Elis Ionus, Verginica Schröder, C. Chițescu, L. Bucur, C. Lupu, D. Dumitrescu, Liliana Popescu, D. Mihai, O. T. Olaru, G. Nițulescu, R. Boscencu, C. Gîrd
The present study focuses on the chemical characterization of a dry extract obtained from the species Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb, evaluating its antioxidant properties, toxicity, and in silico profile. Quantitative analysis of the dry extract revealed a notable amount of phytochemical compounds: 59.932 ± 21.167 mg rutin equivalents (mg REs)/g dry weight, 45.864 ± 4.434 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents (mg ChAEs)/g dry weight and, respectively, 83.307 ± 3.989 mg tannic acid equivalents (TAEs)/g dry weight. By UHPLC-HRMS/MS, the following were quantified as major compounds: caffeic acid (3253.8 μg/g extract) and kaempherol (3041.5 μg/g extract); more than 11 types of polyphenolic compounds were quantified (genistin 730.2 μg/g extract, naringenin 395 μg/g extract, apigenin 325.7 μg/g extract, galangin 283.3 μg/g extract, ferulic acid 254.3 μg/g extract, p-coumaric acid 198.2 μg/g extract, rutin 110.6 μg/g extract, chrysin 90.22 μg/g extract, syringic acid 84.2 μg/g extract, pinocembrin 32.7 μg/g extract, ellagic acid 18.2 μg/g extract). The antioxidant activity was in accordance with the amount of phytochemical compounds: IC50DPPH = 483.6 ± 41.4 µg/mL, IC50ABTS•+ = 127.4 ± 20.2 µg/mL, and EC50FRAP = 491.6 ± 2 µg/mL. On the larvae of Artemia sp., it was found that the extract has a low cytotoxic action. In silico studies have highlighted the possibility of inhibiting the activity of protein kinases CDK5 and GSK-3b for apigenin, galangin, and kaempferol, with possible utility for treating neurodegenerative pathologies and neuropathic pain. Further studies are warranted to confirm the predicted molecular mechanisms of action and to further investigate the therapeutic potential in animal models of neurological disorders.
{"title":"Phytochemical, In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Research on the Extract of Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb.","authors":"Elis Ionus, Verginica Schröder, C. Chițescu, L. Bucur, C. Lupu, D. Dumitrescu, Liliana Popescu, D. Mihai, O. T. Olaru, G. Nițulescu, R. Boscencu, C. Gîrd","doi":"10.3390/plants13091192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091192","url":null,"abstract":"The present study focuses on the chemical characterization of a dry extract obtained from the species Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb, evaluating its antioxidant properties, toxicity, and in silico profile. Quantitative analysis of the dry extract revealed a notable amount of phytochemical compounds: 59.932 ± 21.167 mg rutin equivalents (mg REs)/g dry weight, 45.864 ± 4.434 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents (mg ChAEs)/g dry weight and, respectively, 83.307 ± 3.989 mg tannic acid equivalents (TAEs)/g dry weight. By UHPLC-HRMS/MS, the following were quantified as major compounds: caffeic acid (3253.8 μg/g extract) and kaempherol (3041.5 μg/g extract); more than 11 types of polyphenolic compounds were quantified (genistin 730.2 μg/g extract, naringenin 395 μg/g extract, apigenin 325.7 μg/g extract, galangin 283.3 μg/g extract, ferulic acid 254.3 μg/g extract, p-coumaric acid 198.2 μg/g extract, rutin 110.6 μg/g extract, chrysin 90.22 μg/g extract, syringic acid 84.2 μg/g extract, pinocembrin 32.7 μg/g extract, ellagic acid 18.2 μg/g extract). The antioxidant activity was in accordance with the amount of phytochemical compounds: IC50DPPH = 483.6 ± 41.4 µg/mL, IC50ABTS•+ = 127.4 ± 20.2 µg/mL, and EC50FRAP = 491.6 ± 2 µg/mL. On the larvae of Artemia sp., it was found that the extract has a low cytotoxic action. In silico studies have highlighted the possibility of inhibiting the activity of protein kinases CDK5 and GSK-3b for apigenin, galangin, and kaempferol, with possible utility for treating neurodegenerative pathologies and neuropathic pain. Further studies are warranted to confirm the predicted molecular mechanisms of action and to further investigate the therapeutic potential in animal models of neurological disorders.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140653608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Jankovská, Nikol Jurčová, Renata Kubínová, Jiří Václavík, Emil Švajdlenka, A. Mascellani, Petr Maršík, Kateřina Bouzková, Milan Malaník
Five putrescine and spermidine derivatives (1–5) together with five rotenoids (6–10) were isolated from a methanolic extract of the flowers of A. fruticosa that displayed promising inhibition of 76.0 ± 1.9% for AChE and 90.0 ± 4.0% for BuChE at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Although the anticholinesterase activities of the isolated compounds did not reach that of galantamine, molecular docking revealed that all-trans-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine and trans-trans-cis-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine showed binding poses mimicking the known inhibitor galantamine and thus could serve as model molecules in future searches for new AChE and BuChE inhibitors.
{"title":"Anticholinesterase Activity of Methanolic Extract of Amorpha fruticosa Flowers and Isolation of Rotenoids and Putrescine and Spermidine Derivatives","authors":"D. Jankovská, Nikol Jurčová, Renata Kubínová, Jiří Václavík, Emil Švajdlenka, A. Mascellani, Petr Maršík, Kateřina Bouzková, Milan Malaník","doi":"10.3390/plants13091181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091181","url":null,"abstract":"Five putrescine and spermidine derivatives (1–5) together with five rotenoids (6–10) were isolated from a methanolic extract of the flowers of A. fruticosa that displayed promising inhibition of 76.0 ± 1.9% for AChE and 90.0 ± 4.0% for BuChE at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Although the anticholinesterase activities of the isolated compounds did not reach that of galantamine, molecular docking revealed that all-trans-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine and trans-trans-cis-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine showed binding poses mimicking the known inhibitor galantamine and thus could serve as model molecules in future searches for new AChE and BuChE inhibitors.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"28 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140663351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drought stress is the prime obstacle for worldwide agricultural production and necessitates innovative strategies for enhancing crop resilience. This study explores the efficacy of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and biochar (BC) as sustainable amendments for mitigating the effects of drought on wheat growth. Multiple experiments were carried out on isolated strains to assess their drought tolerance potential and multiple plant growth-promoting attributes. Experiments in the laboratory and natural environment were conducted to assess the impact of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, biochar, and their synergistic application on various growth parameters of wheat. The results revealed that the drought-tolerant PGPR strains (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus tequilensis), alongside biochar (rice husk), alleviated the phytotoxic impact of drought by increasing the root length from 17.0% to 70.0% and shoot length from 30.0% to 82.0% as compared to un-inoculated stressed controls. The total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the plants were substantially increased to 477% and 423%, respectively, when biochar and PGPR were applied synergistically. Significant enhancements in membrane stability index, relative water content, proline, and sugar level were achieved by combining biochar and bacterial strains, resulting in increases of 19.5%, 37.9%, 219%, and 300%, respectively. The yield of wheat in terms of plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, and number of grains per spike was enhanced from 26.7% to 44.6%, 23.5% to 62.7%, 91.5% to 154%, and 137% to 182%, respectively. It was concluded that the biochar-based application of PGPR induced drought tolerance in wheat under water deficit conditions, ultimately improving the production and yield of wheat.
{"title":"Potential of Drought Tolerant Rhizobacteria Amended with Biochar on Growth Promotion in Wheat","authors":"Sidra Noureen, Atia Iqbal, H. A. Muqeet","doi":"10.3390/plants13091183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091183","url":null,"abstract":"Drought stress is the prime obstacle for worldwide agricultural production and necessitates innovative strategies for enhancing crop resilience. This study explores the efficacy of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and biochar (BC) as sustainable amendments for mitigating the effects of drought on wheat growth. Multiple experiments were carried out on isolated strains to assess their drought tolerance potential and multiple plant growth-promoting attributes. Experiments in the laboratory and natural environment were conducted to assess the impact of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, biochar, and their synergistic application on various growth parameters of wheat. The results revealed that the drought-tolerant PGPR strains (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus tequilensis), alongside biochar (rice husk), alleviated the phytotoxic impact of drought by increasing the root length from 17.0% to 70.0% and shoot length from 30.0% to 82.0% as compared to un-inoculated stressed controls. The total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the plants were substantially increased to 477% and 423%, respectively, when biochar and PGPR were applied synergistically. Significant enhancements in membrane stability index, relative water content, proline, and sugar level were achieved by combining biochar and bacterial strains, resulting in increases of 19.5%, 37.9%, 219%, and 300%, respectively. The yield of wheat in terms of plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, and number of grains per spike was enhanced from 26.7% to 44.6%, 23.5% to 62.7%, 91.5% to 154%, and 137% to 182%, respectively. It was concluded that the biochar-based application of PGPR induced drought tolerance in wheat under water deficit conditions, ultimately improving the production and yield of wheat.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140659611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kanaabi, Mukasa Settumba, Ephraim Nuwamanya, N. Muhumuza, P. Iragaba, Alfred Ozimati, F. B. Namakula, I. S. Kayondo, J. Baguma, Ann Ritah Nayonjo, W. Esuma, R. Kawuki
Breeding for low-hydrogen-cyanide (HCN) varieties is a major objective of programs targeting boiled cassava food products. To enhance the breeding of low-HCN varieties, knowledge of genetic variation and trait heritability is essential. In this study, 64 cassava clones were established across four locations and evaluated for HCN using three HCN assessment methods: one with a 1 to 9 scale, on with a 0 ppm to 800 ppm scale, and a quantitative assay based on spectrophotometer readings (HCN_Spec). Data were also collected on the weather variables precipitation, relative humidity, and temperature. Highly significant differences were observed among clones (p < 0.001) and locations (p < 0.001). There was also significant clone–environment interactions, varying from p < 0.05 to p < 0.001. Locations Arua and Serere showed higher HCN scores among clones and were associated with significantly higher (p < 0.001) mean daily temperatures (K) and lower relative humidity values (%) across 12 h and 18 h intervals. Within locations, HCN broad sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.22 to 0.64, while combined location heritability estimates ranged from 0.14 to 0.32. Relationships between the methods were positive and strong (r = 0.75–0.92). The 1 to 9 scale is more accurate and more reproducible than either the 0 to 800 ppm scale or spectrophotometric methods. It is expected that the information herein will accelerate efforts towards breeding for low-HCN cassava varieties.
{"title":"Genetic Variation and Heritability for Hydrogen Cyanide in Fresh Cassava Roots: Implications for Low-Cyanide Cassava Breeding","authors":"M. Kanaabi, Mukasa Settumba, Ephraim Nuwamanya, N. Muhumuza, P. Iragaba, Alfred Ozimati, F. B. Namakula, I. S. Kayondo, J. Baguma, Ann Ritah Nayonjo, W. Esuma, R. Kawuki","doi":"10.3390/plants13091186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091186","url":null,"abstract":"Breeding for low-hydrogen-cyanide (HCN) varieties is a major objective of programs targeting boiled cassava food products. To enhance the breeding of low-HCN varieties, knowledge of genetic variation and trait heritability is essential. In this study, 64 cassava clones were established across four locations and evaluated for HCN using three HCN assessment methods: one with a 1 to 9 scale, on with a 0 ppm to 800 ppm scale, and a quantitative assay based on spectrophotometer readings (HCN_Spec). Data were also collected on the weather variables precipitation, relative humidity, and temperature. Highly significant differences were observed among clones (p < 0.001) and locations (p < 0.001). There was also significant clone–environment interactions, varying from p < 0.05 to p < 0.001. Locations Arua and Serere showed higher HCN scores among clones and were associated with significantly higher (p < 0.001) mean daily temperatures (K) and lower relative humidity values (%) across 12 h and 18 h intervals. Within locations, HCN broad sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.22 to 0.64, while combined location heritability estimates ranged from 0.14 to 0.32. Relationships between the methods were positive and strong (r = 0.75–0.92). The 1 to 9 scale is more accurate and more reproducible than either the 0 to 800 ppm scale or spectrophotometric methods. It is expected that the information herein will accelerate efforts towards breeding for low-HCN cassava varieties.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"14 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140660335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boron toxicity significantly hinders the growth and development of cotton plants, therefore affecting the yield and quality of this important cash crop worldwide. Limited studies have explored the efficacy of ZnSO4 (zinc sulfate) and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) in alleviating boron toxicity. Nanoparticles have emerged as a novel strategy to reduce abiotic stress directly. The precise mechanism underlying the alleviation of boron toxicity by ZnO NPs in cotton remains unclear. In this study, ZnO NPs demonstrated superior potential for alleviating boron toxicity compared to ZnSO4 in hydroponically cultivated cotton seedlings. Under boron stress, plants supplemented with ZnO NPs exhibited significant increases in total fresh weight (75.97%), root fresh weight (39.64%), and leaf fresh weight (69.91%). ZnO NPs positively affected photosynthetic parameters and SPAD values. ZnO NPs substantially reduced H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) by 27.87% and 32.26%, MDA (malondialdehyde) by 27.01% and 34.26%, and O2− (superoxide anion) by 41.64% and 48.70% after 24 and 72 h, respectively. The application of ZnO NPs increased the antioxidant activities of SOD (superoxide dismutase) by 82.09% and 76.52%, CAT (catalase) by 16.79% and 16.33%, and POD (peroxidase) by 23.77% and 21.66% after 24 and 72 h, respectively. ZnO NP and ZnSO4 application demonstrated remarkable efficiency in improving plant biomass, mineral nutrient content, and reducing boron levels in cotton seedlings under boron toxicity. A transcriptome analysis and corresponding verification revealed a significant up-regulation of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, photosynthesis pathway, and ABC transporter genes with the application of ZnO NPs. These findings provide valuable insights for the mechanism of boron stress tolerance in cotton and provide a theoretical basis for applying ZnO NPs and ZnSO4 to reduce boron toxicity in cotton production.
{"title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Zinc Sulfate Alleviate Boron Toxicity in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)","authors":"Ismail Sanusi Nassarawa, Zhuolin Li, Longshuo Xue, Huazu Li, Uzair Muhammad, Shuijin Zhu, Jinhong Chen, Tianlun Zhao","doi":"10.3390/plants13091184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091184","url":null,"abstract":"Boron toxicity significantly hinders the growth and development of cotton plants, therefore affecting the yield and quality of this important cash crop worldwide. Limited studies have explored the efficacy of ZnSO4 (zinc sulfate) and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) in alleviating boron toxicity. Nanoparticles have emerged as a novel strategy to reduce abiotic stress directly. The precise mechanism underlying the alleviation of boron toxicity by ZnO NPs in cotton remains unclear. In this study, ZnO NPs demonstrated superior potential for alleviating boron toxicity compared to ZnSO4 in hydroponically cultivated cotton seedlings. Under boron stress, plants supplemented with ZnO NPs exhibited significant increases in total fresh weight (75.97%), root fresh weight (39.64%), and leaf fresh weight (69.91%). ZnO NPs positively affected photosynthetic parameters and SPAD values. ZnO NPs substantially reduced H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) by 27.87% and 32.26%, MDA (malondialdehyde) by 27.01% and 34.26%, and O2− (superoxide anion) by 41.64% and 48.70% after 24 and 72 h, respectively. The application of ZnO NPs increased the antioxidant activities of SOD (superoxide dismutase) by 82.09% and 76.52%, CAT (catalase) by 16.79% and 16.33%, and POD (peroxidase) by 23.77% and 21.66% after 24 and 72 h, respectively. ZnO NP and ZnSO4 application demonstrated remarkable efficiency in improving plant biomass, mineral nutrient content, and reducing boron levels in cotton seedlings under boron toxicity. A transcriptome analysis and corresponding verification revealed a significant up-regulation of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, photosynthesis pathway, and ABC transporter genes with the application of ZnO NPs. These findings provide valuable insights for the mechanism of boron stress tolerance in cotton and provide a theoretical basis for applying ZnO NPs and ZnSO4 to reduce boron toxicity in cotton production.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"72 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140665242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The analysis of plant phenotype parameters is closely related to breeding, so plant phenotype research has strong practical significance. This paper used deep learning to classify Arabidopsis thaliana from the macro (plant) to the micro level (organelle). First, the multi-output model identifies Arabidopsis accession lines and regression to predict Arabidopsis’s 22-day growth status. The experimental results showed that the model had excellent performance in identifying Arabidopsis lines, and the model’s classification accuracy was 99.92%. The model also had good performance in predicting plant growth status, and the regression prediction of the model root mean square error (RMSE) was 1.536. Next, a new dataset was obtained by increasing the time interval of Arabidopsis images, and the model’s performance was verified at different time intervals. Finally, the model was applied to classify Arabidopsis organelles to verify the model’s generalizability. Research suggested that deep learning will broaden plant phenotype detection methods. Furthermore, this method will facilitate the design and development of a high-throughput information collection platform for plant phenotypes.
{"title":"From Organelle Morphology to Whole-Plant Phenotyping: A Phenotypic Detection Method Based on Deep Learning","authors":"Hang Liu, Hongfei Zhu, Fei Liu, Limiao Deng, Guangxia Wu, Zhongzhi Han, Longgang Zhao","doi":"10.3390/plants13091177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091177","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of plant phenotype parameters is closely related to breeding, so plant phenotype research has strong practical significance. This paper used deep learning to classify Arabidopsis thaliana from the macro (plant) to the micro level (organelle). First, the multi-output model identifies Arabidopsis accession lines and regression to predict Arabidopsis’s 22-day growth status. The experimental results showed that the model had excellent performance in identifying Arabidopsis lines, and the model’s classification accuracy was 99.92%. The model also had good performance in predicting plant growth status, and the regression prediction of the model root mean square error (RMSE) was 1.536. Next, a new dataset was obtained by increasing the time interval of Arabidopsis images, and the model’s performance was verified at different time intervals. Finally, the model was applied to classify Arabidopsis organelles to verify the model’s generalizability. Research suggested that deep learning will broaden plant phenotype detection methods. Furthermore, this method will facilitate the design and development of a high-throughput information collection platform for plant phenotypes.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"137 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140668456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Iobbi, Valentina Parisi, A. P. Lanteri, Norbert Maggi, Mauro Giacomini, Giuliana Drava, Giovanni Minuto, Andrea Minuto, N. Tommasi, A. Bisio
The Italian garlic ecotype “Vessalico” possesses distinct characteristics compared to its French parent cultivars Messidor and Messidrôme, used for sowing, as well as other ecotypes in neighboring regions. However, due to the lack of a standardized seed supply method and cultivation protocol among farmers in the Vessalico area, a need to identify garlic products that align with the Vessalico ecotype arises. In this study, an NMR-based approach followed by multivariate analysis to analyze the chemical composition of Vessalico garlic sourced from 17 different farms, along with its two French parent cultivars, was employed. Self-organizing maps allowed to identify a homogeneous subset of representative samples of the Vessalico ecotype. Through the OPLS-DA model, the most discriminant metabolites based on values of VIP (Variable Influence on Projections) were selected. Among them, S-allylcysteine emerged as a potential marker for distinguishing the Vessalico garlic from the French parent cultivars by NMR screening. Additionally, to promote sustainable agricultural practices, the potential of Vessalico garlic extracts and its main components as agrochemicals against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, responsible for black rot disease, was explored. The crude extract exhibited a MIC of 125 μg/mL, and allicin demonstrated the highest activity among the tested compounds (MIC value of 31.25 μg/mL).
{"title":"NMR Metabolite Profiling for the Characterization of Vessalico Garlic Ecotype and Bioactivity against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris","authors":"V. Iobbi, Valentina Parisi, A. P. Lanteri, Norbert Maggi, Mauro Giacomini, Giuliana Drava, Giovanni Minuto, Andrea Minuto, N. Tommasi, A. Bisio","doi":"10.3390/plants13091170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091170","url":null,"abstract":"The Italian garlic ecotype “Vessalico” possesses distinct characteristics compared to its French parent cultivars Messidor and Messidrôme, used for sowing, as well as other ecotypes in neighboring regions. However, due to the lack of a standardized seed supply method and cultivation protocol among farmers in the Vessalico area, a need to identify garlic products that align with the Vessalico ecotype arises. In this study, an NMR-based approach followed by multivariate analysis to analyze the chemical composition of Vessalico garlic sourced from 17 different farms, along with its two French parent cultivars, was employed. Self-organizing maps allowed to identify a homogeneous subset of representative samples of the Vessalico ecotype. Through the OPLS-DA model, the most discriminant metabolites based on values of VIP (Variable Influence on Projections) were selected. Among them, S-allylcysteine emerged as a potential marker for distinguishing the Vessalico garlic from the French parent cultivars by NMR screening. Additionally, to promote sustainable agricultural practices, the potential of Vessalico garlic extracts and its main components as agrochemicals against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, responsible for black rot disease, was explored. The crude extract exhibited a MIC of 125 μg/mL, and allicin demonstrated the highest activity among the tested compounds (MIC value of 31.25 μg/mL).","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"124 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140669626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Yudina, Alyona Popova, Yuriy Zolin, K. Grebneva, E. Sukhova, V. Sukhov
Local actions of stressors induce electrical signals (ESs), influencing photosynthetic processes and probably increasing tolerance to adverse factors in higher plants. However, the participation of well-known depolarization ESs (action potentials and variation potentials) in these responses seems to be rare under natural conditions, particularly in the case of variation potentials, which are induced by extreme stressors (e.g., burning). Earlier, we showed that the local action of moderate heating and illumination can induce low-amplitude hyperpolarization ESs influencing photosynthetic light reactions in wheat plants cultivated in a vegetation room. In the current work, we analyzed ESs and changes in photosynthetic light reactions and drought tolerance that were induced by a combination of moderate heating and illumination in wheat plants cultivated under open-ground conditions. It was shown that the local heating and illumination induced low-amplitude ESs, and the type of signal (depolarization or hyperpolarization) was dependent on distance from the irritated zone and wheat age. Induction of depolarization ESs was not accompanied by photosynthetic changes in plants under favorable conditions or under weak drought. In contrast, the changes were observed after induction of these signals under moderate drought. Increasing drought tolerance was also observed in the last case. Thus, low-amplitude ESs can participate in photosynthetic regulation and increase tolerance to drought in plants cultivated under open-ground conditions.
{"title":"Local Action of Moderate Heating and Illumination Induces Electrical Signals, Suppresses Photosynthetic Light Reactions, and Increases Drought Tolerance in Wheat Plants","authors":"L. Yudina, Alyona Popova, Yuriy Zolin, K. Grebneva, E. Sukhova, V. Sukhov","doi":"10.3390/plants13091173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091173","url":null,"abstract":"Local actions of stressors induce electrical signals (ESs), influencing photosynthetic processes and probably increasing tolerance to adverse factors in higher plants. However, the participation of well-known depolarization ESs (action potentials and variation potentials) in these responses seems to be rare under natural conditions, particularly in the case of variation potentials, which are induced by extreme stressors (e.g., burning). Earlier, we showed that the local action of moderate heating and illumination can induce low-amplitude hyperpolarization ESs influencing photosynthetic light reactions in wheat plants cultivated in a vegetation room. In the current work, we analyzed ESs and changes in photosynthetic light reactions and drought tolerance that were induced by a combination of moderate heating and illumination in wheat plants cultivated under open-ground conditions. It was shown that the local heating and illumination induced low-amplitude ESs, and the type of signal (depolarization or hyperpolarization) was dependent on distance from the irritated zone and wheat age. Induction of depolarization ESs was not accompanied by photosynthetic changes in plants under favorable conditions or under weak drought. In contrast, the changes were observed after induction of these signals under moderate drought. Increasing drought tolerance was also observed in the last case. Thus, low-amplitude ESs can participate in photosynthetic regulation and increase tolerance to drought in plants cultivated under open-ground conditions.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"10 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140671772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Kolombia, P. L. Kumar, A. Lopez-Montes, A. O. Claudius-Cole, Norbert G. Maroya, N. Viaene, Wim Bert, Danny L. Coyne
Phenotyping yam (Dioscorea spp.) germplasm for resistance to parasitic nematodes is hampered by the lack of an efficient screening method. In this study, we developed a new method using rooted yam vine cuttings and yam plantlets generated from semi-autotrophic hydroponics (SAHs) propagation for phenotyping yam genotypes for nematode resistance. The method was evaluated using 26 genotypes of D. rotundata for their reaction to Scutellonema bradys and four root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne arenaria, M. enterolobii, M. incognita, and M. javanica. Yam plantlets established in nursery bags filled with steam-sterilized soil were used for screening against single nematode species. Plants were inoculated four weeks after planting and assessed for nematode damage eight weeks later. A severity rating scale was used to classify genotypes as resistant, tolerant, or susceptible determine based on the nematode feeding damage on tubers and the rate of nematode multiplication in the roots of inoculated plants. The results demonstrated putative resistance and tolerance against S. bradys in 58% of the genotypes and 88%, 65%, 65%, and 58% against M. arenaria, M. javanica, M. incognita, and M. enterolobii, respectively. The method is rapid, flexible, and seasonally independent, permitting year-round screening under controlled conditions. This method increases the throughput and speed of phenotyping and improves the selection process.
山药（薯蓣属）种质对寄生线虫抗性的表型分析因缺乏有效的筛选方法而受到阻碍。在这项研究中，我们开发了一种新方法，利用山药藤蔓扦插和半自养水培法（SAHs）繁殖产生的山药小苗，对山药基因型进行线虫抗性表型分析。该方法使用了 26 个 D. rotundata 基因型，评估它们对 Scutellonema bradys 和四种根结线虫（Meloidogyne arenaria、M. enterolobii、M. incognita 和 M. javanica）的反应。在装有蒸汽灭菌土壤的育苗袋中培育的山药小苗用于筛选单一线虫种类。种植四周后接种植物，八周后评估线虫危害情况。根据线虫对块茎造成的食害和接种植株根部的线虫繁殖率，采用严重程度分级表将基因型分为抗性、耐受性和易感性。结果表明，58% 的基因型对 S. bradys 具有抗性和耐受性，对 M. arenaria、M. javanica、M. incognita 和 M. enterolobii 的抗性和耐受性分别为 88%、65%、65% 和 58%。该方法快速、灵活，不受季节影响，可在受控条件下进行全年筛选。该方法提高了表型分析的效率和速度，改进了筛选过程。
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Yuefeng Zhang, Aijuan Zhao, Lijun Mu, Xiao Teng, Yingxin Ma, Ru Li, Kang Lei, L. Ji, Xuekun Wang, Pan Li
Nicosulfuron, an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicide, is a broad-spectrum and highly effective post-emergence herbicide. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are widely found in organisms and transfer sugar molecules from donors to acceptors to form glycosides or sugar esters, thereby altering the physicochemical properties of the acceptor molecule, such as participating in detoxification. In this study, nine glycosyltransferases in group D of the apple glycosyltransferase family I were predicted to possibly be involved in the detoxification metabolism of ALS-inhibiting herbicides based on gene chip data published online. In order to confirm this, we analysed whether the expression of the nine glycosyltransferase genes in group D was induced by the previously reported ALS-inhibiting herbicides by real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction). It was found that the ALS-inhibiting herbicide nicosulfuron significantly increased the expression of the MdUGT73CG22 gene in group D. Further investigation of the mechanism of action revealed that the apple glycosyltransferase MdUGT73CG22 glycosylated and modified nicosulfuron both in vivo and ex vivo to form nicosulfuron glycosides, which were involved in detoxification metabolism. In conclusion, a new glycosyltransferase, MdUGT73CG22, was identified for the first time in this study, which can glycosylate modifications of the ALS-inhibiting herbicide nicosulfuron and may be involved in the detoxification process in plants, which can help to further improve the knowledge of the non-targeted mechanism of herbicides.
烟嘧磺隆是一种乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）抑制剂除草剂，是一种广谱、高效的芽后除草剂。糖基转移酶（GTs）广泛存在于生物体内，可将糖分子从供体转移到受体，形成糖苷或糖酯，从而改变受体分子的理化性质，如参与解毒。本研究根据网上公布的基因芯片数据，预测苹果糖基转移酶家族 I D 组中的九种糖基转移酶可能参与了抑制 ALS 除草剂的解毒代谢。为了证实这一点，我们通过实时聚合酶链式反应（real-time PCR）分析了 D 组中 9 个糖基转移酶基因的表达是否受到之前报道的 ALS 抑制性除草剂的诱导。结果发现，ALS 抑制性除草剂烟嘧磺隆明显增加了 D 组中 MdUGT73CG22 基因的表达量。对其作用机制的进一步研究发现，苹果糖基转移酶 MdUGT73CG22 在体内和体外都对烟嘧磺隆进行糖基化和修饰，形成烟嘧磺隆糖苷，参与解毒代谢。总之，本研究首次发现了一种新的糖基转移酶MdUGT73CG22，它能对抑制ALS的除草剂烟嘧磺隆进行糖基化修饰，并可能参与植物的解毒过程，有助于进一步提高对除草剂非靶向机制的认识。
{"title":"First Clarification of the Involvement of Glycosyltransferase MdUGT73CG22 in the Detoxification Metabolism of Nicosulfuron in Apple","authors":"Yuefeng Zhang, Aijuan Zhao, Lijun Mu, Xiao Teng, Yingxin Ma, Ru Li, Kang Lei, L. Ji, Xuekun Wang, Pan Li","doi":"10.3390/plants13091171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091171","url":null,"abstract":"Nicosulfuron, an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicide, is a broad-spectrum and highly effective post-emergence herbicide. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are widely found in organisms and transfer sugar molecules from donors to acceptors to form glycosides or sugar esters, thereby altering the physicochemical properties of the acceptor molecule, such as participating in detoxification. In this study, nine glycosyltransferases in group D of the apple glycosyltransferase family I were predicted to possibly be involved in the detoxification metabolism of ALS-inhibiting herbicides based on gene chip data published online. In order to confirm this, we analysed whether the expression of the nine glycosyltransferase genes in group D was induced by the previously reported ALS-inhibiting herbicides by real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction). It was found that the ALS-inhibiting herbicide nicosulfuron significantly increased the expression of the MdUGT73CG22 gene in group D. Further investigation of the mechanism of action revealed that the apple glycosyltransferase MdUGT73CG22 glycosylated and modified nicosulfuron both in vivo and ex vivo to form nicosulfuron glycosides, which were involved in detoxification metabolism. In conclusion, a new glycosyltransferase, MdUGT73CG22, was identified for the first time in this study, which can glycosylate modifications of the ALS-inhibiting herbicide nicosulfuron and may be involved in the detoxification process in plants, which can help to further improve the knowledge of the non-targeted mechanism of herbicides.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"50 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140667299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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