Pub Date : 2026-02-12DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128031
Jun Deng , Ke Liu , Nina Tian , Tao Su , Xiangqian Feng , Xiaohai Tian , Zhaoqiang Jin , Shijie Shi , Liying Huang , Yunbo Zhang
Super hybrid rice (SHR) plays a crucial role in achieving global food security by boosting grain yields. However, the physiological mechanisms underpinning yield gains—particularly from the leaf to canopy scale—under different nitrogen (N) regimes remain insufficiently understood. This study explores the physiological drivers of yield enhancement by examining biomass production, photosynthetic characteristics, radiation use efficiency (RUE), and yield components across varying nitrogen application rates. A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) assessed three representative SHR varieties—Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ), Y-liangyou 1 (YLY1), and Y-liangyou 900 (YLY900)—released between 1999 and 2015, under four N treatments (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha⁻¹). Among them, YLY900 achieved the highest average grain yield (9.78 Mg ha⁻¹), which was 9.1 % higher than that of LYPJ and YLY1, primarily owing to a 21.2 % increase in spikelets per panicle and a 12.6 % increase in total biomass. Its yield advantage was associated with enhanced RUE (2.91 g MJ⁻¹), 12.8 % higher than that of LYPJ, owing to sustained photosynthetic capacity under high N input. Unlike earlier varieties that depended mainly on intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR), YLY900 exhibited superior RUE through higher net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and photochemical quenching, together with lower non-photochemical quenching. Elevated Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities supported efficient carbon assimilation. Overall, recent SHR breeding advances indicate a shift from maximizing light interception to enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and RUE, providing a physiological basis for future breeding and N management strategies aimed at sustainable yield improvement.
超级杂交水稻（SHR）通过提高粮食产量在实现全球粮食安全方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，在不同的氮(N)制度下，支撑产量增长的生理机制——特别是从叶片到冠层尺度——仍然没有得到充分的了解。本研究通过考察不同施氮量下的生物量生产、光合特性、辐射利用效率（RUE）和产量组成，探讨了产量提高的生理驱动因素。在一项为期三年（2021-2023）的田间试验中，对1999 - 2015年间发布的3个具有代表性的SHR品种——两优培九（lyj）、y -两优1号（YLY1）和y -两优900 （YLY900）进行了4个氮肥处理（0、90、180和270 kg N毒枭¹）的评价。其中,YLY900达到最高平均产量(9.78毫克公顷⁻¹),这是9.1 %高于LYPJ YLY1,主要由于21.2 %增加穗数和每穗实粒数12.6 %总生物量的增加。它的产量优势与提高的RUE（2.91 g MJ⁻¹）有关，比lyypj高12.8 %，因为它在高氮输入下保持了持续的光合能力。与早期主要依赖截获光合有效辐射（IPAR）的品种不同，YLY900通过较高的净光合速率、气孔导度和光化学猝灭以及较低的非光化学猝灭表现出优越的RUE。Rubisco和磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶活性的升高支持了有效的碳同化。总体而言，最近的SHR育种进展表明，从最大化光拦截到提高光合效率和RUE的转变，为未来旨在持续提高产量的育种和氮管理策略提供了生理基础。
{"title":"Improved photosynthesis from leaf to canopy scale drives yield progress in super hybrid rice","authors":"Jun Deng , Ke Liu , Nina Tian , Tao Su , Xiangqian Feng , Xiaohai Tian , Zhaoqiang Jin , Shijie Shi , Liying Huang , Yunbo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Super hybrid rice (SHR) plays a crucial role in achieving global food security by boosting grain yields. However, the physiological mechanisms underpinning yield gains—particularly from the leaf to canopy scale—under different nitrogen (N) regimes remain insufficiently understood. This study explores the physiological drivers of yield enhancement by examining biomass production, photosynthetic characteristics, radiation use efficiency (RUE), and yield components across varying nitrogen application rates. A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) assessed three representative SHR varieties—Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ), Y-liangyou 1 (YLY1), and Y-liangyou 900 (YLY900)—released between 1999 and 2015, under four N treatments (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha⁻¹). Among them, YLY900 achieved the highest average grain yield (9.78 Mg ha⁻¹), which was 9.1 % higher than that of LYPJ and YLY1, primarily owing to a 21.2 % increase in spikelets per panicle and a 12.6 % increase in total biomass. Its yield advantage was associated with enhanced RUE (2.91 g MJ⁻¹), 12.8 % higher than that of LYPJ, owing to sustained photosynthetic capacity under high N input. Unlike earlier varieties that depended mainly on intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR), YLY900 exhibited superior RUE through higher net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and photochemical quenching, together with lower non-photochemical quenching. Elevated Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities supported efficient carbon assimilation. Overall, recent SHR breeding advances indicate a shift from maximizing light interception to enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and RUE, providing a physiological basis for future breeding and N management strategies aimed at sustainable yield improvement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51045,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Agronomy","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 128031"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128032
Essomandan Urbain Kokah , Christophe Lacroix , Xavier Fettweis , David Knoden , Benjamin Dumont , Jérôme Bindelle
Understanding the vulnerability of permanent grasslands to climate change is essential for sustaining forage production and other ecosystem services. Potential adaptation levers include adjustments in management strategies and the selection of plant functional types (PFTs). This study quantifies changes in biomass yield and interannual stability of temperate permanent grasslands under future climate scenarios, using Gras-Sim, a process-based model integrating climate, soil management, and PFT composition. Simulations were performed for contrasting agricultural regions at +2 °C, +3 °C, and +4 °C warming levels, using downscaled CMIP6 projections (CMCC, MIR, MPI) with corresponding CO2 trajectories. Significant interactions between region, climate model, and PFT (P < 0.001) revealed context-dependent responses. In high-altitude regions such as the High Ardennes, annual yields increased by up to 2.52 t DM ha−1 compared to the historical baseline (1981–2010). Across all scenarios, PFT B (e.g. Dactylis glomerata) exhibited significantly higher yields, while PFT A (e.g. Lolium perenne) showed significantly higher interannual stability, confirming a productivity-stability trade-off. Seasonal shifts were more pronounced under MIR + 4 °C, with spring yields increasing by 4.5 t DM ha−1 and summer yields decreasing by 2.4 t DM ha−1 relative to historical baselines (P < 0.001). The frequency of pixel-years without a summer cut increased up to 14 % under MIR at + 4 °C, highlighting an emergent signal of production collapse during peak drought. These results support the need for adaptation strategies that combine functional complementarity, flexible management, and spatially explicit simulation tools to sustain grassland productivity and stability under climate change.
了解永久草原对气候变化的脆弱性对于维持饲料生产和其他生态系统服务至关重要。潜在的适应杠杆包括管理策略的调整和植物功能类型（pft）的选择。本研究利用基于过程的气候、土壤管理和PFT组成综合模型grass - sim，量化了未来气候情景下温带永久性草地生物量产量和年际稳定性的变化。利用缩小的CMIP6预估（CMCC、MIR、MPI）和相应的CO2轨迹，对+2°C、+3°C和+4°C变暖水平下的农业区域进行了对比模拟。区域、气候模式和PFT之间的显著相互作用（P <； 0.001）揭示了环境依赖的响应。在高海拔地区，如高阿登地区，与历史基线（1981-2010年）相比，年产量增加了2.52 t DM ha - 1。在所有情况下，PFT B（如Dactylis glomerata）表现出显著更高的产量，而PFT A（如Lolium perenne）表现出显著更高的年际稳定性，证实了生产力-稳定性的权衡。在MIR + 4°C条件下，季节变化更为明显，春季产量与历史基线相比增加4.5 t DM ha - 1，夏季产量减少2.4 t DM ha - 1 （P <； 0.001）。在+ 4°C的MIR下，没有夏季减产的像素年频率增加到14% %，突出了干旱高峰期间生产崩溃的紧急信号。这些结果表明，在气候变化条件下，需要采用功能互补、灵活管理和空间明确模拟工具相结合的适应策略来维持草地的生产力和稳定性。
{"title":"Grassland vulnerability to climate change varies by region and season through productivity-stability trade-offs","authors":"Essomandan Urbain Kokah , Christophe Lacroix , Xavier Fettweis , David Knoden , Benjamin Dumont , Jérôme Bindelle","doi":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the vulnerability of permanent grasslands to climate change is essential for sustaining forage production and other ecosystem services. Potential adaptation levers include adjustments in management strategies and the selection of plant functional types (PFTs). This study quantifies changes in biomass yield and interannual stability of temperate permanent grasslands under future climate scenarios, using Gras-Sim, a process-based model integrating climate, soil management, and PFT composition. Simulations were performed for contrasting agricultural regions at +2 °C, +3 °C, and +4 °C warming levels, using downscaled CMIP6 projections (CMCC, MIR, MPI) with corresponding CO<sub>2</sub> trajectories. Significant interactions between region, climate model, and PFT (<em>P</em> < 0.001) revealed context-dependent responses. In high-altitude regions such as the High Ardennes, annual yields increased by up to 2.52 t DM ha<sup>−1</sup> compared to the historical baseline (1981–2010). Across all scenarios, PFT B (e.g. <em>Dactylis glomerata</em>) exhibited significantly higher yields, while PFT A (e.g. <em>Lolium perenne</em>) showed significantly higher interannual stability, confirming a productivity-stability trade-off. Seasonal shifts were more pronounced under MIR + 4 °C, with spring yields increasing by 4.5 t DM ha<sup>−1</sup> and summer yields decreasing by 2.4 t DM ha<sup>−1</sup> relative to historical baselines (<em>P</em> < 0.001). The frequency of pixel-years without a summer cut increased up to 14 % under MIR at + 4 °C, highlighting an emergent signal of production collapse during peak drought. These results support the need for adaptation strategies that combine functional complementarity, flexible management, and spatially explicit simulation tools to sustain grassland productivity and stability under climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51045,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Agronomy","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 128032"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128033
Jinhui Zheng , Le Yu
Accurately predicting the grain protein content (GPC) and yield of winter wheat is of significant strategic importance amid rising food demand and intensifying global market competition. However, traditional single-model approaches struggle to achieve high simulation accuracy in complex agricultural ecosystems. This study proposes a novel multi-model ensemble (MME) framework that integrates the APSIM-NG (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator-Next Generation) process-based crop model, four machine learning algorithms (Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting, Multiple Linear Regression, and Long Short-Term Memory), and two ensemble methods (AIC-weighted model averaging and simple model averaging) to enhance the predictive accuracy of GPC and yield in North China Plain. The MME framework incorporates remote sensing data, extreme weather indices, and crop growth observations from 2008 to 2020 for a comprehensive performance evaluation. Validation results for the period 2015–2020 indicate that the MME framework outperforms both the baseline APSIM-NG model and the best-performing machine-learning method, achieving a Pearson’s r of 0.89 (RMSE = 0.32 %, R² = 0.76) for GPC prediction and reducing the yield RMSE to 316.96 kg/ha (Pearson’s r = 0.94, R² = 0.91). Furthermore, importance analysis indicates that within this framework, photosynthesis-related and extreme stress factors are the most influential predictors, contributing 8–12 % to model importance, highlighting the substantial impact of including extreme weather factors on model accuracy. By effectively combining process-based modeling with data-driven methods, the MME framework significantly enhances predictive accuracy and model robustness. These findings offer a more reliable technical foundation for forecasting winter wheat yield and grain quality under variable and extreme climatic conditions.
在粮食需求不断增长和全球市场竞争日益激烈的背景下，准确预测冬小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和产量具有重要的战略意义。然而，在复杂的农业生态系统中，传统的单模型方法难以达到较高的模拟精度。本文提出了一种基于APSIM-NG （Agricultural Production Systems Simulator-Next Generation）过程的作物模型、4种机器学习算法（随机森林、极端梯度增强、多元线性回归和长短期记忆）和2种集成方法（aic加权模型平均和简单模型平均）的多模型集成框架，以提高华北平原GPC和产量的预测精度。MME框架结合了2008年至2020年的遥感数据、极端天气指数和作物生长观测数据，以进行综合绩效评估。2015-2020年期间的验证结果表明，MME框架优于基准apsm - ng模型和性能最佳的机器学习方法，实现了0.89的Pearson’s r （RMSE = 0.32 %,r²= 0.76）的GPC预测，并将产量RMSE降至316.96 kg/ha （Pearson’s r = 0.94,r²= 0.91）。此外，重要性分析表明，在此框架内，光合作用相关因子和极端胁迫因子是影响最大的预测因子，对模型重要性的贡献为8-12 %，这突出了纳入极端天气因子对模型精度的重大影响。通过将基于过程的建模与数据驱动的方法有效结合，MME框架显著提高了预测精度和模型鲁棒性。这些发现为预测多变和极端气候条件下冬小麦产量和籽粒品质提供了更可靠的技术基础。
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Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128026
Kaiqin Yuan , Jintao Li , Zifang Chen , Xiaowei Ma , Richard W. Bell , Yuxian Cao , Jun Hou
Increasing nutrient use efficiency and decreasing labor requirements for rice production are high priorities across Asia. Fertilizer placement beside the rice plants at 50–100 mm depth (called side-deep fertilization, SDF) is a promising alternative to the traditional fertilization that can reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer required, improve the use efficiency of fertilizer, alleviate the shortage of labor force, and realize the clean and simple production of rice. However, the potential for increased productivity and the factors influencing SDF are unclear. In this study, we synthesized 85 studies in China to evaluate the effects of SDF on rice yield, rice quality, nutrient use efficiency combined with greenhouse gas emissions, and explored the effects of different soil environments and fertilization management measures on them. SDF increased rice yield by 4.8 %, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 21.4 %, and reduced CH4 emission by 12.8 %, NH3 volatilization by 42.0 %, but had no significant effect on N2O emission. Random forest analysis showed that soil condition (pH, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available phosphorus) and specific fertilization practices (amount and depth) were the most important factors on determining the effects of SDF. When the N application rate was ≤ 150 kg ha−1, the yield (9.2 %) and NUE (20.6 %) increases were largest. When the P application rate was ≤ 60 kg ha−1, SDF of P had the largest increase in rice yield (7.4 %) and partial factor productivity of phosphorus PFPP (7.2 %). Overall, when fertilizer placement was > 100 mm, and the soil nutrient content was low, SDF had a greater impact on rice yield and nutrient use efficiency. In conclusion, SDF increases rice yield with lower environmental cost and lower fertilizer rate which is valuable for food security and sustainable production.
提高养分利用效率和减少水稻生产的劳动力需求是整个亚洲的优先事项。水稻植株旁边50-100 mm深度施肥（称为侧深施肥，SDF）是传统施肥的一种很有前途的替代方法，可以减少化肥需用量，提高肥料利用效率，缓解劳动力短缺，实现水稻的清洁、简单生产。然而，提高生产力的潜力和影响SDF的因素尚不清楚。在本研究中，我们综合了国内85项研究，评估了SDF对水稻产量、稻米品质、养分利用效率和温室气体排放的影响，并探讨了不同土壤环境和施肥管理措施对其的影响。SDF使水稻产量提高4.8 %，氮素利用效率（NUE）提高21.4% %，CH4排放量降低12.8 %，NH3挥发量降低42.0% %，但对N2O排放无显著影响。随机森林分析表明，土壤条件（pH、全氮、速效氮和速效磷）和具体施肥方式（施肥量和深度）是决定土壤自卸量效应的最重要因素。当施氮量≤ 150 kg ha−1时，产量（9.2 %）和氮肥利用效率（20.6 %）增幅最大。当施磷量≤ 60 kg ha−1时，施磷SDF对水稻产量的提高幅度最大（7.4% %），对磷PFPP部分要素生产率的提高幅度最大（7.2% %）。综上所述，当施肥量为>； 100 mm，土壤养分含量较低时，SDF对水稻产量和养分利用效率的影响较大。综上所述，SDF以较低的环境成本和较低的施肥量提高了水稻产量，对粮食安全和可持续生产具有重要意义。
{"title":"Side-deep fertilization increases rice yield and nutrient use efficiency in China: A meta-analysis","authors":"Kaiqin Yuan , Jintao Li , Zifang Chen , Xiaowei Ma , Richard W. Bell , Yuxian Cao , Jun Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasing nutrient use efficiency and decreasing labor requirements for rice production are high priorities across Asia. Fertilizer placement beside the rice plants at 50–100 mm depth (called side-deep fertilization, SDF) is a promising alternative to the traditional fertilization that can reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer required, improve the use efficiency of fertilizer, alleviate the shortage of labor force, and realize the clean and simple production of rice. However, the potential for increased productivity and the factors influencing SDF are unclear. In this study, we synthesized 85 studies in China to evaluate the effects of SDF on rice yield, rice quality, nutrient use efficiency combined with greenhouse gas emissions, and explored the effects of different soil environments and fertilization management measures on them. SDF increased rice yield by 4.8 %, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 21.4 %, and reduced CH<sub>4</sub> emission by 12.8 %, NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization by 42.0 %, but had no significant effect on N<sub>2</sub>O emission. Random forest analysis showed that soil condition (pH, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available phosphorus) and specific fertilization practices (amount and depth) were the most important factors on determining the effects of SDF. When the N application rate was ≤ 150 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, the yield (9.2 %) and NUE (20.6 %) increases were largest. When the P application rate was ≤ 60 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, SDF of P had the largest increase in rice yield (7.4 %) and partial factor productivity of phosphorus PFP<sub>P</sub> (7.2 %). Overall, when fertilizer placement was > 100 mm, and the soil nutrient content was low, SDF had a greater impact on rice yield and nutrient use efficiency. In conclusion, SDF increases rice yield with lower environmental cost and lower fertilizer rate which is valuable for food security and sustainable production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51045,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Agronomy","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 128026"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128029
Qi Wang, Xiaoyi Han, Qixuan Wang, Minlong Du, Xinyue Lei, Jiahao Ge, Rong Zhong, Chenxi Wan, Xiaoli Gao, Pu Yang, Jinfeng Gao
<div><div>Continuous cropping disrupts farmland ecosystems, leading to aggravated soil-borne diseases and substantial crop yield losses. Soil amendments are considered promising strategies to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles. However, the effects of chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure and biochar amendments on soil water content (SWC), soil nitrogen pool levels, plant physiological traits, yield, and resource utilization efficiency in continuous common buckwheat cropping systems remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a four-year (2022–2025) field positioning experiment on the Loess Plateau with a completely randomized design including five treatments with four replicates: (a) no fertilizer (CK), (b) chemical fertilizers (NPK: 180 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> N, 75 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and 37.5 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> K<sub>2</sub>O), (c) chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure (NPKM: 180 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> N, 75 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, 37.5 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> K<sub>2</sub>O, and 22500 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> organic manure), (d) chemical fertilizers combined with biochar (NPKB: 180 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> N, 75 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, 37.5 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> K<sub>2</sub>O, and 10000 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> biochar), and (e) chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure and biochar (NPKMB: 180 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> N, 75 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, 37.5 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> K<sub>2</sub>O, 11250 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> organic manure, and 5000 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> biochar). Results showed that compared to other treatments, NPKMB elevated SWC in the 0–100 cm soil layer (9.66–67.16 %) and increased total nitrogen (TN) (7.95–209.13 %) and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) (4.84–187.41 %) contents, thus creating a suitable soil environment for common buckwheat growth under continuous cropping stress. Meanwhile, NPKMB significantly enhanced the activities of root superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) by 3.47–45.31 %, 1.04–63.29 %, and 2.15–78.84 %, respectively, while increasing the contents of root proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein by 6.90–83.67 %, 7.13–75.04 %, and 4.04–110.93 %, delaying root senescence and facilitating water and nitrogen absorption. Additionally, NPKMB improved leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn, 9.78–95.52 %), stomatal conductance (Gs, 5.90–112.36 %), transpiration rate (Tr, 6.66–62.28 %), and chlorophyll content (SPAD value, 6.51–25.76 %), thereby promoting crop growth. Consequently, after three years of continuous cropping, NPKMB effectively alleviated growth constraints, achieving the highest dry matter weight (29.25 g plant<sup>−1</sup>), grain yield (1082.65 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>), N uptake (99.49 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>), and water use efficiency (WUE, 5.77 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> mm<sup>−1</sup>). Overall, NPKMB fertilization strategy alleviated continuous cropping growth constraints of commo
{"title":"Soil amendments improved physiological characteristics, grain yield, and water use efficiency of common buckwheat under multi-year continuous cropping","authors":"Qi Wang, Xiaoyi Han, Qixuan Wang, Minlong Du, Xinyue Lei, Jiahao Ge, Rong Zhong, Chenxi Wan, Xiaoli Gao, Pu Yang, Jinfeng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Continuous cropping disrupts farmland ecosystems, leading to aggravated soil-borne diseases and substantial crop yield losses. Soil amendments are considered promising strategies to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles. However, the effects of chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure and biochar amendments on soil water content (SWC), soil nitrogen pool levels, plant physiological traits, yield, and resource utilization efficiency in continuous common buckwheat cropping systems remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a four-year (2022–2025) field positioning experiment on the Loess Plateau with a completely randomized design including five treatments with four replicates: (a) no fertilizer (CK), (b) chemical fertilizers (NPK: 180 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> N, 75 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and 37.5 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> K<sub>2</sub>O), (c) chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure (NPKM: 180 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> N, 75 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, 37.5 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> K<sub>2</sub>O, and 22500 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> organic manure), (d) chemical fertilizers combined with biochar (NPKB: 180 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> N, 75 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, 37.5 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> K<sub>2</sub>O, and 10000 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> biochar), and (e) chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure and biochar (NPKMB: 180 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> N, 75 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, 37.5 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> K<sub>2</sub>O, 11250 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> organic manure, and 5000 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> biochar). Results showed that compared to other treatments, NPKMB elevated SWC in the 0–100 cm soil layer (9.66–67.16 %) and increased total nitrogen (TN) (7.95–209.13 %) and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) (4.84–187.41 %) contents, thus creating a suitable soil environment for common buckwheat growth under continuous cropping stress. Meanwhile, NPKMB significantly enhanced the activities of root superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) by 3.47–45.31 %, 1.04–63.29 %, and 2.15–78.84 %, respectively, while increasing the contents of root proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein by 6.90–83.67 %, 7.13–75.04 %, and 4.04–110.93 %, delaying root senescence and facilitating water and nitrogen absorption. Additionally, NPKMB improved leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn, 9.78–95.52 %), stomatal conductance (Gs, 5.90–112.36 %), transpiration rate (Tr, 6.66–62.28 %), and chlorophyll content (SPAD value, 6.51–25.76 %), thereby promoting crop growth. Consequently, after three years of continuous cropping, NPKMB effectively alleviated growth constraints, achieving the highest dry matter weight (29.25 g plant<sup>−1</sup>), grain yield (1082.65 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>), N uptake (99.49 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>), and water use efficiency (WUE, 5.77 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> mm<sup>−1</sup>). Overall, NPKMB fertilization strategy alleviated continuous cropping growth constraints of commo","PeriodicalId":51045,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Agronomy","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 128029"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128028
R. Cuadro , C.I. Borrajo , M.A. Marino , P. Cicore , A. Hirigoyen , P.M. Errecart , G.A. Berone , F.A. Lattanzi
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deficiencies commonly limit plant growth in agroecosystems. While critical N concentration (Nc) dilution curves are widely used to assess the N status of crops and pastures, it remains unclear whether Nc curves remain valid under P deficiency. This study assessed the effect of P deficiency on Nc curves. For this purpose, a factorial combination of several N and P fertilization rates was applied in nine field experiments during winter and spring on annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and tall fescue (L. arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.) pastures, at several sites in Uruguay and Argentina. Across sites, P deficiency did not alter Nc curves, a conclusion supported by both frequentist and Bayesian statistics. A corollary of the fact that Nc dilution curves are largely unaffected by P availability is that, for a given N nutritional status, reduced N uptake under P deficiency is mostly due to lower shoot biomass accumulation. Our results indicate that Nc dilution curves are largely unaffected by P availability across a range of edaphoclimatic conditions and reinforce their use as a reliable diagnostic.
{"title":"Critical nitrogen concentration of annual ryegrass and tall fescue is not affected by phosphorus deficiency","authors":"R. Cuadro , C.I. Borrajo , M.A. Marino , P. Cicore , A. Hirigoyen , P.M. Errecart , G.A. Berone , F.A. Lattanzi","doi":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deficiencies commonly limit plant growth in agroecosystems. While critical N concentration (Nc) dilution curves are widely used to assess the N status of crops and pastures, it remains unclear whether Nc curves remain valid under P deficiency. This study assessed the effect of P deficiency on Nc curves. For this purpose, a factorial combination of several N and P fertilization rates was applied in nine field experiments during winter and spring on annual ryegrass (<em>Lolium multiflorum</em> L.) and tall fescue (<em>L. arundinaceum</em> (Schreb.) Darbysh.) pastures, at several sites in Uruguay and Argentina. Across sites, P deficiency did not alter Nc curves, a conclusion supported by both frequentist and Bayesian statistics. A corollary of the fact that Nc dilution curves are largely unaffected by P availability is that, for a given N nutritional status, reduced N uptake under P deficiency is mostly due to lower shoot biomass accumulation. Our results indicate that Nc dilution curves are largely unaffected by P availability across a range of edaphoclimatic conditions and reinforce their use as a reliable diagnostic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51045,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Agronomy","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 128028"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global nitrogen imbalance has reached critical levels. Despite applying 2–2.5 times international standards (300–500 kg N ha⁻¹), Chinese sugarcane regions exhibit low nitrogen use efficiency, undermining economic viability and environmental sustainability, threatening national sugar security and degrading ecosystems. This study analyzed 328 datasets from 56 field trials across China's three major sugarcane production regions, integrating meta-analysis, machine learning, and bioeconomic modeling to establish a multi-objective optimization framework for sugarcane nitrogen management, which evaluates relationships among yield, economic, ecological, and social benefits and optimizes nitrogen strategies under different management objectives. Results revealed optimal yield-enhancing response within 200–300 kg N ha⁻¹ , with yields peaking at 306 kg N ha⁻¹ nitrogen application. However, soil properties contributed more to yield response than nitrogen application rates themselves, explaining over half of yield variation and validating soil-climate-based fertilization recommendations. Optimal nitrogen rates diverged systematically across the four benefit objectives. Specifically, shifting from (N-derived yield benefit)-maximizing strategies (311 kg N ha⁻¹) to (Social benefit)-optimal strategies (242 kg N ha⁻¹) reduced nitrogen losses by 23 %, increased sugar yield by 3.53 %, while decreasing cane yield by only 0.97 %. Regional analysis revealed distinct optimization pathways: Yunnan demonstrated - synergy under low inputs (benefit divergence 19 kg N ha⁻¹) but requires moderate nitrogen increase; Guangxi achieved highest yields but showed significant - divergence (32 kg N ha⁻¹), requiring moderate reduction; Guangdong exhibited high-input low-output dilemmas with the widest - divergence (65 kg N ha⁻¹), necessitating fundamental soil amelioration. These findings provide a scientific basis for region-specific precision nitrogen management in Chinese sugarcane production, facilitating coordination of sugar security, environmental protection, and rural development.
全球氮失衡已达到临界水平。尽管中国甘蔗产区的氮肥使用标准是国际标准的2-2.5倍（300-500 kg N ha毒血症），但中国甘蔗产区的氮肥利用效率很低，破坏了经济可行性和环境可持续性，威胁了国家食糖安全，并破坏了生态系统。本研究对中国三大甘蔗产区56个大田试验的328个数据集进行分析，结合元分析、机器学习和生物经济建模，建立甘蔗氮肥管理多目标优化框架，评估产量、经济、生态和社会效益之间的关系，优化不同管理目标下的氮肥策略。结果显示，在200-300 kg N ha⁻¹ 范围内，产量最高的是306 kg N ha⁻¹ 。然而，土壤性质对产量响应的贡献大于施氮量本身，解释了一半以上的产量变化，并验证了基于土壤气候的施肥建议。最佳氮肥用量在四个效益目标之间存在系统性差异。具体来说，从Byield（氮衍生产量效益）最大化策略（311公斤氮毒血症）转变为Bsociety（社会效益）-最佳策略（242公斤氮毒血症）减少了23%的氮损失，增加了3.53%的糖产量，而甘蔗产量仅减少了0.97%。区域分析显示出不同的优化路径：云南在低投入（效益差异为19 kg N ha⁻¹）条件下表现出产-社会协同效应，但需要适度增加氮量；广西产量最高，但产量-社会差异显著（32 kg N ha⁻¹），需要适度减产；广东表现出高投入低产出的困境，产量-社会差距最大（65 kg N ha），需要进行根本性的土壤改良。研究结果可为我国甘蔗生产的区域精准氮肥管理提供科学依据，促进糖安全、环境保护和农村发展的协调。
{"title":"Balancing productivity and sustainability: Identifying optimal nitrogen application rates for Chinese regional sugarcane systems","authors":"Ruixuan Zhu, Shengsen Zhou, Fumin Wei, Xiaomai Yuan, Beilei Wei, Wei Yao, Ziting Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global nitrogen imbalance has reached critical levels. Despite applying 2–2.5 times international standards (300–500 kg N ha⁻¹), Chinese sugarcane regions exhibit low nitrogen use efficiency, undermining economic viability and environmental sustainability, threatening national sugar security and degrading ecosystems. This study analyzed 328 datasets from 56 field trials across China's three major sugarcane production regions, integrating meta-analysis, machine learning, and bioeconomic modeling to establish a multi-objective optimization framework for sugarcane nitrogen management, which evaluates relationships among yield, economic, ecological, and social benefits and optimizes nitrogen strategies under different management objectives. Results revealed optimal yield-enhancing response within 200–300 kg N ha⁻¹ , with yields peaking at 306 kg N ha⁻¹ nitrogen application. However, soil properties contributed more to yield response than nitrogen application rates themselves, explaining over half of yield variation and validating soil-climate-based fertilization recommendations. Optimal nitrogen rates diverged systematically across the four benefit objectives. Specifically, shifting from <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>yield</mi></mrow></msub><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>(N-derived yield benefit)-maximizing strategies (311 kg N ha⁻¹) to <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>society</mi></mrow></msub><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>(Social benefit)-optimal strategies (242 kg N ha⁻¹) reduced nitrogen losses by 23 %, increased sugar yield by 3.53 %, while decreasing cane yield by only 0.97 %. Regional analysis revealed distinct optimization pathways: Yunnan demonstrated <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>yield</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>-<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>society</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> synergy under low inputs (benefit divergence 19 kg N ha⁻¹) but requires moderate nitrogen increase; Guangxi achieved highest yields but showed significant <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>yield</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>-<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>society</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> divergence (32 kg N ha⁻¹), requiring moderate reduction; Guangdong exhibited high-input low-output dilemmas with the widest <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>yield</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>-<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>society</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> divergence (65 kg N ha⁻¹), necessitating fundamental soil amelioration. These findings provide a scientific basis for region-specific precision nitrogen management in Chinese sugarcane production, facilitating coordination of sugar security, environmental protection, and rural development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51045,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Agronomy","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 128022"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long-term rice cultivation shows potential in alleviating soil salinization, yet the mechanistic links between sustained cultivation and optimized nitrogen cycling in saline-alkali paddies remain unclear. Here, we integrated a field chronosequence experiment (0–20 years) with a global meta-analysis of saline-alkali agroecosystems to elucidate the spatiotemporal drivers of soil nitrogen dynamics. Field data revealed decadal organic inputs elevated total nitrogen (TN) by 80.77 % (p < 0.01), while meta-regression confirmed that TN and available nitrogen (AN) exhibited linear accumulation over decades of rice cultivation. Microbial communities exhibited directional succession patterns, with phylogenetic assembly strongly correlated to nitrogen stoichiometry and narGH/nirS/nirB/nxrAB gene abundance. Metagenomic reconstruction and meta-network analysis convergently identified microstructure optimization and substrate sufficiency as key factors associated with soil dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), denitrification, and complete ammonia oxidation processes. Crucially, inferred convergence at 10 years of cultivation marked the critical juncture where salinization alleviation converged with microbial modularity to maximize nitrogen use efficiency. This work pioneers a soil-microbe-metabolic coevolution framework validated by field-meta synergy, establishing operational chronosequence thresholds for sustainable saline-alkali paddy management. By coupling mechanistic experiments with global meta-analytical evidence, our work advances predictive understanding of nutrient-cycling recovery in marginal lands.
{"title":"Decadal rice cultivation reconfigured saline-alkali paddy nitrogen cycling through microbial-DNRA dominance and soil amelioration synergy","authors":"Yunshan Meng , Panpan Gao , Jiaxin Hu , Haoge Liang , Tairan Zhou , Xueqin Ren , Haojie Feng , Shuwen Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term rice cultivation shows potential in alleviating soil salinization, yet the mechanistic links between sustained cultivation and optimized nitrogen cycling in saline-alkali paddies remain unclear. Here, we integrated a field chronosequence experiment (0–20 years) with a global meta-analysis of saline-alkali agroecosystems to elucidate the spatiotemporal drivers of soil nitrogen dynamics. Field data revealed decadal organic inputs elevated total nitrogen (TN) by 80.77 % (<em>p</em> < 0.01), while meta-regression confirmed that TN and available nitrogen (AN) exhibited linear accumulation over decades of rice cultivation. Microbial communities exhibited directional succession patterns, with phylogenetic assembly strongly correlated to nitrogen stoichiometry and <em>narGH</em>/<em>nirS</em>/<em>nirB</em>/<em>nxrAB</em> gene abundance. Metagenomic reconstruction and meta-network analysis convergently identified microstructure optimization and substrate sufficiency as key factors associated with soil dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), denitrification, and complete ammonia oxidation processes. Crucially, inferred convergence at 10 years of cultivation marked the critical juncture where salinization alleviation converged with microbial modularity to maximize nitrogen use efficiency. This work pioneers a soil-microbe-metabolic coevolution framework validated by field-meta synergy, establishing operational chronosequence thresholds for sustainable saline-alkali paddy management. By coupling mechanistic experiments with global meta-analytical evidence, our work advances predictive understanding of nutrient-cycling recovery in marginal lands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51045,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Agronomy","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 128025"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is the backbone of food security in Southeast Asia, particularly in India. However, continuous intensive cultivation has led to sustainability concerns including yield stagnation, poor resource use efficiency, soil organic carbon (SOC) depletion, multi-nutrient deficiencies, pest resurgence, and declining profit margins. Intensification of leguminous crop in the existing RWCS could be a possible solution. Thus a research trial with fifteen different rice-wheat cropping sequences was carried out at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar, India to investigate the impact of crop intensification on rice performances. The effect of green gram inclusion in the RWCS was more pronounced during the second year of experimentation. In this study, there was two conservation agriculture systems i.e. partial and full based on tillage intensity and crop establishment methods. The partial conservation agriculture system i.e. Vattar direct seeded rice (DSR) in which seeds are directly sown in a moist (vattar) soil condition after pre-sowing irrigation and light tillage, followed by zero tillage (ZT) wheat and ZT green gram recorded significantly higher yield attributes which led to enhancement in rice grain and straw yield by 36.8 % and 31.3 % respectively over the existing conventional RWCS in the year 2022. In addition to above, full conservation system of agriculture i.e. ZT DSR where dry seeds are directly drilled into unpuddled soil without any tillage followed by ZT wheat and ZT green gram, representing complete elimination of tillage operations throughout the cropping sequence also showed significantly superior to existing RWCS and observed highest net return (INR 82863 ha−1), B:C ratio (2.46), net energy (145351 MJ ha−1), energy use efficiency (14.5 %) and energy productivity (0.45 kg MJ−1) but statistically parallel result with partial conservation system after first year of experimentation. This study demonstrates that the full conservation agriculture-based system (ZT DSR-ZT wheat-ZT green gram) were found the most suitable climate resilient cropping system to intensify RWCS in the middle Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) for overall better performance of rice.
稻麦种植制度（RWCS）是东南亚特别是印度粮食安全的支柱。然而，持续的集约耕作导致了可持续性问题，包括产量停滞、资源利用效率低下、土壤有机碳（SOC）枯竭、多种养分缺乏、害虫卷土重来和利润率下降。在现有的RWCS中，加强豆科作物的种植是一个可能的解决方案。因此，在印度比哈尔邦Sabour的比哈尔邦农业大学进行了一项有15种不同水稻-小麦种植序列的研究试验，以调查作物集约化对水稻性能的影响。绿克包涵在RWCS中的作用在实验的第二年更加明显。在本研究中，基于耕作强度和作物建立方式，可分为部分保护性农业和完全保护性农业两种制度。在Vattar直接播种水稻（DSR）部分保护性农业系统中，种子在播前灌溉和轻耕后直接播种在湿润（Vattar）土壤条件下，然后是免耕（ZT）小麦和ZT绿克，其产量属性显著提高，2022年稻谷和秸秆产量分别比现有常规RWCS提高36.8% %和31.3% %。此外，农业全保系统，即直接将干种子钻入未灌浆土壤而不进行任何耕作的ZT DSR，然后是在整个种植序列中完全消除耕作操作的ZT小麦和ZT绿克，也显著优于现有的RWCS，并取得了最高的净收益（INR 82863 ha−1），B:C比（2.46），净能量（145351 MJ ha−1）。能源利用效率（14.5 %）和能源生产率（0.45 kg MJ−1），但在统计上与第一年实验后部分守恒系统的结果相似。研究结果表明，在印度-恒河平原中部地区，以全保护性农业为基础的ZT DSR-ZT小麦-ZT绿克（ZT green gram）是加强RWCS的最适合的气候适应性种植制度。
{"title":"Intensification of rice-wheat cropping system with summer green gram improves growth, productivity and profitability of rice in the middle Indo-Gangetic Plains of India","authors":"Manish Raj , Sushant , Mainak Ghosh , Anil Kumar Singh , Sumit Sow , Sanjay Kumar , Birendra Kumar , Swaraj Kumar Dutta , Nintu Mandal , Pritam Ganguly , Arnab Roy Chowdhury , Shishpal Poonia , Malay Kumar Bhowmick , Virender Kumar , Sunil Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is the backbone of food security in Southeast Asia, particularly in India. However, continuous intensive cultivation has led to sustainability concerns including yield stagnation, poor resource use efficiency, soil organic carbon (SOC) depletion, multi-nutrient deficiencies, pest resurgence, and declining profit margins. Intensification of leguminous crop in the existing RWCS could be a possible solution. Thus a research trial with fifteen different rice-wheat cropping sequences was carried out at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar, India to investigate the impact of crop intensification on rice performances. The effect of green gram inclusion in the RWCS was more pronounced during the second year of experimentation. In this study, there was two conservation agriculture systems i.e. partial and full based on tillage intensity and crop establishment methods. The partial conservation agriculture system i.e. Vattar direct seeded rice (DSR) in which seeds are directly sown in a moist (vattar) soil condition after pre-sowing irrigation and light tillage, followed by zero tillage (ZT) wheat and ZT green gram recorded significantly higher yield attributes which led to enhancement in rice grain and straw yield by 36.8 % and 31.3 % respectively over the existing conventional RWCS in the year 2022. In addition to above, full conservation system of agriculture i.e. ZT DSR where dry seeds are directly drilled into unpuddled soil without any tillage followed by ZT wheat and ZT green gram, representing complete elimination of tillage operations throughout the cropping sequence also showed significantly superior to existing RWCS and observed highest net return (INR 82863 ha<sup>−1</sup>), B:C ratio (2.46), net energy (145351 MJ ha<sup>−1</sup>), energy use efficiency (14.5 %) and energy productivity (0.45 kg MJ<sup>−1</sup>) but statistically parallel result with partial conservation system after first year of experimentation. This study demonstrates that the full conservation agriculture-based system (ZT DSR-ZT wheat-ZT green gram) were found the most suitable climate resilient cropping system to intensify RWCS in the middle Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) for overall better performance of rice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51045,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Agronomy","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 128024"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146110579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128019
Farooq Shah , Qiansi Liao , Yuxuan Gao , Dandan Wang , Zhaojie Li , Wei Wu
Given sugarcane’s key role in global sugar and bioethanol production, a substantial increase in yield is essential to meet escalating demands. However, due to its unique stem-harvesting nature, efforts to further boost yield could render it highly susceptible to lodging. Hence, agronomic interventions are urgently needed to balance the tradeoff between sugarcane yield and lodging resistance. The current research investigates the dynamic changes in sugarcane stem and root lodging resistance. It also evaluates the potential of two key agronomic practices, planting depth and bud density, to mitigate the tradeoff between sugarcane yield and lodging resistance, along with the underlying mechanisms. This three-year study employs the safety factor technique to evaluate sugarcane’s resistance to both stem and root lodging throughout its growing season, examining two planting depths (30 cm and 40 cm) and four bud densities (3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 buds m–2). The highest susceptibility to lodging in sugarcane occurred between 180–210 DAP (days after planting). Deeper planting enhanced the lodging resistance of sugarcane without compromising yield. On the other hand, higher bud density improved sugar yield while maintaining or improving lodging resistance. Sugarcane exhibited greater susceptibility towards root lodging than stem lodging, whereas root system size was the key trait associated with enhanced lodging resistance under deeper planting. The enhanced lodging resistance with deeper planting and yield improvement with higher bud density implies that combining these agronomic practices can mitigate the tradeoff between sugarcane yield and lodging resistance. Given sugarcane’s high susceptibility to root lodging and the critical role of anchorage in resistance, agronomic and breeding strategies should prioritize expanding the root system size to improve stability and boost lodging resistance.
{"title":"Planting deeper with optimum bud density improves lodging resistance and sugar yield in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)","authors":"Farooq Shah , Qiansi Liao , Yuxuan Gao , Dandan Wang , Zhaojie Li , Wei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given sugarcane’s key role in global sugar and bioethanol production, a substantial increase in yield is essential to meet escalating demands. However, due to its unique stem-harvesting nature, efforts to further boost yield could render it highly susceptible to lodging. Hence, agronomic interventions are urgently needed to balance the tradeoff between sugarcane yield and lodging resistance. The current research investigates the dynamic changes in sugarcane stem and root lodging resistance. It also evaluates the potential of two key agronomic practices, planting depth and bud density, to mitigate the tradeoff between sugarcane yield and lodging resistance, along with the underlying mechanisms. This three-year study employs the safety factor technique to evaluate sugarcane’s resistance to both stem and root lodging throughout its growing season, examining two planting depths (30 cm and 40 cm) and four bud densities (3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 buds m<sup>–2</sup>). The highest susceptibility to lodging in sugarcane occurred between 180–210 DAP (days after planting). Deeper planting enhanced the lodging resistance of sugarcane without compromising yield. On the other hand, higher bud density improved sugar yield while maintaining or improving lodging resistance. Sugarcane exhibited greater susceptibility towards root lodging than stem lodging, whereas root system size was the key trait associated with enhanced lodging resistance under deeper planting. The enhanced lodging resistance with deeper planting and yield improvement with higher bud density implies that combining these agronomic practices can mitigate the tradeoff between sugarcane yield and lodging resistance. Given sugarcane’s high susceptibility to root lodging and the critical role of anchorage in resistance, agronomic and breeding strategies should prioritize expanding the root system size to improve stability and boost lodging resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51045,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Agronomy","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 128019"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146110582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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