In irrigation agriculture, predicting groundwater level (GWL) using deep learning models can help decision-makers coordinate surface water and groundwater usage, thus aiding in the sustainable development and utilization of groundwater. However, when making a long sequence prediction, prediction sequences often have severe delays affecting the availability of prediction results. In this paper, a new loss function is proposed to minimize the lag and oversmoothing on the prediction of GWLs. GWL, meteorology, and pumping data are collected via an irrigation Internet of Things system in Hutubi County, Xinjiang. Through Pearson's correlation analysis, historical potential evapotranspiration (ET0), groundwater extraction, and GWL were chosen to predict GWLs. Datasets were constructed through the proposed spatiotemporal data fusion method; then, the best model from the six deep learning models was selected by comparing the prediction capability of the datasets. Finally, the mean-squared error (MSE) loss function is replaced by the proposed loss function. Compared to the mean absolute error, MSE, and predicted sequence graphs, the new loss function significantly depresses the time delay with similar prediction accuracy.
{"title":"Deep learning models for groundwater level prediction based on delay penalty","authors":"Chenjia Zhang, Tianxin Xu, Yan Zhang, Daokun Ma","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In irrigation agriculture, predicting groundwater level (GWL) using deep learning models can help decision-makers coordinate surface water and groundwater usage, thus aiding in the sustainable development and utilization of groundwater. However, when making a long sequence prediction, prediction sequences often have severe delays affecting the availability of prediction results. In this paper, a new loss function is proposed to minimize the lag and oversmoothing on the prediction of GWLs. GWL, meteorology, and pumping data are collected via an irrigation Internet of Things system in Hutubi County, Xinjiang. Through Pearson's correlation analysis, historical potential evapotranspiration (ET0), groundwater extraction, and GWL were chosen to predict GWLs. Datasets were constructed through the proposed spatiotemporal data fusion method; then, the best model from the six deep learning models was selected by comparing the prediction capability of the datasets. Finally, the mean-squared error (MSE) loss function is replaced by the proposed loss function. Compared to the mean absolute error, MSE, and predicted sequence graphs, the new loss function significantly depresses the time delay with similar prediction accuracy.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139613071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abelkassim Aminu Beshir, Daniel Reddythota, Esayas Alemayehu
In developing countries like Ethiopia, ensuring the sustainability of water supply systems is a significant challenge. To achieve the sustainable development goal 6 of providing clean water to people worldwide, understanding customer perceptions and satisfaction is crucial. This study conducted questionnaire surveys and interviews with key stakeholders in Adama town to assess customer satisfaction and service quality dimensions. Of 435 participants, 275 (63.22%) were females and 160 (36.78%) were males. The analysis revealed that all dimensions of service quality significantly affected customer satisfaction at a 5% level of significance. Specifically, tangibility, responsiveness, and assurance had a highly significant effect on customer satisfaction (p = 0.001). However, reliability, tangibility, and responsiveness scored below 50% in the overall Customer Satisfaction Index, indicating customer dissatisfaction. On the other hand, assurance and empathy scored above or equal to 50%, suggesting satisfactory levels of customer satisfaction. The study highlighted the importance of addressing Adama's pressure and billing problems to improve the empathy dimension. Enhancing services in these areas would contribute to overall customer satisfaction. The findings of this study are valuable for appropriate municipal service planning and management, facilitating service enhancement and cost recovery efforts.
{"title":"Assessment of customer satisfaction with the water supply system in low-income countries: a case of Adama City, Ethiopia","authors":"Abelkassim Aminu Beshir, Daniel Reddythota, Esayas Alemayehu","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 In developing countries like Ethiopia, ensuring the sustainability of water supply systems is a significant challenge. To achieve the sustainable development goal 6 of providing clean water to people worldwide, understanding customer perceptions and satisfaction is crucial. This study conducted questionnaire surveys and interviews with key stakeholders in Adama town to assess customer satisfaction and service quality dimensions. Of 435 participants, 275 (63.22%) were females and 160 (36.78%) were males. The analysis revealed that all dimensions of service quality significantly affected customer satisfaction at a 5% level of significance. Specifically, tangibility, responsiveness, and assurance had a highly significant effect on customer satisfaction (p = 0.001). However, reliability, tangibility, and responsiveness scored below 50% in the overall Customer Satisfaction Index, indicating customer dissatisfaction. On the other hand, assurance and empathy scored above or equal to 50%, suggesting satisfactory levels of customer satisfaction. The study highlighted the importance of addressing Adama's pressure and billing problems to improve the empathy dimension. Enhancing services in these areas would contribute to overall customer satisfaction. The findings of this study are valuable for appropriate municipal service planning and management, facilitating service enhancement and cost recovery efforts.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139615891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naphthalene (NAP) was chosen as a target contaminant due to its increasing environmental concern in this work. Using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nano-calcium peroxide (nCP), peroxydisulfate (PDS), and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) as oxidants activated by Fe(II)-citric acid (CA) in aqueous solution, 92.8, 95.0, 97.5, and 99.9% of NAP were removed, respectively, in which CA could significantly enhance NAP degradation. HO• was demonstrated to be the major radical responsible for NAP removal in H2O2/Fe(II)/CA and nCP/Fe(II)/CA processes; both HO• and SO4•− were major radicals in PDS/Fe(II)/CA process, whereas SO4•− was the sole dominant radical in PMS/Fe(II)/CA process. The impacts of water matrices (anions, natural organic matters, and surfactants) and initial solution pH on NAP removal as well as the practicalities of these four systems in groundwater were explored. The efficient NAP degradation of nCP/Fe(II)/CA and PMS/Fe(II)/CA processes in the actual groundwater indicated that these two systems have great potential and advantages in the remediation of NAP-contaminated groundwater.
由于萘（NAP）对环境的影响日益严重，本研究选择萘作为目标污染物。以过氧化氢（H2O2）、纳米过氧化钙（nCP）、过氧化二硫酸盐（PDS）和过氧化单硫酸盐（PMS）为氧化剂，经铁（II）-柠檬酸（CA）在水溶液中活化，NAP的去除率分别为92.8%、95.0%、97.5%和99.9%，其中CA能显著增强NAP的降解。在H2O2/Fe(II)/CA和nCP/Fe(II)/CA过程中，HO-是去除NAP的主要自由基；在PDS/Fe(II)/CA过程中，HO-和SO4-都是主要自由基，而在PMS/Fe(II)/CA过程中，SO4-是唯一的主要自由基。研究还探讨了水基质（阴离子、天然有机物和表面活性剂）和初始溶液 pH 对 NAP 去除的影响，以及这四种体系在地下水中的实用性。在实际地下水中，nCP/Fe(II)/CA 和 PMS/Fe(II)/CA 工艺对 NAP 的高效降解表明，这两种工艺在修复受 NAP 污染的地下水方面具有巨大的潜力和优势。
{"title":"Comparison of naphthalene degradation by hydrogen peroxide, nano-calcium peroxide, peroxydisulfate, and peroxymonosulfate in the Fe(II)-citric acid catalytic environments","authors":"Ruzhuang Zhang, Xingbin Fang, Yulong Liu, Ming Li, Guilu Zeng, Rumin Yang, Yiqin Qiu, Shuguang Lyu","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Naphthalene (NAP) was chosen as a target contaminant due to its increasing environmental concern in this work. Using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nano-calcium peroxide (nCP), peroxydisulfate (PDS), and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) as oxidants activated by Fe(II)-citric acid (CA) in aqueous solution, 92.8, 95.0, 97.5, and 99.9% of NAP were removed, respectively, in which CA could significantly enhance NAP degradation. HO• was demonstrated to be the major radical responsible for NAP removal in H2O2/Fe(II)/CA and nCP/Fe(II)/CA processes; both HO• and SO4•− were major radicals in PDS/Fe(II)/CA process, whereas SO4•− was the sole dominant radical in PMS/Fe(II)/CA process. The impacts of water matrices (anions, natural organic matters, and surfactants) and initial solution pH on NAP removal as well as the practicalities of these four systems in groundwater were explored. The efficient NAP degradation of nCP/Fe(II)/CA and PMS/Fe(II)/CA processes in the actual groundwater indicated that these two systems have great potential and advantages in the remediation of NAP-contaminated groundwater.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139526693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hui Ye, Libin Chen, K. Zou, Wenqi Wu, Ruming Dan, Yiran Wang
Traditional methods for water quality assessment often overlook the uncertainty of water quality data during the sample collection process, leading to limitations in their application. Therefore, this study combines the comprehensive water quality index (CWQI) method and the improved CWQI method based on CRITIC with the Monte Carlo method to evaluate the water quality in the Weishui Reservoir watershed. The results indicate that (1) there is a noticeable difference in water quality between the Shaxiping and Dayanzui sampling points. The water quality at the Shaxiping sampling point is excellent, with a water quality classification of Class I. In contrast, the water quality at the Dayanzui sampling point is comparatively poorer, with an average water quality classification of Class III. (2) Sensitivity analysis shows that TN, NH4+-N, and TP are more sensitive than other indicators, suggesting that they are the primary factors influencing the evaluation results. (3) Compared to the traditional CWQI method, combining the CRITIC-based improved CWQI method with the Monte Carlo method is more scientifically rigorous. It considers the variety of evaluation indicators, allocates weights rationally, and provides evaluation results that align better with seasonal variations, resulting in higher discriminative power.
传统的水质评价方法往往忽视了水样采集过程中水质数据的不确定性，导致其应用受到限制。因此，本研究将水质综合指数法（CWQI）和基于 CRITIC 的改进 CWQI 法与蒙特卡罗法相结合，对渭水水库流域水质进行了评价。结果表明：(1) 沙溪坪采样点和大岩嘴采样点的水质存在明显差异。沙溪坪采样点的水质为优，水质级别为 I 类；而大岩嘴采样点的水质相对较差，平均水质级别为 III 类。(2) 敏感性分析表明，TN、NH4+-N 和 TP 比其他指标更敏感，表明它们是影响评价结果的主要因素。(3) 与传统的 CWQI 方法相比，基于 CRITIC 的改进 CWQI 方法与 Monte Carlo 方法相结合，更加科学严谨。它考虑了评价指标的多样性，合理分配权重，提供的评价结果更符合季节变化，从而具有更高的判别能力。
{"title":"Coupling Monte Carlo simulation with CRITIC-enhanced water quality assessment for the Weishui Reservoir","authors":"Hui Ye, Libin Chen, K. Zou, Wenqi Wu, Ruming Dan, Yiran Wang","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Traditional methods for water quality assessment often overlook the uncertainty of water quality data during the sample collection process, leading to limitations in their application. Therefore, this study combines the comprehensive water quality index (CWQI) method and the improved CWQI method based on CRITIC with the Monte Carlo method to evaluate the water quality in the Weishui Reservoir watershed. The results indicate that (1) there is a noticeable difference in water quality between the Shaxiping and Dayanzui sampling points. The water quality at the Shaxiping sampling point is excellent, with a water quality classification of Class I. In contrast, the water quality at the Dayanzui sampling point is comparatively poorer, with an average water quality classification of Class III. (2) Sensitivity analysis shows that TN, NH4+-N, and TP are more sensitive than other indicators, suggesting that they are the primary factors influencing the evaluation results. (3) Compared to the traditional CWQI method, combining the CRITIC-based improved CWQI method with the Monte Carlo method is more scientifically rigorous. It considers the variety of evaluation indicators, allocates weights rationally, and provides evaluation results that align better with seasonal variations, resulting in higher discriminative power.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139617872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Access to clean and safe drinking water is a significant challenge for individuals residing in suburban and remote regions of Pakistan. This study aimed to design, fabricate, and test a multi-effect solar still with four U-shaped condensing stages as a low-cost solution to this problem. The solar still was evaluated for its efficacy in removing common pollutants found in contaminated water sources. The results revealed an impressive 99% efficacy in eliminating various water pollutants, including conductivity, total hardness, pH, fluoride, and nitrate using the solar still. Water quality tests conducted for conductivity, total hardness, pH, fluoride, and nitrate revealed complete elimination of these parameters in most samples. Microbiological pollutants were also assessed through the presence/absence tests for fecal coliform and Escherichia coli, showing no presence in the distillate. In addition, the solar still effectively removed organic parameters, including alachlor, lindane, and endrin, within acceptable international standards. Thus, the proposed solar still has the potential to serve as an alternate method for producing safe drinking water in areas where access to clean potable water is limited. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers and researchers interested in addressing water scarcity in remote and suburban areas of Pakistan.
对于居住在巴基斯坦郊区和偏远地区的居民来说，获得清洁安全的饮用水是一项重大挑战。本研究旨在设计、制造和测试一种具有四个 U 形冷凝级的多效太阳能蒸馏器，作为解决这一问题的低成本方案。对太阳能蒸馏器去除受污染水源中常见污染物的功效进行了评估。结果表明，使用太阳能蒸馏器去除各种水污染物（包括电导率、总硬度、pH 值、氟化物和硝酸盐）的效率高达 99%，令人印象深刻。对电导率、总硬度、pH 值、氟化物和硝酸盐进行的水质测试表明，大多数样本中的这些参数都已完全消除。微生物污染物也通过粪大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌的存在/不存在测试进行了评估，结果显示蒸馏水中不存在微生物污染物。此外，太阳能蒸馏器还有效地去除了有机参数，包括甲草胺、林丹和异狄氏剂，均在可接受的国际标准范围内。因此，拟议的太阳能蒸馏器有可能成为在清洁饮用水供应有限的地区生产安全饮用水的替代方法。这项研究的结果为有志于解决巴基斯坦偏远和郊区缺水问题的决策者和研究人员提供了宝贵的见解。
{"title":"A potential solution for clean water supply: multi-effect solar still and water quality analysis","authors":"Akhlaq Ahmad, Zahid Mahmood Khan, H. Farid","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Access to clean and safe drinking water is a significant challenge for individuals residing in suburban and remote regions of Pakistan. This study aimed to design, fabricate, and test a multi-effect solar still with four U-shaped condensing stages as a low-cost solution to this problem. The solar still was evaluated for its efficacy in removing common pollutants found in contaminated water sources. The results revealed an impressive 99% efficacy in eliminating various water pollutants, including conductivity, total hardness, pH, fluoride, and nitrate using the solar still. Water quality tests conducted for conductivity, total hardness, pH, fluoride, and nitrate revealed complete elimination of these parameters in most samples. Microbiological pollutants were also assessed through the presence/absence tests for fecal coliform and Escherichia coli, showing no presence in the distillate. In addition, the solar still effectively removed organic parameters, including alachlor, lindane, and endrin, within acceptable international standards. Thus, the proposed solar still has the potential to serve as an alternate method for producing safe drinking water in areas where access to clean potable water is limited. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers and researchers interested in addressing water scarcity in remote and suburban areas of Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139620271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water stress is a major factor affecting the productivity of citrus. Conservation and efficient use of rainfall–runoff may be an option for sustainable citriculture in water-scarce regions. A study, therefore, was conducted to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of rainwater management strategies in citrus orchards of a water-scarce region of central India. The following three management strategies, namely (1) a continuous trench between plant rows (CTPR), (2) CTPR + rain water harvesting tank (RWHT)-based surface irrigation (IS), and (3) CTPR + RWHT-based solar-powered drip irrigation (ISD) were compared with rain-fed treatment (RFT) in citrus. Annually, CTPR + RWHT-based ISD conserved 4,556 m3 water ha−1, and resulted in higher fruit yield (219%), water productivity (85%), net profit (298%), net economic water productivity (130%), sustainable yield index (49%) and energy use efficiency (87%) compared with the RFT (fruit yield, 7.14 t ha−1; water productivity, 1.88 kg m−3; net profit, INR 59,704 ha−1; net economic water productivity, INR 15.75 m−3; sustainable yield index, 0.59; energy use efficiency,1.02 MJt−1) in citrus. The water balance of WHT indicated that 47% of harvested water could be utilized for irrigation in orchards. Overall, efficient rainwater management is suggested for citrus cultivation in water-scarce regions.
{"title":"Rainwater harvesting and its efficient utilization in mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) orchards under a dry sub-humid tropical climate","authors":"Pravukalyan Panigrahi","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Water stress is a major factor affecting the productivity of citrus. Conservation and efficient use of rainfall–runoff may be an option for sustainable citriculture in water-scarce regions. A study, therefore, was conducted to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of rainwater management strategies in citrus orchards of a water-scarce region of central India. The following three management strategies, namely (1) a continuous trench between plant rows (CTPR), (2) CTPR + rain water harvesting tank (RWHT)-based surface irrigation (IS), and (3) CTPR + RWHT-based solar-powered drip irrigation (ISD) were compared with rain-fed treatment (RFT) in citrus. Annually, CTPR + RWHT-based ISD conserved 4,556 m3 water ha−1, and resulted in higher fruit yield (219%), water productivity (85%), net profit (298%), net economic water productivity (130%), sustainable yield index (49%) and energy use efficiency (87%) compared with the RFT (fruit yield, 7.14 t ha−1; water productivity, 1.88 kg m−3; net profit, INR 59,704 ha−1; net economic water productivity, INR 15.75 m−3; sustainable yield index, 0.59; energy use efficiency,1.02 MJt−1) in citrus. The water balance of WHT indicated that 47% of harvested water could be utilized for irrigation in orchards. Overall, efficient rainwater management is suggested for citrus cultivation in water-scarce regions.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139618685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. R. Badr, Elmahdy M. Elmahdy, Mohamed Nasr Fathy Shaheen
Human Adenovirus (HAdV) and Human Bocavirus (HBoV) are frequently found in different water sources throughout the year. Due to their health impact on humans, continuous monitoring of these viruses is one of the important tools to evaluate their circulation within the society. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of HAdV and HBoV in different environmental samples collected from the western Nile Delta of Egypt. A total of 264 samples were collected from treated and untreated sewage samples (48), sewage sludge samples (24), drainage water samples (96), and drainage sediment samples (96) from December 2019 to November 2021. Molecular detection by nested PCR was performed to detect both viruses in the collected samples. The results indicated that HAdV was more prevalent than HBoV in all types of sewage samples, with the highest detection rate in untreated sewage samples. The detection rates of both viruses were relatively lower in sludge sewage samples. In drainage water and sediment samples, HAdV and HBoV were detected with similar frequencies, although the detection rates were generally lower than those observed in sewage samples. The results of this study emphasize the importance of monitoring the presence of these viruses in environmental samples with proper treatment and disposal of sewage to ensure public health and safety.
{"title":"Molecular detection of Human Adenovirus and Human Bocavirus in wastewater and drain water in the western Nile Delta of Egypt","authors":"K. R. Badr, Elmahdy M. Elmahdy, Mohamed Nasr Fathy Shaheen","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Human Adenovirus (HAdV) and Human Bocavirus (HBoV) are frequently found in different water sources throughout the year. Due to their health impact on humans, continuous monitoring of these viruses is one of the important tools to evaluate their circulation within the society. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of HAdV and HBoV in different environmental samples collected from the western Nile Delta of Egypt. A total of 264 samples were collected from treated and untreated sewage samples (48), sewage sludge samples (24), drainage water samples (96), and drainage sediment samples (96) from December 2019 to November 2021. Molecular detection by nested PCR was performed to detect both viruses in the collected samples. The results indicated that HAdV was more prevalent than HBoV in all types of sewage samples, with the highest detection rate in untreated sewage samples. The detection rates of both viruses were relatively lower in sludge sewage samples. In drainage water and sediment samples, HAdV and HBoV were detected with similar frequencies, although the detection rates were generally lower than those observed in sewage samples. The results of this study emphasize the importance of monitoring the presence of these viruses in environmental samples with proper treatment and disposal of sewage to ensure public health and safety.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139625491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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