Randa Albdaiwi, R. Al-Sayaydeh, Mohammad K. Al-Rifaee, T. Alhindi, M. Ashraf, A. Al-Abdallat
Soil salinity hampers durum wheat plant growth and development at various stages. The detrimental effects of salinity on plant cellular and physiological processes necessitate strategies to alleviate its negative impact and improve overall crop yield. This study investigates the efficacy of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) bacteria inoculation in mitigating salinity stress on two durum wheat genotypes with contrasting degrees of salinity tolerance (Tamaroi, salt-sensitive and Line 5004, salt-tolerant) under greenhouse and field conditions. For this purpose, two halotolerant-PGPR strains, Pseudomonas jordanii strain G34 and Oceanobacillus jordanicus strain GSFE11, were utilized for the inoculation. For the greenhouse experiment, the two selected genotypes were subjected to salinity at the flag leaf stage with continuous irrigation with a Hoagland solution supplemented with 50 mM NaCl. Field experiments were conducted across two locations with contrasting salinity levels over two growing seasons. At the end of both experiments, various parameters including total weight, spike weight, grain weight, spike number, spikelet number, grains per spike and thousand kernel weight were measured. The halotolerant PGPRs, P. jordanii strain G34 and O. jordanicus strain GSFE11, proved effective in alleviating salinity-induced adverse effects and enhancing growth under greenhouse and field conditions. However, bacterial inoculation significantly improved growth in the salt-sensitive genotype and such effects were not observed in the tolerant genotype, emphasizing genotype-specific responses. Notably, inoculation with O. jordanicus increased Na+ and Ca2+ uptake in the salt-tolerant “Line 5004” without hindering growth, suggesting one of its potential mechanisms for salt tolerance. This research demonstrates the potential of halotolerant-PGPR inoculation in enhancing durum wheat production in saline environments, but also underscores the importance of understanding genotype-specific responses for tailored interventions.
土壤盐分会在不同阶段阻碍硬粒小麦的生长和发育。盐分对植物细胞和生理过程的不利影响需要采取策略来减轻其负面影响并提高作物的总体产量。本研究调查了在温室和田间条件下，接种植物生长促进根瘤菌（PGPR）对两种耐盐碱程度不同的硬粒小麦基因型（Tamaroi，盐敏感；5004品系，耐盐碱）减轻盐碱胁迫的效果。为此，采用了两种耐盐-PGPR 菌株（约旦假单胞菌菌株 G34 和海洋杆菌菌株 GSFE11）进行接种。在温室实验中，两个选定的基因型在旗叶期受到盐度影响，并连续灌溉添加了 50 mM NaCl 的 Hoagland 溶液。田间试验在两个地点进行，两个生长季节的盐度水平对比鲜明。在两个实验结束时，测量了各种参数，包括总重、穗重、粒重、穗数、小穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重。耐盐的 PGPRs（P. jordanii 菌株 G34 和 O. jordanicus 菌株 GSFE11）被证明在温室和田间条件下能有效缓解盐分引起的不利影响并促进生长。然而，细菌接种能显著改善盐敏感基因型的生长，而在耐盐基因型中却观察不到这种效果，这强调了基因型的特异性反应。值得注意的是，接种 O. jordanicus 增加了耐盐 "5004 号品系 "对 Na+ 和 Ca2+ 的吸收，而不会阻碍其生长，这表明了其潜在的耐盐机制之一。这项研究证明了耐盐-PGPR接种在提高盐碱环境中硬质小麦产量方面的潜力，同时也强调了了解基因型特异性反应以进行有针对性干预的重要性。
{"title":"Halotolerant Endophytic Bacteria Regulate Growth and Field Performance of Two Durum Wheat Genotypes with Contrasting Salinity Tolerance Potential","authors":"Randa Albdaiwi, R. Al-Sayaydeh, Mohammad K. Al-Rifaee, T. Alhindi, M. Ashraf, A. Al-Abdallat","doi":"10.3390/plants13091179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091179","url":null,"abstract":"Soil salinity hampers durum wheat plant growth and development at various stages. The detrimental effects of salinity on plant cellular and physiological processes necessitate strategies to alleviate its negative impact and improve overall crop yield. This study investigates the efficacy of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) bacteria inoculation in mitigating salinity stress on two durum wheat genotypes with contrasting degrees of salinity tolerance (Tamaroi, salt-sensitive and Line 5004, salt-tolerant) under greenhouse and field conditions. For this purpose, two halotolerant-PGPR strains, Pseudomonas jordanii strain G34 and Oceanobacillus jordanicus strain GSFE11, were utilized for the inoculation. For the greenhouse experiment, the two selected genotypes were subjected to salinity at the flag leaf stage with continuous irrigation with a Hoagland solution supplemented with 50 mM NaCl. Field experiments were conducted across two locations with contrasting salinity levels over two growing seasons. At the end of both experiments, various parameters including total weight, spike weight, grain weight, spike number, spikelet number, grains per spike and thousand kernel weight were measured. The halotolerant PGPRs, P. jordanii strain G34 and O. jordanicus strain GSFE11, proved effective in alleviating salinity-induced adverse effects and enhancing growth under greenhouse and field conditions. However, bacterial inoculation significantly improved growth in the salt-sensitive genotype and such effects were not observed in the tolerant genotype, emphasizing genotype-specific responses. Notably, inoculation with O. jordanicus increased Na+ and Ca2+ uptake in the salt-tolerant “Line 5004” without hindering growth, suggesting one of its potential mechanisms for salt tolerance. This research demonstrates the potential of halotolerant-PGPR inoculation in enhancing durum wheat production in saline environments, but also underscores the importance of understanding genotype-specific responses for tailored interventions.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"117 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140669389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice is a major food crop for more than half of the world’s population, while its production is seriously threatened by flooding, a common environmental stress worldwide. Flooding leads to oxygen deficiency, which is a major problem for submerged plants. Over the past three decades, significant progress has been made in understanding rice adaptation and molecular regulatory mechanisms in response to flooding. At the seed germination and seedling establishment stages, the CIPK15-SnRK1A-MYBS1 signaling cascade plays a central role in determining rice submergence tolerance. However, from seedlings to mature plants for harvesting, SUB1A- and SK1/SK2-regulated pathways represent two principal and opposite regulatory mechanisms in rice. In addition, phytohormones, especially gibberellins, induce adaptive responses to flooding throughout the rice growth period. This review summarizes the significant adaptive traits observed in flooded rice varieties and updates the molecular genetics and mechanisms of submergence tolerance in rice.
{"title":"Flooding Tolerance of Rice: Regulatory Pathways and Adaptive Mechanisms","authors":"Jing Wang, Mingzhen Han, Yongxiang Huang, Junliang Zhao, Chuanguang Liu, Yamei Ma","doi":"10.3390/plants13091178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091178","url":null,"abstract":"Rice is a major food crop for more than half of the world’s population, while its production is seriously threatened by flooding, a common environmental stress worldwide. Flooding leads to oxygen deficiency, which is a major problem for submerged plants. Over the past three decades, significant progress has been made in understanding rice adaptation and molecular regulatory mechanisms in response to flooding. At the seed germination and seedling establishment stages, the CIPK15-SnRK1A-MYBS1 signaling cascade plays a central role in determining rice submergence tolerance. However, from seedlings to mature plants for harvesting, SUB1A- and SK1/SK2-regulated pathways represent two principal and opposite regulatory mechanisms in rice. In addition, phytohormones, especially gibberellins, induce adaptive responses to flooding throughout the rice growth period. This review summarizes the significant adaptive traits observed in flooded rice varieties and updates the molecular genetics and mechanisms of submergence tolerance in rice.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140671510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Borovichev, Mikhail N. Kozhin, Natalia E. Koroleva, Olga V. Petrova, Diana R. Akhmerova, M.V. Shulina
The Khibiny Mountains (hereafter called Khibiny Mts.) are one of the most urbanized and industrialized regions in the Russian Arctic. There are combined a developed mining complex, elaborate infrastructure, a well-known tourist resort, and a large population, all amidst an exceptionally rich biodiversity of plants. In this study, we analyzed the current knowledge of the spatial distribution of rare and endangered vascular plants and vegetation and the impacts of human activities on these ecosystems. Approximately 28% of the protected vascular plant species in the Murmansk Region were registered within the confines of the Khibiny Mts. In particular, although only a handful of protected species had a widespread presence, most rare species were confined to the southern reaches of the mountain range, with only a select few extending into other parts. Papaver lapponicum was the only species that thrived across the entire territory, including industrial areas. The studied territory contained nine specially protected areas spanning 123,220 hectares. Nature monuments adjacent to mining sites and urban centers play an important role in preserving regional biodiversity. However, the expansion of the mining industry, alongside deforestation and wildfires, poses considerable threats to the biodiversity of the Khibiny Mts. A comprehensive biodiversity conservation strategy implemented in this region balances the local and expansive territorial protection of rare species and habitats, ensuring environmental preservation while facilitating social and economic progress, a noteworthy example of environmental protection in the Arctic.
{"title":"Conservation of the Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants in the Mining and Tourism Area: Khibiny Mountains, Murmansk Region, Russia","authors":"E. Borovichev, Mikhail N. Kozhin, Natalia E. Koroleva, Olga V. Petrova, Diana R. Akhmerova, M.V. Shulina","doi":"10.3390/plants13091180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091180","url":null,"abstract":"The Khibiny Mountains (hereafter called Khibiny Mts.) are one of the most urbanized and industrialized regions in the Russian Arctic. There are combined a developed mining complex, elaborate infrastructure, a well-known tourist resort, and a large population, all amidst an exceptionally rich biodiversity of plants. In this study, we analyzed the current knowledge of the spatial distribution of rare and endangered vascular plants and vegetation and the impacts of human activities on these ecosystems. Approximately 28% of the protected vascular plant species in the Murmansk Region were registered within the confines of the Khibiny Mts. In particular, although only a handful of protected species had a widespread presence, most rare species were confined to the southern reaches of the mountain range, with only a select few extending into other parts. Papaver lapponicum was the only species that thrived across the entire territory, including industrial areas. The studied territory contained nine specially protected areas spanning 123,220 hectares. Nature monuments adjacent to mining sites and urban centers play an important role in preserving regional biodiversity. However, the expansion of the mining industry, alongside deforestation and wildfires, poses considerable threats to the biodiversity of the Khibiny Mts. A comprehensive biodiversity conservation strategy implemented in this region balances the local and expansive territorial protection of rare species and habitats, ensuring environmental preservation while facilitating social and economic progress, a noteworthy example of environmental protection in the Arctic.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"80 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140667719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xipeng Ren, Tieneke Trotter, N. Ashwath, D. Stanley, Y. S. Bajagai, Philip B. Brewer
This study explores the impact of a novel phytogenic product containing citric acid, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde on buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) seedling emergence. A dilution series of the phytogenic solution revealed a concentration range that promoted seedling emergence, with an optimal concentration of 0.5%. Transcriptomic analysis using RNA-seq was performed to investigate gene expression changes in seedlings under the influence of the phytogenic product. The results revealed that the phytogenic treatment significantly altered the gene expression, with a prevalent boost in transcriptional activity compared to the control. Functional analysis indicated the positive alteration of key metabolic pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathways. Moreover, pathways related to amino acids, nucleotide biosynthesis, heme biosynthesis, and formyltetrahydrofolate biosynthesis showed substantial modulation. The study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the phytogenic product’s effects on grass seedling establishment and highlights its ability to promote energy metabolism and essential biosynthetic pathways for plant growth.
{"title":"Transcriptomic Insights: Phytogenic Modulation of Buffel Grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) Seedling Emergence","authors":"Xipeng Ren, Tieneke Trotter, N. Ashwath, D. Stanley, Y. S. Bajagai, Philip B. Brewer","doi":"10.3390/plants13091174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091174","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the impact of a novel phytogenic product containing citric acid, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde on buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) seedling emergence. A dilution series of the phytogenic solution revealed a concentration range that promoted seedling emergence, with an optimal concentration of 0.5%. Transcriptomic analysis using RNA-seq was performed to investigate gene expression changes in seedlings under the influence of the phytogenic product. The results revealed that the phytogenic treatment significantly altered the gene expression, with a prevalent boost in transcriptional activity compared to the control. Functional analysis indicated the positive alteration of key metabolic pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathways. Moreover, pathways related to amino acids, nucleotide biosynthesis, heme biosynthesis, and formyltetrahydrofolate biosynthesis showed substantial modulation. The study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the phytogenic product’s effects on grass seedling establishment and highlights its ability to promote energy metabolism and essential biosynthetic pathways for plant growth.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"30 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140672380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elena V. Antonova, N. Shimalina, Anna M. Korotkova, E. V. Kolosovskaya, S. Gerasimova, E. Khlestkina
Hordeum vulgare genes NUD (HvNUD) and WIN1 (HvWIN1) play a regulatory role in cuticle organization. Because the cuticle is a key evolutionary acquisition of plants for protection against environmental factors, a knockout (KO) of each gene may alter their ability to adapt to unfavorable conditions. A potential pleiotropic effect of HvNUD or HvWIN1 gene mutations can be assessed under salt stress. Initial developmental stages are the most sensitive in living organisms; therefore, we evaluated salt tolerance of nud KO and win1 KO barley lines at the seedling stage. Air-dried barley grains of the KO lines and of a wild-type (WT) line were germinated in NaCl solutions (50, 100, or 150 mM). Over 30 physiological and morphological parameters of seedlings were assessed. Potential pleiotropic effects of the HvNUD gene KO under salt stress included the stimulation of root growth (which was lower under control conditions) and root necrosis. The pleiotropic effects of the HvWIN1 gene KO under the stressful conditions manifested themselves as maintenance of longer root length as compared to the other lines; stable variation of most of morphological parameters; lack of correlation between root lengths before and after exposure to NaCl solutions, as well as between shoot lengths; and the appearance of twins. Salt tolerance of the analyzed barley lines could be ranked as follows: nud KO > win1 KO ≈ WT, where nud KO lines were the most salt-tolerant. A comparison of effects of salinity and ionizing radiation on nud KO and win1 KO barley lines indicated differences in tolerance of the lines to these stressors.
大麦（Hordeum vulgare）基因 NUD（HvNUD）和 WIN1（HvWIN1）在角质层组织中起调控作用。由于角质层是植物在进化过程中获得的抵御环境因素的关键能力，因此敲除（KO）这两个基因可能会改变植物适应不利条件的能力。可以在盐胁迫下评估 HvNUD 或 HvWIN1 基因突变的潜在多效应。生物体的最初发育阶段是最敏感的；因此，我们在幼苗阶段评估了 nud KO 和 win1 KO 大麦品系的耐盐性。将 KO 株系和野生型（WT）株系的风干大麦粒在 NaCl 溶液（50、100 或 150 mM）中发芽。对幼苗的 30 多个生理和形态参数进行了评估。盐胁迫下 HvNUD 基因 KO 的潜在多效应包括刺激根系生长（对照条件下根系生长较低）和根系坏死。与其他品系相比，HvWIN1 基因 KO 在胁迫条件下的多向效应表现为保持较长的根长；大多数形态参数变化稳定；暴露于 NaCl 溶液前后的根长之间以及芽长之间缺乏相关性；出现孪生。所分析的大麦品系的耐盐性可按以下顺序排列：nud KO > win1 KO ≈ WT，其中 nud KO 品系的耐盐性最强。比较盐度和电离辐射对 nud KO 和 win1 KO 大麦品系的影响表明，这些品系对这些胁迫的耐受性存在差异。
{"title":"Germination and Growth Characteristics of nud Knockout and win1 Knockout Barley Lines under Salt Stress","authors":"Elena V. Antonova, N. Shimalina, Anna M. Korotkova, E. V. Kolosovskaya, S. Gerasimova, E. Khlestkina","doi":"10.3390/plants13091169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091169","url":null,"abstract":"Hordeum vulgare genes NUD (HvNUD) and WIN1 (HvWIN1) play a regulatory role in cuticle organization. Because the cuticle is a key evolutionary acquisition of plants for protection against environmental factors, a knockout (KO) of each gene may alter their ability to adapt to unfavorable conditions. A potential pleiotropic effect of HvNUD or HvWIN1 gene mutations can be assessed under salt stress. Initial developmental stages are the most sensitive in living organisms; therefore, we evaluated salt tolerance of nud KO and win1 KO barley lines at the seedling stage. Air-dried barley grains of the KO lines and of a wild-type (WT) line were germinated in NaCl solutions (50, 100, or 150 mM). Over 30 physiological and morphological parameters of seedlings were assessed. Potential pleiotropic effects of the HvNUD gene KO under salt stress included the stimulation of root growth (which was lower under control conditions) and root necrosis. The pleiotropic effects of the HvWIN1 gene KO under the stressful conditions manifested themselves as maintenance of longer root length as compared to the other lines; stable variation of most of morphological parameters; lack of correlation between root lengths before and after exposure to NaCl solutions, as well as between shoot lengths; and the appearance of twins. Salt tolerance of the analyzed barley lines could be ranked as follows: nud KO > win1 KO ≈ WT, where nud KO lines were the most salt-tolerant. A comparison of effects of salinity and ionizing radiation on nud KO and win1 KO barley lines indicated differences in tolerance of the lines to these stressors.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"127 50","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140668908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomato leaf disease control in the field of smart agriculture urgently requires attention and reinforcement. This paper proposes a method called LAFANet for image-text retrieval, which integrates image and text information for joint analysis of multimodal data, helping agricultural practitioners to provide more comprehensive and in-depth diagnostic evidence to ensure the quality and yield of tomatoes. First, we focus on six common tomato leaf disease images and text descriptions, creating a Tomato Leaf Disease Image-Text Retrieval Dataset (TLDITRD), introducing image-text retrieval into the field of tomato leaf disease retrieval. Then, utilizing ViT and BERT models, we extract detailed image features and sequences of textual features, incorporating contextual information from image-text pairs. To address errors in image-text retrieval caused by complex backgrounds, we propose Learnable Fusion Attention (LFA) to amplify the fusion of textual and image features, thereby extracting substantial semantic insights from both modalities. To delve further into the semantic connections across various modalities, we propose a False Negative Elimination-Adversarial Negative Selection (FNE-ANS) approach. This method aims to identify adversarial negative instances that specifically target false negatives within the triplet function, thereby imposing constraints on the model. To bolster the model’s capacity for generalization and precision, we propose Adversarial Regularization (AR). This approach involves incorporating adversarial perturbations during model training, thereby fortifying its resilience and adaptability to slight variations in input data. Experimental results show that, compared with existing ultramodern models, LAFANet outperformed existing models on TLDITRD dataset, with top1, top5, and top10 reaching 83.3% and 90.0%, and top1, top5, and top10 reaching 80.3%, 93.7%, and 96.3%. LAFANet offers fresh technical backing and algorithmic insights for the retrieval of tomato leaf disease through image-text correlation.
{"title":"High-Accuracy Tomato Leaf Disease Image-Text Retrieval Method Utilizing LAFANet","authors":"Jiaxin Xu, Hongliang Zhou, Yufan Hu, Yongfei Xue, Guoxiong Zhou, Liujun Li, Weisi Dai, Jinyang Li","doi":"10.3390/plants13091176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091176","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato leaf disease control in the field of smart agriculture urgently requires attention and reinforcement. This paper proposes a method called LAFANet for image-text retrieval, which integrates image and text information for joint analysis of multimodal data, helping agricultural practitioners to provide more comprehensive and in-depth diagnostic evidence to ensure the quality and yield of tomatoes. First, we focus on six common tomato leaf disease images and text descriptions, creating a Tomato Leaf Disease Image-Text Retrieval Dataset (TLDITRD), introducing image-text retrieval into the field of tomato leaf disease retrieval. Then, utilizing ViT and BERT models, we extract detailed image features and sequences of textual features, incorporating contextual information from image-text pairs. To address errors in image-text retrieval caused by complex backgrounds, we propose Learnable Fusion Attention (LFA) to amplify the fusion of textual and image features, thereby extracting substantial semantic insights from both modalities. To delve further into the semantic connections across various modalities, we propose a False Negative Elimination-Adversarial Negative Selection (FNE-ANS) approach. This method aims to identify adversarial negative instances that specifically target false negatives within the triplet function, thereby imposing constraints on the model. To bolster the model’s capacity for generalization and precision, we propose Adversarial Regularization (AR). This approach involves incorporating adversarial perturbations during model training, thereby fortifying its resilience and adaptability to slight variations in input data. Experimental results show that, compared with existing ultramodern models, LAFANet outperformed existing models on TLDITRD dataset, with top1, top5, and top10 reaching 83.3% and 90.0%, and top1, top5, and top10 reaching 80.3%, 93.7%, and 96.3%. LAFANet offers fresh technical backing and algorithmic insights for the retrieval of tomato leaf disease through image-text correlation.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"61 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140667935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. H. Uc-Cachón, L. Calvo-Irabien, Angel de Jesús Dzul-Beh, Haziel Eleazar Dzib-Baak, Rosa Grijalva-Arango, G. Molina-Salinas
Staphylococcus aureus infections are prevalent in healthcare and community environments. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is catalogued as a superbug of high priority among the pathogens. This Gram-positive coccus can form biofilms and produce toxins, leading to persistent infection and antibiotic resistance. Limited effective antibiotics have encouraged the development of innovative strategies, with a particular emphasis on resistance mechanisms and/or virulence factors. Medicinal aromatic plants have emerged as promising alternative sources. This study investigated the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antihemolysis properties of three different chemotypes of Lippia origanoides essential oil (EO) against susceptible and drug-resistant S. aureus strains. The chemical composition of the EO was analyzed using GC-MS, revealing high monoterpene concentrations, with carvacrol and thymol as the major components in two of the chemotypes. The third chemotype consisted mainly of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene. The MIC values for the two monoterpene chemotypes ranged from 62.5 to 500 µg/mL for all strains, whereas the sesquiterpene chemotype showed activity against seven strains at concentrations of 125–500 µg/mL, which is the first report of its anti-S. aureus activity. The phenolic chemotypes inhibited biofilm formation in seven S. aureus strains, whereas the sesquiterpene chemotype only inhibited biofilm formation in four strains. In addition, phenolic chemotypes displayed antihemolysis activity, with IC50 values ranging from 58.9 ± 3.8 to 128.3 ± 9.2 µg/mL. Our study highlights the importance of L. origanoides EO from the Yucatan Peninsula, which has the potential for the development of anti-S. aureus agents.
{"title":"Potential Anti-Infectious Activity of Essential Oil Chemotypes of Lippia origanoides Kunth on Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains","authors":"A. H. Uc-Cachón, L. Calvo-Irabien, Angel de Jesús Dzul-Beh, Haziel Eleazar Dzib-Baak, Rosa Grijalva-Arango, G. Molina-Salinas","doi":"10.3390/plants13091172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091172","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus infections are prevalent in healthcare and community environments. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is catalogued as a superbug of high priority among the pathogens. This Gram-positive coccus can form biofilms and produce toxins, leading to persistent infection and antibiotic resistance. Limited effective antibiotics have encouraged the development of innovative strategies, with a particular emphasis on resistance mechanisms and/or virulence factors. Medicinal aromatic plants have emerged as promising alternative sources. This study investigated the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antihemolysis properties of three different chemotypes of Lippia origanoides essential oil (EO) against susceptible and drug-resistant S. aureus strains. The chemical composition of the EO was analyzed using GC-MS, revealing high monoterpene concentrations, with carvacrol and thymol as the major components in two of the chemotypes. The third chemotype consisted mainly of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene. The MIC values for the two monoterpene chemotypes ranged from 62.5 to 500 µg/mL for all strains, whereas the sesquiterpene chemotype showed activity against seven strains at concentrations of 125–500 µg/mL, which is the first report of its anti-S. aureus activity. The phenolic chemotypes inhibited biofilm formation in seven S. aureus strains, whereas the sesquiterpene chemotype only inhibited biofilm formation in four strains. In addition, phenolic chemotypes displayed antihemolysis activity, with IC50 values ranging from 58.9 ± 3.8 to 128.3 ± 9.2 µg/mL. Our study highlights the importance of L. origanoides EO from the Yucatan Peninsula, which has the potential for the development of anti-S. aureus agents.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"57 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140671005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Zuev, Tatiana V. Lebedeva, O. V. Yakovleva, M. Kolesova, A. Brykova, N. S. Lysenko, L. Tyryshkin
To reveal genetic diversity for effective resistance to five foliar diseases and toxic aluminum ions, the entire collection of wheat species from the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) originating from Ethiopia and Eritrea were studied regarding their traits. The collection contains 509 samples of four wheat species (Triticum aestivum—122 samples; T. aethiopicum—340 samples; T. polonicum—6 samples; and T. dicoccum—41 samples). The majority of accessions are new entries of landraces added to the Vavilov collection as a result of the Russian–Ethiopian expedition in 2012. Wheat seedlings were inoculated with causal agents of leaf rust (Pt), powdery mildew (Bgt), Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), and dark-brown leaf spot blotch (HLB). The types of reaction and disease development were assessed to describe the levels of resistance. All samples of T. aethiopicum were also screened for seedling and adult resistance to Pt, Bgt, and yellow rust (Pst) under field conditions after double inoculation with the corresponding pathogens. To study tolerance to abiotic stress, seedlings were grown in a solution of Al3+ (185 µM, pH 4,0) and in water. The index of root length was used to characterize tolerance. Seedlings belonging to only two accessions out of those studied—k-68236 of T. aethiopicum and k-67397 of T. dicoccum—were resistant to Pt at 20 °C but susceptible at 25 °C. Specific molecular markers closely linked to the five genes for Pt resistance effective against populations of the pathogen from the northwestern region of Russia were not amplified in these two entries after PCR with corresponding primers. Four entries of T. dicoccum—k-18971, k-18975, k-19577, and k-67398—were highly resistant to Bgt. All samples under study were susceptible to HLB and SNB. Under field conditions, 15% of the T. aethiopicum samples were resistant to Pst, both at the seedling and the flag leaf stages, but all were susceptible to the other diseases under study. Among the evaluated samples, 20 entries of T. aestivum, 1 of T. polonicum (k-43765), and 2 of T. dicoccum (k-18971, k-67397) were tolerant to aluminum ions. The identified entries could be valuable sources for the breeding of T. aestivum and other wheats for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
为了揭示有效抵抗五种叶面病害和有毒铝离子的遗传多样性，我们对来自埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚的 N.I. Vavilov 全俄植物遗传资源研究所（VIR）的全部小麦品种进行了性状研究。这些样本包含四个小麦品种的 509 个样本（Triticum aestivum-122 个样本；T. aethiopicum-340 个样本；T. polonicum-6 个样本；T. dicoccum-41 个样本）。大部分样本是 2012 年俄罗斯-埃塞俄比亚考察后加入瓦维洛夫收藏的新陆地品系。小麦幼苗接种了叶锈病（Pt）、白粉病（Bgt）、结节病（SNB）和黑褐色叶斑病（HLB）的病原菌。通过评估反应类型和病害发展情况来描述抗性水平。在田间条件下，将相应的病原体进行双重接种后，还筛选了所有 T. aethiopicum 样品的幼苗和成株对 Pt、Bgt 和黄锈病（Pst）的抗性。为研究对非生物胁迫的耐受性，幼苗在 Al3+ 溶液（185 µM，pH 4.0）和水中生长。根长指数被用来描述耐受性。在所研究的品种中，只有两个品种的幼苗在 20 °C时对铂具有抗性，而在 25 °C时则易受影响，这两个品种分别是 T. aethiopicum 的 k-68236 和 T. dicoccum 的 k-67397。使用相应引物进行 PCR 扩增后，与俄罗斯西北部病原体种群抗 Pt 的五个基因密切相关的特定分子标记没有在这两个条目中扩增出来。研究中的所有样本都对 HLB 和 SNB 敏感。在田间条件下，15% 的 T. aethiopicum 样品在幼苗期和旗叶期对 Pst 具有抗性，但对研究的其他病害均感病。在评估的样本中，20 个 T. aestivum、1 个 T. polonicum（k-43765）和 2 个 T. dicoccum（k-18971、k-67397）对铝离子有耐受性。这些鉴定出的条目可能是培育 T. aestivum 和其他小麦抗生物和非生物胁迫的宝贵资源。
{"title":"Genetic Diversity for Effective Resistance in Wheat Landraces from Ethiopia and Eritrea to Fungal Diseases and Toxic Aluminum Ions","authors":"E. Zuev, Tatiana V. Lebedeva, O. V. Yakovleva, M. Kolesova, A. Brykova, N. S. Lysenko, L. Tyryshkin","doi":"10.3390/plants13081166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081166","url":null,"abstract":"To reveal genetic diversity for effective resistance to five foliar diseases and toxic aluminum ions, the entire collection of wheat species from the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) originating from Ethiopia and Eritrea were studied regarding their traits. The collection contains 509 samples of four wheat species (Triticum aestivum—122 samples; T. aethiopicum—340 samples; T. polonicum—6 samples; and T. dicoccum—41 samples). The majority of accessions are new entries of landraces added to the Vavilov collection as a result of the Russian–Ethiopian expedition in 2012. Wheat seedlings were inoculated with causal agents of leaf rust (Pt), powdery mildew (Bgt), Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), and dark-brown leaf spot blotch (HLB). The types of reaction and disease development were assessed to describe the levels of resistance. All samples of T. aethiopicum were also screened for seedling and adult resistance to Pt, Bgt, and yellow rust (Pst) under field conditions after double inoculation with the corresponding pathogens. To study tolerance to abiotic stress, seedlings were grown in a solution of Al3+ (185 µM, pH 4,0) and in water. The index of root length was used to characterize tolerance. Seedlings belonging to only two accessions out of those studied—k-68236 of T. aethiopicum and k-67397 of T. dicoccum—were resistant to Pt at 20 °C but susceptible at 25 °C. Specific molecular markers closely linked to the five genes for Pt resistance effective against populations of the pathogen from the northwestern region of Russia were not amplified in these two entries after PCR with corresponding primers. Four entries of T. dicoccum—k-18971, k-18975, k-19577, and k-67398—were highly resistant to Bgt. All samples under study were susceptible to HLB and SNB. Under field conditions, 15% of the T. aethiopicum samples were resistant to Pst, both at the seedling and the flag leaf stages, but all were susceptible to the other diseases under study. Among the evaluated samples, 20 entries of T. aestivum, 1 of T. polonicum (k-43765), and 2 of T. dicoccum (k-18971, k-67397) were tolerant to aluminum ions. The identified entries could be valuable sources for the breeding of T. aestivum and other wheats for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140673842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ayaz, Abdul Jalal, Xiaoli Zhang, Khalid Ali Khan, Chunmei Hu, Ying Li, Xilin Hou
Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the genomic characterization of bZIP genes and their involvement in the cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These studies have provided valuable insights into the coordinated cellular response to ER stress, which is mediated by bZIP transcription factors (TFs). However, a comprehensive and systematic investigations regarding the role of bZIP genes and their involvement in ER stress response in pak choi is currently lacking in the existing literature. To address this knowledge gap, the current study was initiated to elucidate the genomic characteristics of bZIP genes, gain insight into their expression patterns during ER stress in pak choi, and investigate the protein-to-protein interaction of bZIP genes with the ER chaperone BiP. In total, 112 members of the BcbZIP genes were identified through a comprehensive genome-wide analysis. Based on an analysis of sequence similarity, gene structure, conserved domains, and responsive motifs, the identified BcbZIP genes were categorized into 10 distinct subfamilies through phylogenetic analysis. Chromosomal location and duplication events provided insight into their genomic context and evolutionary history. Divergence analysis estimated their evolutionary history with a predicted divergence time ranging from 0.73 to 80.71 million years ago (MYA). Promoter regions of the BcbZIP genes were discovered to exhibit a wide variety of cis-elements, including light, hormone, and stress-responsive elements. GO enrichment analysis further confirmed their roles in the ER unfolded protein response (UPR), while co-expression network analysis showed a strong relationship of BcbZIP genes with ER-stress-responsive genes. Moreover, gene expression profiles and protein–protein interaction with ER chaperone BiP further confirmed their roles and capacity to respond to ER stress in pak choi.
{"title":"In-Depth Characterization of bZIP Genes in the Context of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis","authors":"A. Ayaz, Abdul Jalal, Xiaoli Zhang, Khalid Ali Khan, Chunmei Hu, Ying Li, Xilin Hou","doi":"10.3390/plants13081160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081160","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the genomic characterization of bZIP genes and their involvement in the cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These studies have provided valuable insights into the coordinated cellular response to ER stress, which is mediated by bZIP transcription factors (TFs). However, a comprehensive and systematic investigations regarding the role of bZIP genes and their involvement in ER stress response in pak choi is currently lacking in the existing literature. To address this knowledge gap, the current study was initiated to elucidate the genomic characteristics of bZIP genes, gain insight into their expression patterns during ER stress in pak choi, and investigate the protein-to-protein interaction of bZIP genes with the ER chaperone BiP. In total, 112 members of the BcbZIP genes were identified through a comprehensive genome-wide analysis. Based on an analysis of sequence similarity, gene structure, conserved domains, and responsive motifs, the identified BcbZIP genes were categorized into 10 distinct subfamilies through phylogenetic analysis. Chromosomal location and duplication events provided insight into their genomic context and evolutionary history. Divergence analysis estimated their evolutionary history with a predicted divergence time ranging from 0.73 to 80.71 million years ago (MYA). Promoter regions of the BcbZIP genes were discovered to exhibit a wide variety of cis-elements, including light, hormone, and stress-responsive elements. GO enrichment analysis further confirmed their roles in the ER unfolded protein response (UPR), while co-expression network analysis showed a strong relationship of BcbZIP genes with ER-stress-responsive genes. Moreover, gene expression profiles and protein–protein interaction with ER chaperone BiP further confirmed their roles and capacity to respond to ER stress in pak choi.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140673590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salinity is one of the most significant abiotic stress that affects the growth and development of high-value tree species, including sandalwood, which can also be managed effectively on saline soils with the help of suitable host species. Therefore, the current investigation was conducted to understand the physiological processes and antioxidant mechanisms in sandalwood along the different salinity gradients to explore the host species that could support sandalwood growth in salt-affected agro-ecosystems. Sandalwood seedlings were grown with ten diverse host species with saline water irrigation gradients (ECiw~3, 6, and 9 dS m−1) and control (ECiw~0.82 dS m−1). Experimental findings indicate a decline in the chlorophyll content (13–33%), relative water content (3–23%), photosynthetic (27–61%) and transpiration rate (23–66%), water and osmotic potential (up to 137%), and ion dynamics (up to 61%) with increasing salinity levels. Conversely, the carotenoid content (23–43%), antioxidant activity (up to 285%), and membrane injury (82–205%) were enhanced with increasing salinity stress. Specifically, among the hosts, Dalbergia sissoo and Melia dubia showed a minimum reduction in chlorophyll content, relative water content, and plant water relation and gas exchange parameters of sandalwood plants. Surprisingly, most of the host tree species maintained K+/Na+ of sandalwood up to moderate water salinity of ECiw~6 dS m−1; however, a further increase in water salinity decreased the K+/Na+ ratio of sandalwood by many-fold. Salinity stress also enhanced the antioxidative enzyme activity, although the maximum increase was noted with host plants M. dubia, followed by D. sissoo and Azadirachta indica. Overall, the investigation concluded that sandalwood with the host D. sissoo can be successfully grown in nurseries using saline irrigation water and, with the host M. dubia, it can be grown using good quality irrigation water.
盐度是影响包括檀香在内的高价值树种生长发育的最主要非生物胁迫之一，借助合适的寄主物种，檀香也能在盐碱地上得到有效管理。因此，目前的研究旨在了解檀香在不同盐度梯度下的生理过程和抗氧化机制，以探索能支持檀香在受盐影响的农业生态系统中生长的寄主物种。在盐水灌溉梯度（ECiw~3、6 和 9 dS m-1）和对照（ECiw~0.82 dS m-1）下，檀香幼苗与十种不同的寄主物种共同生长。实验结果表明，随着盐度的增加，叶绿素含量（13-33%）、相对含水量（3-23%）、光合作用（27-61%）和蒸腾速率（23-66%）、水和渗透势（高达 137%）以及离子动力学（高达 61%）均有所下降。相反，类胡萝卜素含量（23-43%）、抗氧化活性（高达 285%）和膜损伤（82-205%）随着盐度胁迫的增加而增强。具体而言，在宿主中，Dalbergia sissoo 和 Melia dubia 对檀香植物叶绿素含量、相对含水量、植物水分关系和气体交换参数的影响最小。令人惊讶的是，在 ECiw~6 dS m-1 的中等水盐度条件下，大多数寄主树种都能保持檀香的 K+/Na+；然而，水盐度的进一步增加会使檀香的 K+/Na+ 比率下降数倍。盐度胁迫也增强了抗氧化酶的活性，但宿主植物 M. dubia 的抗氧化酶活性增幅最大，其次是 D. sissoo 和 Azadirachta indica。总之，调查得出结论，宿主 D. sissoo 的檀香可以在苗圃中使用含盐灌溉水成功生长，而宿主 M. dubia 的檀香则可以使用优质灌溉水生长。
{"title":"Host Plant Modulated Physio-Biochemical Process Enhances Adaptive Response of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) under Salinity Stress","authors":"Kamlesh Verma, Ashwani Kumar, Raj Kumar, Naresh Kumar, Arvind Kumar, Ajay Kumar Bhardwaj, R. Verma, Prashant Sharma","doi":"10.3390/plants13081162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081162","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity is one of the most significant abiotic stress that affects the growth and development of high-value tree species, including sandalwood, which can also be managed effectively on saline soils with the help of suitable host species. Therefore, the current investigation was conducted to understand the physiological processes and antioxidant mechanisms in sandalwood along the different salinity gradients to explore the host species that could support sandalwood growth in salt-affected agro-ecosystems. Sandalwood seedlings were grown with ten diverse host species with saline water irrigation gradients (ECiw~3, 6, and 9 dS m−1) and control (ECiw~0.82 dS m−1). Experimental findings indicate a decline in the chlorophyll content (13–33%), relative water content (3–23%), photosynthetic (27–61%) and transpiration rate (23–66%), water and osmotic potential (up to 137%), and ion dynamics (up to 61%) with increasing salinity levels. Conversely, the carotenoid content (23–43%), antioxidant activity (up to 285%), and membrane injury (82–205%) were enhanced with increasing salinity stress. Specifically, among the hosts, Dalbergia sissoo and Melia dubia showed a minimum reduction in chlorophyll content, relative water content, and plant water relation and gas exchange parameters of sandalwood plants. Surprisingly, most of the host tree species maintained K+/Na+ of sandalwood up to moderate water salinity of ECiw~6 dS m−1; however, a further increase in water salinity decreased the K+/Na+ ratio of sandalwood by many-fold. Salinity stress also enhanced the antioxidative enzyme activity, although the maximum increase was noted with host plants M. dubia, followed by D. sissoo and Azadirachta indica. Overall, the investigation concluded that sandalwood with the host D. sissoo can be successfully grown in nurseries using saline irrigation water and, with the host M. dubia, it can be grown using good quality irrigation water.","PeriodicalId":509472,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":"2 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140674522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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