regression decision layer, respectively. Both dynamics simulations and field tests are carried out to demonstrate that the proposed NDJAN approach can effectively and accurately detect the polygonal wear amplitudes.
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