Computational Geometry-Theory and Applications最新文献

This paper uses the technology of weighted triangulations to study discrete versions of the Laplacian on piecewise Euclidean manifolds. Given a collection of Euclidean simplices glued together along their boundary, a geometric structure on the Poincaré dual may be constructed by considering weights at the vertices. We show that this is equivalent to specifying sphere radii at vertices and generalized intersection angles at edges, or by specifying a certain way of dividing the edges. This geometric structure gives rise to a discrete Laplacian operator acting on functions on the vertices. We study these geometric structures in some detail, considering when dual volumes are nondegenerate, which corresponds to weighted Delaunay triangulations in dimension 2, and how one might find such nondegenerate weighted triangulations. Finally, we talk briefly about the possibilities of discrete Riemannian manifolds.

A geometric graph is a combinatorial graph, endowed with a geometry that is inherited from its embedding in a Euclidean space. Formulation of a meaningful measure of (dis-)similarity in both the combinatorial and geometric structures of two such geometric graphs is a challenging problem in pattern recognition. We study two notions of distance measures for geometric graphs, called the geometric edit distance (GED) and geometric graph distance (GGD). While the former is based on the idea of editing one graph to transform it into the other graph, the latter is inspired by inexact matching of the graphs. For decades, both notions have been lending themselves well as measures of similarity between attributed graphs. If used without any modification, however, they fail to provide a meaningful distance measure for geometric graphs—even cease to be a metric. We have curated their associated cost functions for the context of geometric graphs. Alongside studying the metric properties of GED and GGD, we investigate how the two notions compare. We further our understanding of the computational aspects of GGD by showing that the distance is $\mathrm{NP}$-hard to compute, even if the graphs are planar and arbitrary cost coefficients are allowed.

As a computationally tractable alternative, we propose in this paper the Graph Mover's Distance (GMD), which has been formulated as an instance of the earth mover's distance. The computation of the GMD between two geometric graphs with at most n vertices takes only $O\left(n^3\right)$-time. The GMD demonstrates extremely promising empirical evidence at recognizing letter drawings.

A framework, which is a (possibly infinite) graph with a realization of its vertices in the plane, is called flexible if it can be continuously deformed while preserving the edge lengths. We focus on flexibility of frameworks in which 4-cycles form parallelograms. For the class of frameworks considered in this paper (allowing triangles), we prove that the following are equivalent: flexibility, infinitesimal flexibility, the existence of at least two classes of an equivalence relation based on 3- and 4-cycles and being a non-trivial subgraph of the Cartesian product of graphs. We study the algorithmic aspects and the rotationally symmetric version of the problem. The results are illustrated on frameworks obtained from tessellations by regular polygons.

We introduce a new variant of the art gallery problem that comes from safety issues. In this variant we are not interested in guard sets of smallest cardinality, but in guard sets with largest possible distances between these guards. To the best of our knowledge, this variant has not been considered before. We call it the Dispersive Art Gallery Problem. In particular, in the dispersive art gallery problem we are given a polygon $P$ and a real number ℓ, and want to decide whether $P$ has a guard set such that every pair of guards in this set is at least a distance of ℓ apart.

In this paper, we study the vertex guard variant of this problem for the class of polyominoes. We consider rectangular visibility and distances as geodesics in the $L_1$-metric. Our results are as follows. We give a (simple) thin polyomino such that every guard set has minimum pairwise distances of at most 3. On the positive side, we describe an algorithm that computes guard sets for simple polyominoes that match this upper bound, i.e., the algorithm constructs worst-case optimal solutions. We also study the computational complexity of computing guard sets that maximize the smallest distance between all pairs of guards within the guard sets. We prove that deciding whether there exists a guard set realizing a minimum pairwise distance for all pairs of guards of at least 5 in a given polyomino is NP-complete.

We also present an optimal dynamic programming approach that computes a guard set that maximizes the minimum pairwise distance between guards in tree-shaped polyominoes, i.e., computes optimal solutions. Because the shapes constructed in the NP-hardness reduction are thin as well (but have holes), this result completes the case for thin polyominoes.

Let T be a tree with n vertices in a metric space. We consider the problem of adding one shortcut edge to T to minimize the radius of the resulting graph.

For the continuous version of the problem where a center may be a point in the interior of an edge of the graph we give a linear time algorithm. In the case when the center is restricted to lie on a vertex, the discrete version, we give an $O(n\log n)$ expected time algorithm.

Previously linear-time algorithms were known for the special case when the input graph is a path.

We study a lower bound for the constant of the Szemerédi–Trotter theorem. In particular, we show that a recent infinite family of point-line configurations satisfies $I(P,L)\ge (c+o(1\left)\right)\left|P{|}^{2/3}\right|L{|}^{2/3}$, with $c\approx 1.27$. Our technique is based on studying a variety of properties of Euler's totient function. We also improve the current best constant for Elekes's construction from 1 to about 1.27. From an expository perspective, this is the first full analysis of the constant of Erdős's construction.

A set $D$ of disks in the plane is said to be pierced by a point set P if each disk in $D$ contains a point of P. Any set of pairwise intersecting unit disks can be pierced by 3 points (Hadwiger and Debrunner (1955) [7]). Stachó and independently Danzer established that any set of pairwise intersecting arbitrary disks can be pierced by 4 points (Stachó (1981–1984) [16]. Danzer (1986) [4]). Existing linear-time algorithms for finding a set of 4 or 5 points that pierce pairwise intersecting disks of arbitrary radius use the LP-type problem as a subroutine. We present simple linear-time algorithms for finding 3 points for piercing pairwise intersecting unit disks, and 5 points for piercing pairwise intersecting disks of arbitrary radius. Our algorithms use simple geometric transformations and avoid heavy machinery. We also show that 3 points are sometimes necessary for piercing pairwise intersecting unit disks.

We study the problem of motion planning for a collection of n labeled unit disc robots in a polygonal environment. We assume that the robots have revolving areas around their start and final positions: that each start and each final is contained in a radius 2 disc lying in the free space, not necessarily concentric with the start or final position, which is free from other start or final positions. This assumption allows a weakly-monotone motion plan, in which robots move according to an ordering as follows: during the turn of a robot R in the ordering, it moves fully from its start to final position, while other robots do not leave their revolving areas. As R passes through a revolving area, a robot $R^{\prime }$ that is inside this area may move within the revolving area to avoid a collision. Notwithstanding the existence of a motion plan, we show that minimizing the total traveled distance in this setting, specifically even when the motion plan is restricted to be weakly-monotone, is APX-hard, ruling out any polynomial-time $(1+\epsilon )$-approximation algorithm.

On the positive side, we present the first constant-factor approximation algorithm for computing a feasible weakly-monotone motion plan. The total distance traveled by the robots is within an $O\left(1\right)$ factor of that of the optimal motion plan, which need not be weakly monotone. Our algorithm extends to an online setting in which the polygonal environment is fixed but the initial and final positions of robots are specified in an online manner. Finally, we observe that the overhead in the overall cost that we add while editing the paths to avoid robot-robot collision can vary significantly depending on the ordering we chose. Finding the best ordering in this respect is known to be NP-hard, and we provide a polynomial time $O(\log n\log \log n)$-approximation algorithm for this problem.

We prove that every positively weighted tree T can be realized as the cut locus $C\left(x\right)$ of a point x on a convex polyhedron P, with T edge weights matching $C\left(x\right)$ edge lengths. If T has n leaves, P has (in general) $n+1$ vertices. We show there is in fact a continuum of polyhedra P each realizing T for some $x\in P$. Three main tools in the proof are properties of the star unfolding of P, Alexandrov's gluing theorem, and a new cut-locus partition lemma. The construction of P from T is surprisingly simple.