Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants may help in understanding the status of a plant’s physiology and its coping with mild to severe stress. Future climatic projections reveal that shifts in temperature and CO2 availability will occur, and plants may incur the uncoupling of carbon assimilation and synthesis of key molecules. This study explores the patterns of emissions of key VOCs (isoprene, methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid) emitted by poplar leaves (more than 350) under a combined gradient of temperature (12–42 °C) and air CO2 concentration (400–1500 ppm), along with measurements of photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance. Isoprene emission exhibited a rise with temperature and CO2 availability, peaking at 39 °C, the temperature at which methanol emission started to peak, illustrating the limit of stress tolerance to severe damage. Isoprene emission was uncoupled from the photosynthesis rate, indicating a shift from the carbon source for isoprene synthesis, while assimilation was decreased. Methanol and acetaldehyde emissions were correlated with stomatal conductance and peaked at 25 °C and 1200 ppm CO2. Acetic acid emissions lacked a clear correlation with stomatal conductance and the emission pattern of its precursor acetaldehyde. This study offers crucial insights into the limitations of photosynthetic carbon and stress tolerance.
植物释放的挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）有助于了解植物的生理状况及其应对轻度到严重压力的能力。未来的气候预测显示，温度和二氧化碳供应量将发生变化，植物可能会出现碳同化与关键分子合成脱节的情况。本研究探讨了在温度（12-42 °C）和空气二氧化碳浓度（400-1500 ppm）的综合梯度下，杨树叶片（超过 350 片）释放的主要挥发性有机化合物（异戊二烯、甲醇、乙醛和乙酸）的排放模式，以及光合速率和气孔导度的测量结果。异戊二烯的释放量随温度和二氧化碳浓度的升高而增加，在 39 ℃ 时达到峰值，而甲醇的释放量也在该温度开始达到峰值，这说明了对严重破坏的胁迫耐受极限。异戊二烯释放量与光合作用速率脱钩，表明异戊二烯合成的碳源发生了转移，而同化作用则有所下降。甲醇和乙醛释放量与气孔导度相关，在 25 °C 和 1200 ppm CO2 时达到峰值。乙酸释放量与气孔导度及其前体乙醛的释放模式缺乏明显的相关性。这项研究为了解光合作用碳的限制和胁迫耐受性提供了重要启示。
{"title":"Limitations of Plant Stress Tolerance upon Heat and CO2 Exposure in Black Poplar: Assessment of Photosynthetic Traits and Stress Volatile Emissions","authors":"M. Portillo‐Estrada","doi":"10.3390/plants13081165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081165","url":null,"abstract":"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants may help in understanding the status of a plant’s physiology and its coping with mild to severe stress. Future climatic projections reveal that shifts in temperature and CO2 availability will occur, and plants may incur the uncoupling of carbon assimilation and synthesis of key molecules. This study explores the patterns of emissions of key VOCs (isoprene, methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid) emitted by poplar leaves (more than 350) under a combined gradient of temperature (12–42 °C) and air CO2 concentration (400–1500 ppm), along with measurements of photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance. Isoprene emission exhibited a rise with temperature and CO2 availability, peaking at 39 °C, the temperature at which methanol emission started to peak, illustrating the limit of stress tolerance to severe damage. Isoprene emission was uncoupled from the photosynthesis rate, indicating a shift from the carbon source for isoprene synthesis, while assimilation was decreased. Methanol and acetaldehyde emissions were correlated with stomatal conductance and peaked at 25 °C and 1200 ppm CO2. Acetic acid emissions lacked a clear correlation with stomatal conductance and the emission pattern of its precursor acetaldehyde. This study offers crucial insights into the limitations of photosynthetic carbon and stress tolerance.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"23 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140673206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaohui Sun, Lili Zhang, Weihua Xu, Jianpeng Zheng, Meiling Yan, Ming Zhao, Xinyu Wang, Yan Yin
SPL (SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like), as one family of plant transcription factors, plays an important function in plant growth and development and in response to environmental stresses. Despite SPL gene families having been identified in various plant species, the understanding of this gene family in peanuts remains insufficient. In this study, thirty-eight genes (AhSPL1-AhSPL38) were identified and classified into seven groups based on a phylogenetic analysis. In addition, a thorough analysis indicated that the AhSPL genes experienced segmental duplications. The analysis of the gene structure and protein motif patterns revealed similarities in the structure of exons and introns, as well as the organization of the motifs within the same group, thereby providing additional support to the conclusions drawn from the phylogenetic analysis. The analysis of the regulatory elements and RNA-seq data suggested that the AhSPL genes might be widely involved in peanut growth and development, as well as in response to environmental stresses. Furthermore, the expression of some AhSPL genes, including AhSPL5, AhSPL16, AhSPL25, and AhSPL36, were induced by drought and salt stresses. Notably, the expression of the AhSPL genes might potentially be regulated by regulatory factors with distinct functionalities, such as transcription factors ERF, WRKY, MYB, and Dof, and microRNAs, like ahy-miR156. Notably, the overexpression of AhSPL5 can enhance salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis by enhancing its ROS-scavenging capability and positively regulating the expression of stress-responsive genes. These results provide insight into the evolutionary origin of plant SPL genes and how they enhance plant tolerance to salt stress.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Analysis of the Peanut SQUAMOSA Promoter Binding Protein-like Gene Family and How AhSPL5 Enhances Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis","authors":"Xiaohui Sun, Lili Zhang, Weihua Xu, Jianpeng Zheng, Meiling Yan, Ming Zhao, Xinyu Wang, Yan Yin","doi":"10.3390/plants13081057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081057","url":null,"abstract":"SPL (SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like), as one family of plant transcription factors, plays an important function in plant growth and development and in response to environmental stresses. Despite SPL gene families having been identified in various plant species, the understanding of this gene family in peanuts remains insufficient. In this study, thirty-eight genes (AhSPL1-AhSPL38) were identified and classified into seven groups based on a phylogenetic analysis. In addition, a thorough analysis indicated that the AhSPL genes experienced segmental duplications. The analysis of the gene structure and protein motif patterns revealed similarities in the structure of exons and introns, as well as the organization of the motifs within the same group, thereby providing additional support to the conclusions drawn from the phylogenetic analysis. The analysis of the regulatory elements and RNA-seq data suggested that the AhSPL genes might be widely involved in peanut growth and development, as well as in response to environmental stresses. Furthermore, the expression of some AhSPL genes, including AhSPL5, AhSPL16, AhSPL25, and AhSPL36, were induced by drought and salt stresses. Notably, the expression of the AhSPL genes might potentially be regulated by regulatory factors with distinct functionalities, such as transcription factors ERF, WRKY, MYB, and Dof, and microRNAs, like ahy-miR156. Notably, the overexpression of AhSPL5 can enhance salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis by enhancing its ROS-scavenging capability and positively regulating the expression of stress-responsive genes. These results provide insight into the evolutionary origin of plant SPL genes and how they enhance plant tolerance to salt stress.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140723160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Willem Q M van de Koot, James Msonda, Olga P. Olver, J. Doonan, Candida Nibau
Peatlands have become a focal point in climate mitigation strategies as these ecosystems have significant carbon sequestration capacities when healthy but release CO2 and other greenhouse gases when damaged. However, as drought episodes become more frequent and prolonged, organisms key to the functioning of some peatlands are increasingly under pressure from desiccation. The Sphagnum mosses, which tend to keep their ecosystem waterlogged and many of whom promote peat formation, are only mildly desiccation-tolerant in comparison to other mosses. The role of Sphagnum anatomy and colony structure is poorly understood in the context of desiccation resilience. Using four different Sphagnum species belonging to four different subgenera and positions along the gradient of the water table, we show that plant morphological traits and colony density are important determinants of water storage capacity. Our results show that, as previously postulated, the majority of the water is stored in an easily exchangeable form, probably extracellularly, and that plant morphological traits, specifically the type and presence of branches, are major contributors to water storage and can explain some of the interspecies variation. We also show that plant density is another important determinant for water storage capacity as higher densities hold larger quantities of water per unit of biomass for all four species, which increases resilience to desiccation. The results presented here suggest that species choice and planting density should receive more attention when considering peatland restoration strategies.
{"title":"Variation in Water-Holding Capacity in Sphagnum Species Depends on Both Plant and Colony Structure","authors":"Willem Q M van de Koot, James Msonda, Olga P. Olver, J. Doonan, Candida Nibau","doi":"10.3390/plants13081061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081061","url":null,"abstract":"Peatlands have become a focal point in climate mitigation strategies as these ecosystems have significant carbon sequestration capacities when healthy but release CO2 and other greenhouse gases when damaged. However, as drought episodes become more frequent and prolonged, organisms key to the functioning of some peatlands are increasingly under pressure from desiccation. The Sphagnum mosses, which tend to keep their ecosystem waterlogged and many of whom promote peat formation, are only mildly desiccation-tolerant in comparison to other mosses. The role of Sphagnum anatomy and colony structure is poorly understood in the context of desiccation resilience. Using four different Sphagnum species belonging to four different subgenera and positions along the gradient of the water table, we show that plant morphological traits and colony density are important determinants of water storage capacity. Our results show that, as previously postulated, the majority of the water is stored in an easily exchangeable form, probably extracellularly, and that plant morphological traits, specifically the type and presence of branches, are major contributors to water storage and can explain some of the interspecies variation. We also show that plant density is another important determinant for water storage capacity as higher densities hold larger quantities of water per unit of biomass for all four species, which increases resilience to desiccation. The results presented here suggest that species choice and planting density should receive more attention when considering peatland restoration strategies.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"136 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140725320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) breeding for fruit quality has mostly focused on visual traits and nutritional and bioactive compounds, including chlorogenic acid. However, higher contents of chlorogenic acid may lead to more pronounced fruit flesh browning. We examined a diverse collection of 59 eggplant accessions across five varietal types (‘black oval’, ‘striped’, ‘anthocyanin-free’, ‘purple’, and ‘black elongated’) to evaluate the degree of browning, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and chlorogenic acid (CGA) content. The results reveal moderate correlations among these traits, with no clear differences among the varietal types, suggesting that other factors, including genetic variation, might significantly influence these traits. Notably, ‘black oval’ accessions demonstrated higher browning and PPO activity, whereas ‘striped’ accessions showed low variability. The identification of genotypes with lower browning and higher CGA content highlights opportunities for targeted genotype selection to improve eggplant chlorogenic acid content while maintaining low or moderate browning, pointing towards the importance of genetic considerations in breeding strategies to reduce browning and enhance nutritional value.
{"title":"Characterization of Browning, Chlorogenic Acid Content, and Polyphenol Oxidase Activity in Different Varietal Types of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) for Improving Visual and Nutritional Quality","authors":"Gloria Villanueva, S. Vilanova, M. Plazas","doi":"10.3390/plants13081059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081059","url":null,"abstract":"Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) breeding for fruit quality has mostly focused on visual traits and nutritional and bioactive compounds, including chlorogenic acid. However, higher contents of chlorogenic acid may lead to more pronounced fruit flesh browning. We examined a diverse collection of 59 eggplant accessions across five varietal types (‘black oval’, ‘striped’, ‘anthocyanin-free’, ‘purple’, and ‘black elongated’) to evaluate the degree of browning, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and chlorogenic acid (CGA) content. The results reveal moderate correlations among these traits, with no clear differences among the varietal types, suggesting that other factors, including genetic variation, might significantly influence these traits. Notably, ‘black oval’ accessions demonstrated higher browning and PPO activity, whereas ‘striped’ accessions showed low variability. The identification of genotypes with lower browning and higher CGA content highlights opportunities for targeted genotype selection to improve eggplant chlorogenic acid content while maintaining low or moderate browning, pointing towards the importance of genetic considerations in breeding strategies to reduce browning and enhance nutritional value.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140727701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fushuai Gong, Xiangru Zhou, Wang Yu, Hongwei Xu, Xiao-fu Zhou
Rhododendron chrysanthum (R. chrysanthum) development is hampered by UV-B sunlight because it damages the photosynthetic system and encourages the buildup of carotenoids. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how R. chrysanthum repairs the photosynthetic system to encourage the formation of carotenoid pigments. The carotenoid and abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations of the R. chrysanthum were ascertained in this investigation. Following UV-B stress, the level of carotenoids was markedly increased, and there was a strong correlation between carotenoids and ABA. The modifications of R. chrysanthum’s OJIP transient curves were examined in order to verify the regulatory effect of ABA on carotenoid accumulation. It was discovered that external application of ABA lessened the degree of damage on the donor side and lessened the damage caused by UV-B stress on R. chrysanthum. Additionally, integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics were used to examine the changes in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites (DMs) in R. chrysanthum in order to have a better understanding of the role that ABA plays in carotenoid accumulation. The findings indicated that the majority of DEGs were connected to carotenoid accumulation and ABA signaling sensing. To sum up, we proposed a method for R. chrysanthum carotenoid accumulation. UV-B stress activates ABA production, which then interacts with transcription factors to limit photosynthesis and accumulate carotenoids, such as MYB-enhanced carotenoid biosynthesis. This study showed that R. chrysanthum’s damage from UV-B exposure was lessened by carotenoid accumulation, and it also offered helpful suggestions for raising the carotenoid content of plants.
杜鹃花（Rhododendron chrysanthum，R. chrysanthum）的生长会受到紫外线 B 的影响，因为紫外线 B 会破坏光合作用系统，促进类胡萝卜素的积累。然而，目前还不清楚 R. chrysanthum 如何修复光合系统以促进类胡萝卜素色素的形成。本研究确定了类胡萝卜素和脱落酸（ABA）的浓度。紫外线-B胁迫后，类胡萝卜素的含量明显增加，类胡萝卜素与脱落酸之间有很强的相关性。为了验证 ABA 对类胡萝卜素积累的调控作用，研究人员考察了 R. chrysanthum 的 OJIP 瞬时曲线的变化。研究发现，外部施加 ABA 可减轻供体侧的损伤程度，并减轻紫外线-B 胁迫对 R. Chrysanthum 造成的损伤。此外，为了更好地了解 ABA 在类胡萝卜素积累中的作用，研究人员还利用代谢组学和转录组学综合研究了 R. chrysanthum 中差异表达基因（DEGs）和差异代谢物（DMs）的变化。研究结果表明，大部分 DEGs 与类胡萝卜素积累和 ABA 信号传感有关。总之，我们提出了一种 R. Chrysanthum 类胡萝卜素积累的方法。紫外线-B胁迫激活ABA的产生，然后ABA与转录因子相互作用，限制光合作用并积累类胡萝卜素，如MYB增强类胡萝卜素的生物合成。这项研究表明，类胡萝卜素的积累可以减轻 R. chrysanthum 在紫外线-B 胁迫下受到的伤害，同时也为提高植物的类胡萝卜素含量提供了有益的建议。
{"title":"Carotenoid Accumulation in the Rhododendron chrysanthum Is Mediated by Abscisic Acid Production Driven by UV-B Stress","authors":"Fushuai Gong, Xiangru Zhou, Wang Yu, Hongwei Xu, Xiao-fu Zhou","doi":"10.3390/plants13081062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081062","url":null,"abstract":"Rhododendron chrysanthum (R. chrysanthum) development is hampered by UV-B sunlight because it damages the photosynthetic system and encourages the buildup of carotenoids. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how R. chrysanthum repairs the photosynthetic system to encourage the formation of carotenoid pigments. The carotenoid and abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations of the R. chrysanthum were ascertained in this investigation. Following UV-B stress, the level of carotenoids was markedly increased, and there was a strong correlation between carotenoids and ABA. The modifications of R. chrysanthum’s OJIP transient curves were examined in order to verify the regulatory effect of ABA on carotenoid accumulation. It was discovered that external application of ABA lessened the degree of damage on the donor side and lessened the damage caused by UV-B stress on R. chrysanthum. Additionally, integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics were used to examine the changes in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites (DMs) in R. chrysanthum in order to have a better understanding of the role that ABA plays in carotenoid accumulation. The findings indicated that the majority of DEGs were connected to carotenoid accumulation and ABA signaling sensing. To sum up, we proposed a method for R. chrysanthum carotenoid accumulation. UV-B stress activates ABA production, which then interacts with transcription factors to limit photosynthesis and accumulate carotenoids, such as MYB-enhanced carotenoid biosynthesis. This study showed that R. chrysanthum’s damage from UV-B exposure was lessened by carotenoid accumulation, and it also offered helpful suggestions for raising the carotenoid content of plants.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"53 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140724024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiaqi Wang, Runan Zhao, Yuxuan Li, Haifeng Rong, Ling Yang, Ming Gao, Bingxin Sun, Yunhe Zhang, Yufeng Xu, Xuerui Yan
This study aimed to explore the impact of L-arginine (Arg) on the development of resistance to Alternaria tenuissima (A. tenuissima) in blueberries. The metabolism of reactive oxygen species, pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis pathways were analyzed, including changes in activity and gene expression of key enzymes. The results indicated that Arg treatment could prevent the development of Alternaria fruit rot in postharvest blueberries. In addition, it was also found to induce a burst of hydrogen peroxide in the blueberries early on during storage, thereby improving their resistance to A. tenuissima. Arg treatment was observed to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase) and related gene expression, as well as the total levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanin in the blueberries. The activity and gene expression of the PRs (chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase) were elevated in Arg-treated blueberries, boosting their resistance to pathogens. Additionally, a surge in endogenous JA content was detected in Arg-treated blueberries, along with upregulated expression of key genes related the JA biosynthesis pathway (VcLOX1, VcAOS1, VcAOC, VcAOC3, VcOPR1, VcOPR3, VcMYC2, and VcCOI1), thereby further bolstering disease resistance. In conclusion, Arg treatment was determined to be a promising prospective method for controlling Alternaria fruit rot in blueberries.
本研究旨在探讨 L-精氨酸（Arg）对蓝莓抗性 Alternaria tenuissima（A. tenuissima）发展的影响。研究分析了活性氧代谢、致病相关蛋白（PRs）和茉莉酸（JA）生物合成途径，包括关键酶的活性和基因表达变化。结果表明，Arg 处理可防止采后蓝莓中的交替缠枝菌果腐病的发展。此外，还发现 Arg 能在蓝莓贮藏初期诱导过氧化氢的爆发，从而提高蓝莓对 A. tenuissima 的抗性。据观察，Arg 处理可提高蓝莓中抗氧化酶（过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶）的活性和相关基因的表达，以及酚类、类黄酮和花青素的总含量。经 Arg 处理的蓝莓中 PRs（几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶）的活性和基因表达均有所提高，从而增强了蓝莓对病原体的抵抗力。此外，在经 Arg 处理的蓝莓中发现内源 JA 含量激增，与 JA 生物合成途径相关的关键基因（VcLOX1、VcAOS1、VcAOC、VcAOC3、VcOPR1、VcOPR3、VcMYC2 和 VcCOI1）的表达也上调，从而进一步增强了抗病性。总之，Arg 处理被认为是一种很有前景的控制蓝莓交替缠枝菌果腐病的方法。
{"title":"Effect and Mechanism of L-Arginine against Alternaria Fruit Rot in Postharvest Blueberry Fruit","authors":"Jiaqi Wang, Runan Zhao, Yuxuan Li, Haifeng Rong, Ling Yang, Ming Gao, Bingxin Sun, Yunhe Zhang, Yufeng Xu, Xuerui Yan","doi":"10.3390/plants13081058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081058","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to explore the impact of L-arginine (Arg) on the development of resistance to Alternaria tenuissima (A. tenuissima) in blueberries. The metabolism of reactive oxygen species, pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis pathways were analyzed, including changes in activity and gene expression of key enzymes. The results indicated that Arg treatment could prevent the development of Alternaria fruit rot in postharvest blueberries. In addition, it was also found to induce a burst of hydrogen peroxide in the blueberries early on during storage, thereby improving their resistance to A. tenuissima. Arg treatment was observed to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase) and related gene expression, as well as the total levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanin in the blueberries. The activity and gene expression of the PRs (chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase) were elevated in Arg-treated blueberries, boosting their resistance to pathogens. Additionally, a surge in endogenous JA content was detected in Arg-treated blueberries, along with upregulated expression of key genes related the JA biosynthesis pathway (VcLOX1, VcAOS1, VcAOC, VcAOC3, VcOPR1, VcOPR3, VcMYC2, and VcCOI1), thereby further bolstering disease resistance. In conclusion, Arg treatment was determined to be a promising prospective method for controlling Alternaria fruit rot in blueberries.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"127 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140725726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caroline Bertocco Garcia, Allison Vieira da Silva, Igor Araújo Santos de Carvalho, W. F. Nascimento, S. Ramos, D. Rodrigues, M. Zucchi, Flaviane Malaquias Costa, A. Alves-Pereira, C. E. Batista, Dario Dantas Amaral, E. Veasey
Platonia insignis is a fruit tree native to Brazil of increasing economic importance, with its pulp trading among the highest market values. This study aimed to evaluate the structure and genomic diversity of P. insignis (bacurizeiro) accessions from six locations in the Brazilian States of Roraima, Amazonas, Pará (Amazon biome), and Maranhão (Cerrado biome). A total of 2031 SNP markers were obtained using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), from which 625 outlier SNPs were identified. High genetic structure was observed, with most of the genetic variability (59%) concentrated among locations, mainly between biomes (Amazon and Cerrado). A positive and significant correlation (r = 0.85; p < 0.005) was detected between genetic and geographic distances, indicating isolation by distance. The highest genetic diversity was observed for the location in the Cerrado biome (HE = 0.1746; HO = 0.2078). The locations in the Amazon biome showed low genetic diversity indexes with significant levels of inbreeding. The advance of urban areas, events of burning, and expansion of agricultural activities are most probably the main factors for the genetic diversity reduction of P. insignis. Approaches to functional analysis showed that most of the outlier loci found may be related to genes involved in cellular and metabolic processes.
Platonia insignis 是一种原产于巴西的果树，其经济重要性与日俱增，其果肉的市场价值最高。本研究旨在评估巴西罗赖马州、亚马孙州、帕拉州（亚马逊生物群落）和马拉尼昂州（塞拉多生物群落）六个地方的 insignis（巴库里泽罗）品种的结构和基因组多样性。通过基因分型测序（GBS）共获得了 2031 个 SNP 标记，并从中发现了 625 个离群 SNP。观察到了高度遗传结构，大部分遗传变异（59%）集中在不同地点，主要是不同生物群落（亚马逊和塞拉多）之间。在遗传距离和地理距离之间发现了明显的正相关（r = 0.85；p < 0.005），表明了距离上的隔离。位于塞拉多生物群落的地点遗传多样性最高（HE = 0.1746; HO = 0.2078）。亚马逊生物群落中的地点遗传多样性指数较低，近亲繁殖程度很高。城市地区的发展、焚烧事件和农业活动的扩张很可能是导致箭毒草遗传多样性降低的主要因素。功能分析方法表明，发现的大多数离群位点可能与参与细胞和代谢过程的基因有关。
{"title":"Low Diversity and High Genetic Structure for Platonia insignis Mart., an Endangered Fruit Tree Species","authors":"Caroline Bertocco Garcia, Allison Vieira da Silva, Igor Araújo Santos de Carvalho, W. F. Nascimento, S. Ramos, D. Rodrigues, M. Zucchi, Flaviane Malaquias Costa, A. Alves-Pereira, C. E. Batista, Dario Dantas Amaral, E. Veasey","doi":"10.3390/plants13071033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13071033","url":null,"abstract":"Platonia insignis is a fruit tree native to Brazil of increasing economic importance, with its pulp trading among the highest market values. This study aimed to evaluate the structure and genomic diversity of P. insignis (bacurizeiro) accessions from six locations in the Brazilian States of Roraima, Amazonas, Pará (Amazon biome), and Maranhão (Cerrado biome). A total of 2031 SNP markers were obtained using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), from which 625 outlier SNPs were identified. High genetic structure was observed, with most of the genetic variability (59%) concentrated among locations, mainly between biomes (Amazon and Cerrado). A positive and significant correlation (r = 0.85; p < 0.005) was detected between genetic and geographic distances, indicating isolation by distance. The highest genetic diversity was observed for the location in the Cerrado biome (HE = 0.1746; HO = 0.2078). The locations in the Amazon biome showed low genetic diversity indexes with significant levels of inbreeding. The advance of urban areas, events of burning, and expansion of agricultural activities are most probably the main factors for the genetic diversity reduction of P. insignis. Approaches to functional analysis showed that most of the outlier loci found may be related to genes involved in cellular and metabolic processes.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"338 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140765058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a perennial plant with a long dormancy period. While some researchers employ gibberellin and other substances to stimulate premature germination, this method is limited to laboratory settings and cannot be applied to the field cultivation of ginseng. The mechanism underlying the germination of ginseng overwintering buds remains largely unexplored. Understanding the internal changes during the dormancy release process in the overwintering buds would facilitate the discovery of potential genes, metabolites, or regulatory pathways associated with it. In this study, we approximately determined the onset of dormancy release through morphological observations and investigated the process of dormancy release in ginseng overwintering buds using transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches. Our analyses revealed that the germination process of ginseng overwintering buds is regulated by multiple plant hormones, each acting at different times. Among these, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) serve as classical signaling molecules regulating the dormancy process, while other hormones may promote the subsequent growth of overwintering buds. Additionally, metabolic pathways associated with arginine may be involved in the dormancy release process. Polyamines synthesized downstream may promote the growth of overwintering buds after dormancy release and participate in subsequent reproductive growth. This study provides insights into the germination process of ginseng overwintering buds at the molecular level and serves as a reference for further exploration of the detailed mechanism underlying ginseng overwintering germination in the future.
人参（Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer）是一种休眠期较长的多年生植物。虽然一些研究人员利用赤霉素和其他物质来刺激人参过早发芽，但这种方法仅限于实验室环境，无法应用于人参的田间栽培。人参越冬芽萌发的机理在很大程度上仍未得到探索。了解越冬芽休眠解除过程中的内部变化将有助于发现与之相关的潜在基因、代谢物或调控途径。在本研究中，我们通过形态学观察近似确定了休眠释放的起始时间，并利用转录组学和代谢组学方法研究了人参越冬芽休眠释放的过程。我们的分析表明，人参越冬芽的萌发过程受到多种植物激素的调控，每种激素在不同时期发挥作用。其中，脱落酸（ABA）和赤霉素（GA）是调节休眠过程的经典信号分子，而其他激素则可能促进越冬芽的后续生长。此外，与精氨酸有关的代谢途径也可能参与了休眠释放过程。下游合成的多胺可能会在休眠解除后促进越冬芽的生长，并参与随后的生殖生长。本研究从分子水平上揭示了人参越冬芽的萌发过程，为今后进一步探索人参越冬芽萌发的详细机制提供了参考。
{"title":"Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Research on the Germination Process of Panax ginseng Overwintering Buds","authors":"Ranqi Li, Yashu Li, Miaomiao Tang, Zhengyi Qu, Cai Shao, Peihe Zheng, Wei Hou","doi":"10.3390/plants13071041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13071041","url":null,"abstract":"Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a perennial plant with a long dormancy period. While some researchers employ gibberellin and other substances to stimulate premature germination, this method is limited to laboratory settings and cannot be applied to the field cultivation of ginseng. The mechanism underlying the germination of ginseng overwintering buds remains largely unexplored. Understanding the internal changes during the dormancy release process in the overwintering buds would facilitate the discovery of potential genes, metabolites, or regulatory pathways associated with it. In this study, we approximately determined the onset of dormancy release through morphological observations and investigated the process of dormancy release in ginseng overwintering buds using transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches. Our analyses revealed that the germination process of ginseng overwintering buds is regulated by multiple plant hormones, each acting at different times. Among these, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) serve as classical signaling molecules regulating the dormancy process, while other hormones may promote the subsequent growth of overwintering buds. Additionally, metabolic pathways associated with arginine may be involved in the dormancy release process. Polyamines synthesized downstream may promote the growth of overwintering buds after dormancy release and participate in subsequent reproductive growth. This study provides insights into the germination process of ginseng overwintering buds at the molecular level and serves as a reference for further exploration of the detailed mechanism underlying ginseng overwintering germination in the future.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"1204 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140774306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fengyun Ran, Yizhu Wang, F. Jiang, Xingfu Yin, Yaqi Bi, R. Shaw, Xingming Fan
A comprehensive study on maize flowering traits, focusing on the regulation of flowering time and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying the genes controlling flowering, holds the potential to significantly enhance our understanding of the associated regulatory gene network. In this study, three tropical maize inbreds, CML384, CML171, and CML444, were used, along with a temperate maize variety, Shen137, as parental lines to cross with Ye107. The resulting F1s underwent seven consecutive generations of self-pollination through the single-seed descent (SSD) method to develop a multiparent population. To investigate the regulation of maize flowering time-related traits and to identify loci and candidate genes, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted. GWAS analysis identified 556 SNPs and 12 candidate genes that were significantly associated with flowering time-related traits. Additionally, an analysis of the effect of the estimated breeding values of the subpopulations on flowering time was conducted to further validate the findings of the present study. Collectively, this study offers valuable insights into novel candidate genes, contributing to an improved understanding of maize flowering time-related traits. This information holds practical significance for future maize breeding programs aimed at developing high-yielding hybrids.
{"title":"Studies on Candidate Genes Related to Flowering Time in a Multiparent Population of Maize Derived from Tropical and Temperate Germplasm","authors":"Fengyun Ran, Yizhu Wang, F. Jiang, Xingfu Yin, Yaqi Bi, R. Shaw, Xingming Fan","doi":"10.3390/plants13071032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13071032","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive study on maize flowering traits, focusing on the regulation of flowering time and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying the genes controlling flowering, holds the potential to significantly enhance our understanding of the associated regulatory gene network. In this study, three tropical maize inbreds, CML384, CML171, and CML444, were used, along with a temperate maize variety, Shen137, as parental lines to cross with Ye107. The resulting F1s underwent seven consecutive generations of self-pollination through the single-seed descent (SSD) method to develop a multiparent population. To investigate the regulation of maize flowering time-related traits and to identify loci and candidate genes, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted. GWAS analysis identified 556 SNPs and 12 candidate genes that were significantly associated with flowering time-related traits. Additionally, an analysis of the effect of the estimated breeding values of the subpopulations on flowering time was conducted to further validate the findings of the present study. Collectively, this study offers valuable insights into novel candidate genes, contributing to an improved understanding of maize flowering time-related traits. This information holds practical significance for future maize breeding programs aimed at developing high-yielding hybrids.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"75 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140794696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Vinha, Anabela S G Costa, Lília C Espírito Santo, D. Ferreira, Carla Sousa, Edgar Pinto, Agostinho A. Almeida, M. B. Oliveira
Background: Food waste is a global and growing problem that is gaining traction due to its environmental, ethical, social, and economic repercussions. Between 2022 and 2027, the worldwide papaya market is expected to have a huge increase, meaning a growth in organic waste, including peels and seeds. Thus, this study evaluated the potential use of peels and seeds of two mature papaya fruits as a source of bioactive compounds, converting these by-products into value-added products. Proximate analysis (AOAC methods), mineral content (ICP-MS), free sugars (HPLC-ELSD), fatty acid composition (GC-FID), vitamin E profile (HPLC-DAD-FLD), and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays) were evaluated. Results: Both by-products showed high total protein (20–27%), and dietary fiber (32–38%) contents. Papaya peels presented a high ash content (14–16%), indicating a potential application as a mineral source. 14 fatty acids were detected, with α-linolenic acid (30%) as the most abundant in the peels and oleic acid (74%) in the seeds. Both by-products showed high antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Papaya by-products display great potential for industrial recovery and application, such as formulation of new functional food ingredients.
{"title":"High-Value Compounds in Papaya By-Products (Carica papaya L. var. Formosa and Aliança): Potential Sustainable Use and Exploitation","authors":"A. Vinha, Anabela S G Costa, Lília C Espírito Santo, D. Ferreira, Carla Sousa, Edgar Pinto, Agostinho A. Almeida, M. B. Oliveira","doi":"10.3390/plants13071009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13071009","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Food waste is a global and growing problem that is gaining traction due to its environmental, ethical, social, and economic repercussions. Between 2022 and 2027, the worldwide papaya market is expected to have a huge increase, meaning a growth in organic waste, including peels and seeds. Thus, this study evaluated the potential use of peels and seeds of two mature papaya fruits as a source of bioactive compounds, converting these by-products into value-added products. Proximate analysis (AOAC methods), mineral content (ICP-MS), free sugars (HPLC-ELSD), fatty acid composition (GC-FID), vitamin E profile (HPLC-DAD-FLD), and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays) were evaluated. Results: Both by-products showed high total protein (20–27%), and dietary fiber (32–38%) contents. Papaya peels presented a high ash content (14–16%), indicating a potential application as a mineral source. 14 fatty acids were detected, with α-linolenic acid (30%) as the most abundant in the peels and oleic acid (74%) in the seeds. Both by-products showed high antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Papaya by-products display great potential for industrial recovery and application, such as formulation of new functional food ingredients.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"64 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140766735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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