Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.61671/hos.6.2023.7365
Natia Abashidze, S. Rodinadze
In the presented work, we offer an analysis of the endangered speech of Georgia-Turkey border villages of Adjara, more precisely,lexical signs, which mainly cover the mountainous area of Upper Adjara (Keda, Shuakhevi districts and partially Khelvachauri). There is also a discussion about the definition of language vitality assessment system and criteria, and the necessity of documenting languages and developing a new language policy is emphasized. It is worth noting that the research covers the data collected during the fieldwork of the project LaDyCa (Language dynamics in the Caucasus), as well as existing sources and scientific studies developed by the research center of Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University (BSU).We show that this sector of the Georgian diasystem, still understudied, is rich in linguistic facts and can be defined as a window to the processes of cultural acculturation. The research will also include a brief overview of the Georgian dialect preserved in the Turkish villages near the border of the Adjara region.
{"title":"UNESCO Atlas of Endangered Languages and analysis of the speech of Adjara border villages","authors":"Natia Abashidze, S. Rodinadze","doi":"10.61671/hos.6.2023.7365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61671/hos.6.2023.7365","url":null,"abstract":"In the presented work, we offer an analysis of the endangered speech of Georgia-Turkey border villages of Adjara, more precisely,lexical signs, which mainly cover the mountainous area of Upper Adjara (Keda, Shuakhevi districts and partially Khelvachauri). There is also a discussion about the definition of language vitality assessment system and criteria, and the necessity of documenting languages and developing a new language policy is emphasized. It is worth noting that the research covers the data collected during the fieldwork of the project LaDyCa (Language dynamics in the Caucasus), as well as existing sources and scientific studies developed by the research center of Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University (BSU).We show that this sector of the Georgian diasystem, still understudied, is rich in linguistic facts and can be defined as a window to the processes of cultural acculturation. The research will also include a brief overview of the Georgian dialect preserved in the Turkish villages near the border of the Adjara region.","PeriodicalId":509549,"journal":{"name":"აღმოსავლეთმცოდნეობის მაცნე","volume":"22 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139185197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.61671/hos.6.2023.7367
Harun Cimke
The verb mood conveyance system is different in almost all languages. The article deals with the peculiarity of expressing thesemantics of the necessity of a verb according to the Georgian-Turkish material, in particular, to find out what grammatical means exist to convey the semantics of the necessity of Georgian in Turkish.In general, the category of mood in Georgian is one of the most difficult and controversial issues. There is a difference of opinion inthe scientific literature regarding the number of moods. According to some scientists, a mood is three, according to some - four, some even name five, and in the end up to seven moods. In the grammars of the modern Georgian language, three moods are distinguished: narrative, connective and imperative. The others that could not take place in the language are as follows: demand, prohibition, conditional and consequential.It is interesting to discuss the Georgian-Turkish data regarding the mood category. This time we will talk about the means ofconveying the semantics of necessity in both languages. The number of moods of a verb in Turkish linguistic literature is five. These are: narrative, imperative, obligative, narrative, andrequest-conditional. In Georgian, the verb kilo is not decorated with a grammatical sign, ie kilo has no sign. It is one of the elements of a sequence and is expressed in the form of any sequence, it is mostly considered as a semantic category. In Turkish, all grammatical moods are marked.When conveying the semantics of Georgian necessity, a rather interesting picture is created in Turkish. In particular, in the sentence- "himself - should be considered nobility and the peasant - peasantry" = Turkish. "Beyn bey olduğu, köylünün de köylü olduğu anlaşılmalı". Due to the particle the obligation is expressed in both languages. "This story must mean something, so it must have very beautiful eyes" = Turk. „Bu haberin bir anlamı olmalı, normalde çok güzel gözleri olmalı“. The first proposition is doubtful and the second is speculative. In both cases, Turkish has the same meaning as in Georgian. "What should I be afraid of; What to be ashamed of; What should I want ...! ”= Turk. „Neden korkmalıyım; neden utanmalıyım; ne isteyebilirim?“ Georgian must present an interesting picture when translating the present participle forms into Turkish. "„Korkmalıyım, utanmalıyım“," = Turk. "You can read like that!" - Must also convey the action to be performed even in the particle II conjunction Turkish by means of thenecessary mood signs (-MALI, -MELİ).Comparative analysis of the forms of Georgian-Turkish verb moods clearly shows the common and different sides between the twostructurally different languages. Similarities and differences relate to the relevance of semantic, grammatical and lexical means.
几乎所有语言的动词情态表达系统都不尽相同。本文根据格鲁吉亚语-土耳其语的材料，探讨了表达动词必要性语义的特殊性，尤其是找出用土耳其语表达格鲁吉亚语必要性语义的语法手段。科学文献中对情态的数量存在不同看法。一些科学家认为，一种情绪有三种，一些认为有四种，一些甚至认为有五种，最后最多有七种情绪。在现代格鲁吉亚语语法中，有三种语气：叙述语气、连接语气和命令语气。格鲁吉亚语中不存在的其他语态包括：要求语态、禁止语态、条件语态和结果语态。这次我们将讨论这两种语言中传达必要性语义的方法。 在土耳其语言文献中，动词的语气有五种。它们是：叙述式、命令式、强制式、叙述式和请求条件式。在格鲁吉亚语中，动词 kilo 不带语法符号，即 kilo 没有符号。它是语序的要素之一，可以以任何语序的形式表达，主要被视为一个语义范畴。在土耳其语中，所有的语法情态都有标记。在传达格鲁吉亚语必要性的语义时，土耳其语会产生一幅相当有趣的画面。特别是在句子 "自己--应被视为贵族，农民--应被视为农民"=土耳其语中。"Beyn bey olduğu，köylünün de köylü olduğu anlaşılmalı"。由于使用了微词，两种语言都表达了义务。"这个故事一定有意义，所以它的眼睛一定很漂亮"= 土耳其语。"Bu haberin bir anlamı olmalı, normalde çok güzel gözleri olmalı"。第一个命题值得怀疑，第二个命题则是推测。在这两种情况下，土耳其语的意思与格鲁吉亚语相同。"我应该害怕什么；应该感到羞耻什么；我应该想要什么......！"= 土耳其语"Neden korkmalıyım; neden utanmalıyım; ne isteyebilirim?" = 土耳其语。将现在分词形式翻译成土耳其语时，格鲁吉亚语一定会呈现出一幅有趣的画面。""Korkmalıyım，utanmalıyım"，" = 土耳其语。"你可以这样读！"- 对格鲁吉亚语和土耳其语动词情态形式的比较分析清楚地表明了这两种结构不同的语言之间的共同点和不同点。相同点和不同点都与语义、语法和词汇手段有关。
{"title":"PECULIARITIES OF CONVEYING THE SEMANTICS OF NECESSITY ACCORDING TO THE GEORGIAN-TURKISH MATERIAL","authors":"Harun Cimke","doi":"10.61671/hos.6.2023.7367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61671/hos.6.2023.7367","url":null,"abstract":"The verb mood conveyance system is different in almost all languages. The article deals with the peculiarity of expressing thesemantics of the necessity of a verb according to the Georgian-Turkish material, in particular, to find out what grammatical means exist to convey the semantics of the necessity of Georgian in Turkish.In general, the category of mood in Georgian is one of the most difficult and controversial issues. There is a difference of opinion inthe scientific literature regarding the number of moods. According to some scientists, a mood is three, according to some - four, some even name five, and in the end up to seven moods. In the grammars of the modern Georgian language, three moods are distinguished: narrative, connective and imperative. The others that could not take place in the language are as follows: demand, prohibition, conditional and consequential.It is interesting to discuss the Georgian-Turkish data regarding the mood category. This time we will talk about the means ofconveying the semantics of necessity in both languages. The number of moods of a verb in Turkish linguistic literature is five. These are: narrative, imperative, obligative, narrative, andrequest-conditional. In Georgian, the verb kilo is not decorated with a grammatical sign, ie kilo has no sign. It is one of the elements of a sequence and is expressed in the form of any sequence, it is mostly considered as a semantic category. In Turkish, all grammatical moods are marked.When conveying the semantics of Georgian necessity, a rather interesting picture is created in Turkish. In particular, in the sentence- \"himself - should be considered nobility and the peasant - peasantry\" = Turkish. \"Beyn bey olduğu, köylünün de köylü olduğu anlaşılmalı\". Due to the particle the obligation is expressed in both languages. \"This story must mean something, so it must have very beautiful eyes\" = Turk. „Bu haberin bir anlamı olmalı, normalde çok güzel gözleri olmalı“. The first proposition is doubtful and the second is speculative. In both cases, Turkish has the same meaning as in Georgian. \"What should I be afraid of; What to be ashamed of; What should I want ...! ”= Turk. „Neden korkmalıyım; neden utanmalıyım; ne isteyebilirim?“ Georgian must present an interesting picture when translating the present participle forms into Turkish. \"„Korkmalıyım, utanmalıyım“,\" = Turk. \"You can read like that!\" - Must also convey the action to be performed even in the particle II conjunction Turkish by means of thenecessary mood signs (-MALI, -MELİ).Comparative analysis of the forms of Georgian-Turkish verb moods clearly shows the common and different sides between the twostructurally different languages. Similarities and differences relate to the relevance of semantic, grammatical and lexical means.","PeriodicalId":509549,"journal":{"name":"აღმოსავლეთმცოდნეობის მაცნე","volume":"48 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139185083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.61671/hos.6.2023.7361
Irakli Baramidze
The article discusses the reports of European travelers about Batumi in the late Middle Ages. German (Bavarian) warrior andtraveler Johann (Hans) Schiltberger tells about Batumi in the 20s of the 15th century, who calls Batumi the capital of Samegrelo.An interesting fact is the attack of 200 Burgundian pirates on Batumi in 1445 under the command of the famous knight GeoffreyToyse, a relative of Duke Philip III (1419-1467). The Europeans who came to loot were met here by Gurieli with a detachment of 600people. The captured Toyse was released only at the request of the Emperor of Trebizond.In the 70s of the 15th century, the Venetian merchant and Diplomat Giosafat Barbaro and the Venetian ambassador to the courtof Uzun Hassan - Ambrogio Contarini attributed Batumi to a part of Samegrelo, however, the first one called the head of Samegrelo“Bendiani”, the second – “Gorbola”. Based on the above-mentioned, we think that at the beginning of the 15th century, Batumi was subordinate to the leader of Samegrelo, in the middle of the 40s, Gurieli repulsed the Burgundian pirates in Batumi, which indicates his certain legal status. In the late 1450s, Batumi was part of the Principality of Samtskhe (South Georgia), and in the 1470s it was already part of Sabediano, which was ruled by Bediani, also known as Dadian-Gurieli
{"title":"Batumi in European Sources of the 15th Century","authors":"Irakli Baramidze","doi":"10.61671/hos.6.2023.7361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61671/hos.6.2023.7361","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the reports of European travelers about Batumi in the late Middle Ages. German (Bavarian) warrior andtraveler Johann (Hans) Schiltberger tells about Batumi in the 20s of the 15th century, who calls Batumi the capital of Samegrelo.An interesting fact is the attack of 200 Burgundian pirates on Batumi in 1445 under the command of the famous knight GeoffreyToyse, a relative of Duke Philip III (1419-1467). The Europeans who came to loot were met here by Gurieli with a detachment of 600people. The captured Toyse was released only at the request of the Emperor of Trebizond.In the 70s of the 15th century, the Venetian merchant and Diplomat Giosafat Barbaro and the Venetian ambassador to the courtof Uzun Hassan - Ambrogio Contarini attributed Batumi to a part of Samegrelo, however, the first one called the head of Samegrelo“Bendiani”, the second – “Gorbola”. Based on the above-mentioned, we think that at the beginning of the 15th century, Batumi was subordinate to the leader of Samegrelo, in the middle of the 40s, Gurieli repulsed the Burgundian pirates in Batumi, which indicates his certain legal status. In the late 1450s, Batumi was part of the Principality of Samtskhe (South Georgia), and in the 1470s it was already part of Sabediano, which was ruled by Bediani, also known as Dadian-Gurieli","PeriodicalId":509549,"journal":{"name":"აღმოსავლეთმცოდნეობის მაცნე","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139185157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.61671/hos.6.2023.7369
Guram Chkhatarashvili, Valery Manko, M. Khalvashi
The article provides a comprehensive account of two significant prehistoric archaeological sites located in Adjara - Kobuleti village and Khutsubani, including their history, modern investigations, and findings. The authors highlight that bone remains were not uncovered during the excavation of Stone Age archaeological sites due to the soil'speculiarities. These remains could have shed light on the hunting environment of that era. Stone artifacts provide insight into the lives of ancient hunter-gatherers in our regionThus, a thorough examination of the stone industry is very important. According to this analysis the authors, a fascinating conclusion is drawn regarding the origins of the Western Transcaucasia stone industry. During the early Holocene era, a new method of stone processing and various types of tools emerged within the aforementioned region. This innovative approach was originally developed in the territory of Iran and Iraq. It's a Mlefaatien culture, which comprises of many significant sites. After conducting a techno-typological analysis of the stone complex, it is believed that hand pressure techniques, backed microblades, Kashkashok side-blow blade-flakes, grooved tools etc. emerged in Western Georgia result of the great migration process from Middle East in the beginning of the 10th millennia BC. This view is supported by the complete range of precise dates, which accurately reflect the migrations ways and times of the early migrants. Additional inquiries in this field, conducted in the future, will undoubtedly uncover even more fascinating insights.
{"title":"The Caucasus and the Middle East in the early Holocene (According to recent archaeological research)","authors":"Guram Chkhatarashvili, Valery Manko, M. Khalvashi","doi":"10.61671/hos.6.2023.7369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61671/hos.6.2023.7369","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides a comprehensive account of two significant prehistoric archaeological sites located in Adjara - Kobuleti village and Khutsubani, including their history, modern investigations, and findings. The authors highlight that bone remains were not uncovered during the excavation of Stone Age archaeological sites due to the soil'speculiarities. These remains could have shed light on the hunting environment of that era. Stone artifacts provide insight into the lives of ancient hunter-gatherers in our regionThus, a thorough examination of the stone industry is very important. According to this analysis the authors, a fascinating conclusion is drawn regarding the origins of the Western Transcaucasia stone industry. During the early Holocene era, a new method of stone processing and various types of tools emerged within the aforementioned region. This innovative approach was originally developed in the territory of Iran and Iraq. It's a Mlefaatien culture, which comprises of many significant sites. After conducting a techno-typological analysis of the stone complex, it is believed that hand pressure techniques, backed microblades, Kashkashok side-blow blade-flakes, grooved tools etc. emerged in Western Georgia result of the great migration process from Middle East in the beginning of the 10th millennia BC. This view is supported by the complete range of precise dates, which accurately reflect the migrations ways and times of the early migrants. Additional inquiries in this field, conducted in the future, will undoubtedly uncover even more fascinating insights.","PeriodicalId":509549,"journal":{"name":"აღმოსავლეთმცოდნეობის მაცნე","volume":"35 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139185191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.61671/hos.6.2023.7363
Zeinab Akhvlediani
Following English as the first foreign language among optional subjects, the study of a second foreign language has become morecommon. If until now, when choosing a second foreign language, preference was given to European languages, then in recent years, based on the established relations between Turkey and Georgia, the choice of Turkish as a second language has taken a priority place.Learning a language is a complex and multifaceted process. Making mistakes in language learning is an integral and natural part ofthis process. The reasons for the errors may vary; this can be caused by the influence of the native or any foreign language, as well as the wrong direction of the learning process. As the survey has shown, despite the modern possibilities of learning a language, which is a serious alternative to the old grammatical-translational approach to language learning, a number of problems remain unresolved, which seem to be an obstacle to communication in a foreign language.The subject of the research is a discussion of the most common mistakes made by Georgians when learning Turkish as a second language among optional subjects, and focusing on possible ways to eliminate them based on a questionnaire, in the light of modern opportunities for learning the language and the practical application of the acquired knowledge. A2, i.e. elementary level, has been chosen as the target level of the study, and it involved 26 university students, who do not specialize in Turkish language and literature, but study Turkish as a second language in optional subjects. A clear picture of common mistakes revealed by a questionnaire survey poses the following task for us: when learning a language, first of all, along with other environmental learning factors, it is necessary to oppose and contrast native and foreign languages. Language learning should take place on the basis of a comparison between the native and target languages, with special attention and emphasis on grammatical and lexical factors and expected errors, which are associated with the influence of the native language, deeply imprinted in the mind.
{"title":"Common mistakes made by Georgians when learningTurkish as a second foreign language, and ways to eliminate them","authors":"Zeinab Akhvlediani","doi":"10.61671/hos.6.2023.7363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61671/hos.6.2023.7363","url":null,"abstract":"Following English as the first foreign language among optional subjects, the study of a second foreign language has become morecommon. If until now, when choosing a second foreign language, preference was given to European languages, then in recent years, based on the established relations between Turkey and Georgia, the choice of Turkish as a second language has taken a priority place.Learning a language is a complex and multifaceted process. Making mistakes in language learning is an integral and natural part ofthis process. The reasons for the errors may vary; this can be caused by the influence of the native or any foreign language, as well as the wrong direction of the learning process. As the survey has shown, despite the modern possibilities of learning a language, which is a serious alternative to the old grammatical-translational approach to language learning, a number of problems remain unresolved, which seem to be an obstacle to communication in a foreign language.The subject of the research is a discussion of the most common mistakes made by Georgians when learning Turkish as a second language among optional subjects, and focusing on possible ways to eliminate them based on a questionnaire, in the light of modern opportunities for learning the language and the practical application of the acquired knowledge. A2, i.e. elementary level, has been chosen as the target level of the study, and it involved 26 university students, who do not specialize in Turkish language and literature, but study Turkish as a second language in optional subjects. A clear picture of common mistakes revealed by a questionnaire survey poses the following task for us: when learning a language, first of all, along with other environmental learning factors, it is necessary to oppose and contrast native and foreign languages. Language learning should take place on the basis of a comparison between the native and target languages, with special attention and emphasis on grammatical and lexical factors and expected errors, which are associated with the influence of the native language, deeply imprinted in the mind.","PeriodicalId":509549,"journal":{"name":"აღმოსავლეთმცოდნეობის მაცნე","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139184986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.61671/hos.6.2023.7353
Zaza Shashikadze
There is limited historical information available about Batumi's early history prior to the 19th century in Georgian sources. Therefore, the Ottoman archival materials preserved in the archives and libraries of the Republic of Turkey play a crucial role in bridging this informational gap.Among the valuable records stored in the archives, there is an extensive log dedicated to Batumi, cataloged under code 122 withinthe Main Archive of the Department of Land and Cadastre in Ankara. This document, yet to be introduced into scholarly discourse, holds significant importance for unraveling the history of Batumi and its surrounding region.Page B of this document contains a detailed text dating back to September 1704, offering intriguing insights into Batumi and theneighboring villages. It mentions that this area was part of the Gurieli kingdom until a relatively recent period. This reference is instrumental in pinpointing the timing of Batumi's incorporation into the Ottoman Empire, as historical literature has offered differing opinions on this matter. While some scholars believed Batumi became part of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-16th century, others asserted it was in 1703. The historical source provided supports the latter perspective, indicating that Batumi and its adjacent villages were ultimately annexed by the Ottoman Empire in the early 18th century, leading to the establishment of Batumi as an administrative center.According to the documents we have analyzed, during this specific era, the boundaries of the Liva of Batumi extended to thewestern coast of the Black Sea and encompassed the territories of Atina (known today as Pazar). This document offers a comprehensive description of the region, allowing for multidimensional exploration of the period, including aspects such as socio-economic dynamics, political developments, ethnic composition, religious influences, demographic changes, and more.
{"title":"The final seizure of Batumi and the establishment of Ottoman administrative authority","authors":"Zaza Shashikadze","doi":"10.61671/hos.6.2023.7353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61671/hos.6.2023.7353","url":null,"abstract":"There is limited historical information available about Batumi's early history prior to the 19th century in Georgian sources. Therefore, the Ottoman archival materials preserved in the archives and libraries of the Republic of Turkey play a crucial role in bridging this informational gap.Among the valuable records stored in the archives, there is an extensive log dedicated to Batumi, cataloged under code 122 withinthe Main Archive of the Department of Land and Cadastre in Ankara. This document, yet to be introduced into scholarly discourse, holds significant importance for unraveling the history of Batumi and its surrounding region.Page B of this document contains a detailed text dating back to September 1704, offering intriguing insights into Batumi and theneighboring villages. It mentions that this area was part of the Gurieli kingdom until a relatively recent period. This reference is instrumental in pinpointing the timing of Batumi's incorporation into the Ottoman Empire, as historical literature has offered differing opinions on this matter. While some scholars believed Batumi became part of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-16th century, others asserted it was in 1703. The historical source provided supports the latter perspective, indicating that Batumi and its adjacent villages were ultimately annexed by the Ottoman Empire in the early 18th century, leading to the establishment of Batumi as an administrative center.According to the documents we have analyzed, during this specific era, the boundaries of the Liva of Batumi extended to thewestern coast of the Black Sea and encompassed the territories of Atina (known today as Pazar). This document offers a comprehensive description of the region, allowing for multidimensional exploration of the period, including aspects such as socio-economic dynamics, political developments, ethnic composition, religious influences, demographic changes, and more.","PeriodicalId":509549,"journal":{"name":"აღმოსავლეთმცოდნეობის მაცნე","volume":"49 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139185188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.61671/hos.6.2023.7362
Eter Gviniashvili, George Narimanishvili
The objective of the present article is to study the inscription of the milestone of the 1st century of Hegira, discovered in Seid-abadi.Our research is based on the materials available in the archives of Prof. Tsisia Kakhiani and analysis of other milestones found in the Near East.It is noteworthy that this monument is one of the most ancient of the Arabic inscriptions of Georgia. The archives of Prof. TsisiaKakhiani contain several notes regarding the milestone. As is known, erection of milestones and construction of roads were related to the organized planning of the postal service, whichserved the interests of the Caliphate rule.According to V. Krachkovskaya, on the basis of the handwriting and content of the milestone found in Tbilisi, it can be dated to100/718-719, maybe, to the 80s, and this inscription is undoubtedly one of the oldest in the South Caucasus that has reached us.Discovery of a milestone in the given period near Tbilisi must indicate that the capital of Kartli was included in the trade network ofthe Caliphate and was situated on a significant arterial road.
{"title":"Inscription of the Milestone Discovered in Seid-Abadi Dated to the 1st century of Hegira","authors":"Eter Gviniashvili, George Narimanishvili","doi":"10.61671/hos.6.2023.7362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61671/hos.6.2023.7362","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present article is to study the inscription of the milestone of the 1st century of Hegira, discovered in Seid-abadi.Our research is based on the materials available in the archives of Prof. Tsisia Kakhiani and analysis of other milestones found in the Near East.It is noteworthy that this monument is one of the most ancient of the Arabic inscriptions of Georgia. The archives of Prof. TsisiaKakhiani contain several notes regarding the milestone. As is known, erection of milestones and construction of roads were related to the organized planning of the postal service, whichserved the interests of the Caliphate rule.According to V. Krachkovskaya, on the basis of the handwriting and content of the milestone found in Tbilisi, it can be dated to100/718-719, maybe, to the 80s, and this inscription is undoubtedly one of the oldest in the South Caucasus that has reached us.Discovery of a milestone in the given period near Tbilisi must indicate that the capital of Kartli was included in the trade network ofthe Caliphate and was situated on a significant arterial road.","PeriodicalId":509549,"journal":{"name":"აღმოსავლეთმცოდნეობის მაცნე","volume":"38 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139184868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.61671/hos.6.2023.7370
Irine Varshalomidze, Andria Rogava
The objective of this study is to identify and describe randomly discovered silver coins in 2013 and 2023 along the eastern Black Seacoast, specifically in the Guria region. The focus will be on the villages of Kvavilnari and Supsa within the Lanchkhuti municipality. The research aims to determine various attributes of these coins, including their country of origin, city, emission years, and metrological parameters. Additionally, the study will explore the existence of parallel materials and investigate the reasons and methods contributing to the circulation of these coins within the specified research area.Following the conducted research, it was established that the discovered coins in Kvavilnari and Supsa represent Roman emperors from the following periods: drachmas with the names of Septimius Severus (193-211) - 3 coins, Julia Domna (†217) - 3 coins, Geta (209-211) - 2 coins, Caracalla (198-217) - 2 coins, and Fulvia Plautilla (202/5-211) - 1. Additionally, a Denarius of Septimius Severus (1 unit) was found in Supsa. Historically, Colchis was a part of the province of Cappadocia, and Roman forts along the eastern Black Sea coast often had garrisons transferred from this region. The political circumstances were accompanied by corresponding economic relations. Drachmas minted in Caesarea were widely circulated in Western Georgia during Roman times, serving as the primary means of exchange.In the study of coins, the paramount consideration is the examination of the discovery site. The area of Supsa-Ureki has yieldedRoman coins in the past. In 1942, during earthworks in Ureki, a Roman aureus, its replica, and several Caesarean drachmas were uncovered. Subsequently, in 1949, the same location revealed Cappadocian treasures, both accidentally and during archaeological excavations. The presence of Caesarian and Roman coins at the research site is associated with the Roman garrison stationed in Tsikhisdziri and Poti. Some scholars suggest that Septimius Severus established a garrison in the village of Moedani within the Lanchkhuti municipality. In such a scenario, the discovery of Roman coins in Kvavilnari and Supsa is considered natural and does not necessitate special commentary. The numismatic artifacts examined align seamlessly with the established patterns of coin circulation in Colchis. The unearthing of these coins underscores the imperative for archaeological investigations at the research points.
{"title":"Roman Coins from Supsa-Kvavilnari (Lanchkhuti Municipality, Guria)","authors":"Irine Varshalomidze, Andria Rogava","doi":"10.61671/hos.6.2023.7370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61671/hos.6.2023.7370","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to identify and describe randomly discovered silver coins in 2013 and 2023 along the eastern Black Seacoast, specifically in the Guria region. The focus will be on the villages of Kvavilnari and Supsa within the Lanchkhuti municipality. The research aims to determine various attributes of these coins, including their country of origin, city, emission years, and metrological parameters. Additionally, the study will explore the existence of parallel materials and investigate the reasons and methods contributing to the circulation of these coins within the specified research area.Following the conducted research, it was established that the discovered coins in Kvavilnari and Supsa represent Roman emperors from the following periods: drachmas with the names of Septimius Severus (193-211) - 3 coins, Julia Domna (†217) - 3 coins, Geta (209-211) - 2 coins, Caracalla (198-217) - 2 coins, and Fulvia Plautilla (202/5-211) - 1. Additionally, a Denarius of Septimius Severus (1 unit) was found in Supsa. Historically, Colchis was a part of the province of Cappadocia, and Roman forts along the eastern Black Sea coast often had garrisons transferred from this region. The political circumstances were accompanied by corresponding economic relations. Drachmas minted in Caesarea were widely circulated in Western Georgia during Roman times, serving as the primary means of exchange.In the study of coins, the paramount consideration is the examination of the discovery site. The area of Supsa-Ureki has yieldedRoman coins in the past. In 1942, during earthworks in Ureki, a Roman aureus, its replica, and several Caesarean drachmas were uncovered. Subsequently, in 1949, the same location revealed Cappadocian treasures, both accidentally and during archaeological excavations. The presence of Caesarian and Roman coins at the research site is associated with the Roman garrison stationed in Tsikhisdziri and Poti. Some scholars suggest that Septimius Severus established a garrison in the village of Moedani within the Lanchkhuti municipality. In such a scenario, the discovery of Roman coins in Kvavilnari and Supsa is considered natural and does not necessitate special commentary. The numismatic artifacts examined align seamlessly with the established patterns of coin circulation in Colchis. The unearthing of these coins underscores the imperative for archaeological investigations at the research points.","PeriodicalId":509549,"journal":{"name":"აღმოსავლეთმცოდნეობის მაცნე","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139185119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.61671/hos.6.2023.7357
Bukhuti Sitchinava
Kurdology, as an independent scientific discipline, has a long history, which is confirmed by a large number of scientific workscreated by various scientists and researchers in different periods. Georgian Kurdology, which also has its’ own long-standing tradition, originates from the period of the Soviet Union. It was during this period that many important works were created by different authors. It is noteworthy that the works of Albert Menteshashvili, who took Kurdology to a new level, have a special place in this regard. The monographic studies and separate scientific articles created by him still occupy a prominent place in Kurdish studies.On the one hand, the present article is an attempt to present the knowledge accumulated in the field of Kurdology during SovietGeorgia, while on the other hand, it aims to provide information about researchers working on Kurdish issues and the results of their scientific works, as well as challenges and problems facing Kurdology in Georgia, to persons interested in the topic. Within the scope of this research, it was outlined that modern Kurdish research in Georgia covers issues beyond the topics of the history of Kurdish people, culture, language or religion. This is also proven by the dissertations from 2020 and 2023, where the authors of corresponding research analyze the Kurdish issue in the prism of political and legal aspects. This indicates that Kurdish studies in Georgia have started to master a new scientific area and thus further expanded the scope of the interdisciplinary approach that existed before.
{"title":"Kurdology: Successes and Challenges on the Example of Georgia","authors":"Bukhuti Sitchinava","doi":"10.61671/hos.6.2023.7357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61671/hos.6.2023.7357","url":null,"abstract":"Kurdology, as an independent scientific discipline, has a long history, which is confirmed by a large number of scientific workscreated by various scientists and researchers in different periods. Georgian Kurdology, which also has its’ own long-standing tradition, originates from the period of the Soviet Union. It was during this period that many important works were created by different authors. It is noteworthy that the works of Albert Menteshashvili, who took Kurdology to a new level, have a special place in this regard. The monographic studies and separate scientific articles created by him still occupy a prominent place in Kurdish studies.On the one hand, the present article is an attempt to present the knowledge accumulated in the field of Kurdology during SovietGeorgia, while on the other hand, it aims to provide information about researchers working on Kurdish issues and the results of their scientific works, as well as challenges and problems facing Kurdology in Georgia, to persons interested in the topic. Within the scope of this research, it was outlined that modern Kurdish research in Georgia covers issues beyond the topics of the history of Kurdish people, culture, language or religion. This is also proven by the dissertations from 2020 and 2023, where the authors of corresponding research analyze the Kurdish issue in the prism of political and legal aspects. This indicates that Kurdish studies in Georgia have started to master a new scientific area and thus further expanded the scope of the interdisciplinary approach that existed before.","PeriodicalId":509549,"journal":{"name":"აღმოსავლეთმცოდნეობის მაცნე","volume":"33 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139185215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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