European Journal of Agronomy最新文献_第3页

Soil compaction restricts tea growth through nutrient limitation and oxidative stress, associated with flavonoid metabolic changes: A four-year field trial 土壤压实通过营养限制和氧化应激限制茶叶生长，与黄酮类代谢变化有关：一项为期四年的田间试验

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128012

Wenyan Yang , Wenbin Liu , Jiawei Ma , Huan Zhang , Zhenyu Yang , Yuchun Wang , Mei Wang , Dan Liu

Purpose

The widespread adoption of mechanical harvesters in tea plantations has intensified soil compaction, posing a major abiotic constraint on tea plant growth. Elucidating the physiological mechanisms underlying such stress is critical for developing effective mitigation strategies.

Methods

A four-year field experiment comparing tillage (T), no-tillage (NT), and mechanical compaction (MC) treatments on plant physiological, metabolic, and transcriptional responses of tea root and leaf tissues were employed in this study.

Results

T treatment significantly enhanced soil nutrient availability, with available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, and manganese concentrations 19.32–109.16 % higher than those under MC treatment. MC reduced plant height, suppressed root architecture development, and induced antioxidant defenses. Both roots and leaves showed increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and elevated activities of CAT and POD by 18.23–77.01 %, indicating oxidative stress mitigation. Metabolomic profiling identified flavonoid biosynthesis as the dominant response pathway under compaction, with key flavonoid metabolites including epicatechin, luteoforol, and phloretin, accumulating markedly in both tissues. Hormonal analysis showed increased levels of gibberellin A7 and brassinolide under MC, and organ-specific expression of regulatory genes (e.g., CHS, DFR, IAA, PYL) coordinated these metabolic adjustments.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that soil compaction severely limits tea plant growth while triggering defense-related metabolic regulation. In contrast, tillage enhances nutrient availability and promotes plant development, whereas compaction induces oxidative stress and stimulates flavonoid-mediated defense responses. Overall, these findings provide mechanistic insights into tea plant adaptation to soil compaction and offer valuable guidance for sustainable management practices in tea cultivation.

茶园广泛采用机械收割机加剧了土壤压实，对茶树生长造成了主要的非生物限制。阐明这种应激背后的生理机制对于制定有效的缓解策略至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

From application methods to rate recommendations: Integrated strategies for improving maize response to zinc fertilization 从施用方法到用量建议：提高玉米对锌肥反应的综合策略

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128007

Fucheng Gao , Shan Chen , Chengxiang Zhou , Baogang Yu , Chunqin Zou

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a major constraint to maize yield and grain quality globally, especially in alkaline soils. The efficacy of conventional broadcast Zn fertilization is often limited by soil fixation and high spatial variability. This study evaluates when localized Zn placement surpasses broadcast application, and establishes recommended application rates. Furthermore, it develops spatially explicit, soil-Zn-stratified management strategies to boost maize productivity, providing a quantitative basis for nutrient management across diverse agroecosystems. By integrating a meta-analysis with Random Forest (RF) modeling to evaluate the efficacy of localized versus broadcast application of Zn fertilizer and predict yield responses across diverse agroecosystems. Localized Zn application significantly outperformed broadcast methods in terms of grain yield, increasing it by 8.8 % compared to 5.2 %. The advantage was particularly notable in alkaline soils pH > 7, soil organic matter (SOM) levels 10–20 g kg⁻¹, and elevated soil total nitrogen (N) > 1 g kg⁻¹. We identified annual precipitation and soil DTPA-Zn as the primary predictors of yield response. Recommend Zn application rates depended on soil Zn status: 8 kg ha⁻¹ for 0.5–1.0 mg kg⁻¹ soil DTPA-Zn, 4 kg ha⁻¹ for 1.0–1.5 mg kg⁻¹ soil DTPA-Zn, and 3 kg ha⁻¹ for > 1.5 mg kg⁻¹ soil DTPA-Zn. A scenario analysis projected that implementing a recommended national Zn application rate of 6.8 kg ha⁻¹ could increase China's maize yield by an average of 3.9 %, with regional gains ranging from 2.3 % to 4.4 %. This study provides a unified framework for recommending zinc fertilization in maize by clarifying when localized application offers yield advantages and defining soil Zn thresholds for rate adjustment. The guidance developed here supports more efficient Zn use and provides actionable strategies to improve maize productivity across diverse agroecosystems.

锌（Zn）缺乏是全球玉米产量和粮食品质的主要制约因素，特别是在碱性土壤中。传统撒播施锌的效果往往受到土壤固结性和空间变异性的限制。本研究评估局部施锌何时优于广播施锌，并建立推荐施锌率。此外，它还制定了空间明确的土壤锌分层管理策略，以提高玉米生产力，为不同农业生态系统的养分管理提供定量基础。通过整合随机森林（RF）模型的荟萃分析，评估局部施用与撒播施用锌肥的效果，并预测不同农业生态系统的产量响应。在籽粒产量方面，局部施锌显著优于撒播方法，增产8.8 %，比5.2% %。在pH >； 7、土壤有机质（SOM）水平10-20 g kg−1和土壤全氮(N)水平升高>； 1 g kg−1的碱性土壤中，这种优势尤为显著。我们确定年降水量和土壤DTPA-Zn是产量响应的主要预测因子。推荐锌应用利率取决于土壤锌状态:8 公斤 公顷−1 0.5 -1.0  毫克公斤−1土壤DTPA-Zn 4 公斤 公顷−1 1.0 -1.5  毫克公斤−1土壤DTPA-Zn和3 公斤 公顷−1祝辞 1.5  毫克公斤−1土壤DTPA-Zn。情景分析预测，实施全国推荐的6.8 kg ha - 1锌施用量可使中国玉米产量平均提高3.9 %，区域增产幅度在2.3 %至4.4 %之间。本研究阐明了局部施锌何时具有产量优势，并确定了调整施锌量的土壤锌阈值，为推荐玉米施锌提供了统一的框架。这里制定的指南支持更有效地利用锌，并提供可操作的战略，以提高不同农业生态系统的玉米生产力。

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引用次数: 0

A comprehensive comparative analysis of ETc prediction methods: Traditional formulations, crop models, machine learning, and coupled optimization pathways 综合比较分析ETc预测方法：传统公式、作物模型、机器学习和耦合优化路径

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128013

Di Hao , Jingjing Li , Wengang Zheng , Chunjiang Zhao , Liping Chen , Lili Zhangzhong

Accurate quantification of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is crucial for effective agricultural water management and climate-adaptive production. Despite advancements in estimation methods—from simplified models to data-driven technologies—achieving high-precision estimations remains a significant challenge. This study systematically evaluated eight ETc estimation methods, including the FAO dual crop coefficient method, the AquaCrop model, three machine learning models, and three coupled models, to assess the differences in prediction accuracy and robustness across various modeling approaches. Additionally, a multi-source coupled modeling framework integrating residual learning and physical constraints was proposed to address the limitations of physical models, which suffer from structural bias, and the high data dependency and training complexity of data-driven models. The results showed that the dual crop coefficient method performed less accurately than the mechanistically interpretable AquaCrop model (R² = 0.901), primarily due to its simplified representation of the crop-soil system dynamics. While the pure data-driven CNN-LSTM model approximated the AquaCrop model’s performance when sufficient data was available (R² = 0.893), its generalization ability deteriorated significantly with limited data (R² dropped to 0.640), highlighting its dependence on large datasets. In contrast, the coupled models, which incorporated physical priors and residual learning, leveraged physical constraints to reduce the mapping space required for deep learning fitting. This approach reduced reliance on large training datasets and decreased training cycles. By combining the structural knowledge of crop models with the nonlinear capabilities of machine learning at both the feature and output levels, the accuracy and robustness of the models were significantly improved. Notably, the connected embedded coupling model (CECM) achieved the best performance (R² = 0.924). This study demonstrates that synergistic modeling of physical mechanisms and data-driven approaches provides an ETc estimation pathway that balances interpretability with high predictive accuracy, offering valuable support for precision irrigation and agricultural water resource management.

作物蒸散量的准确量化对有效的农业水资源管理和气候适应性生产至关重要。尽管估算方法取得了进步——从简化模型到数据驱动技术——但实现高精度估算仍然是一个重大挑战。本研究系统评估了FAO双作物系数法、AquaCrop模型、3种机器学习模型和3种耦合模型等8种ETc估计方法，以评估不同建模方法在预测精度和稳健性方面的差异。此外，针对物理模型存在结构偏差、数据驱动模型具有较高的数据依赖性和训练复杂性等缺点，提出了残差学习与物理约束相结合的多源耦合建模框架。结果表明，双作物系数法的精度低于AquaCrop模型（R²= 0.901），主要是由于其简化了作物-土壤系统动力学的表征。纯数据驱动的CNN-LSTM模型在数据充足时的泛化能力与AquaCrop模型相近（R²= 0.893），但在数据有限时，其泛化能力明显下降（R²降至0.640），突出了其对大数据集的依赖性。相比之下，结合物理先验和残差学习的耦合模型利用物理约束来减少深度学习拟合所需的映射空间。这种方法减少了对大型训练数据集的依赖，减少了训练周期。通过将作物模型的结构知识与机器学习在特征和输出层面的非线性能力相结合，显著提高了模型的准确性和鲁棒性。值得注意的是，连接嵌入式耦合模型（CECM）的性能最好（R²= 0.924）。该研究表明，物理机制和数据驱动方法的协同建模提供了一种平衡可解释性和高预测精度的ETc估计途径，为精准灌溉和农业水资源管理提供了有价值的支持。

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引用次数: 0

Challenges and opportunities in protein crop production: Finnish farmers’ perspectives on legumes and oilseeds 蛋白质作物生产的挑战和机遇：芬兰农民对豆类和油籽的看法

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128010

Kiflemariam Y. Belachew , Jaakko A.O. Haarala , Casimir Schauman , Frederick L. Stoddard

The cultivation of grain legumes and oilseeds in Finland is limited, despite their ecological benefits and potential for enhancing protein security. While these crops provide essential protein and ecosystem services through nitrogen fixation, farmers are hesitant to grow them due to perceived high risks and low profitability, leading to a heavy reliance on imported soybeans for livestock feed: 70 % of the EU's supply and 85 % in Finland. Hence, a survey was conducted in 2018 among 14,000 Finnish farmers, with 503 respondents. Over 80 % felt knowledgeable about producing legumes and oilseeds and recognized the importance of protein self-sufficiency. However, farmers expressed a need for more specific technical information on cultivation and the use of domestic protein crops as feed. Interest in protein crops was particularly strong among organic farmers, who value legumes for their benefits as bio-fertilizers and break-crops. Additionally, factors such as agricultural policies, subsidies, and contract agreements significantly influenced farmers' willingness to produce protein crops. Domestic protein crops in Finland were perceived as high-risk and costly. To improve cultivation reliability and achieve long-term self-sufficiency in plant protein, effective agricultural policies, the development of earlier and winter-hardy cultivars, and a national market network among producers, processors, and livestock farmers are essential.

尽管谷物豆类和油籽具有生态效益和提高蛋白质安全的潜力，但芬兰的种植面积有限。虽然这些作物通过固氮提供必需的蛋白质和生态系统服务，但由于风险高、收益低，农民对种植它们犹豫不决，导致严重依赖进口大豆作为牲畜饲料：欧盟供应的70% %和芬兰的85% %。因此，2018年对14000名芬兰农民进行了一项调查，有503名受访者。超过80% %的人对生产豆类和油籽有一定的了解，并认识到蛋白质自给自足的重要性。然而，农民表示需要更具体的关于种植和使用国内蛋白质作物作为饲料的技术信息。有机农民对蛋白质作物的兴趣尤其强烈，他们看重豆类作为生物肥料和断裂作物的好处。此外，农业政策、补贴和合同协议等因素显著影响农民生产蛋白质作物的意愿。芬兰国内的蛋白质作物被认为是高风险和昂贵的。为了提高种植可靠性并实现植物蛋白的长期自给，有效的农业政策、早期和耐寒品种的开发以及生产者、加工商和畜牧农民之间的全国市场网络至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Decoupling of carbon pump and diversity in microbes under global agricultural management 全球农业管理下碳泵与微生物多样性的解耦

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128015

Changkun Yang , Bing Liu , Arash Malekian , Weihao Sun , Bin Wang , Xiao Wang , Wen Li , Pouyan Dehghan Rahimabadi , Maliheh Behrang Manesh

Microbial carbon metabolism largely determines whether plant-derived carbon is retained in soils or lost as carbon dioxide. In croplands, integrated management across nutrient supply, tillage, cropping, and irrigation supports production and strongly reshapes microbial-derived carbon. However, it remains unclear how integrated management reshapes microbial carbon anabolism processes at the global scale. This study quantified management-driven changes in microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) and microbial necromass carbon (MNC) using a global meta-analysis, and then applied random-forest modeling, variance partitioning, and path analysis to identify the key predictors and pathways. Results indicate that integrated management enhances CUE and MNC by 3.85 % and 9.74 %, respectively. Nitrogen management increased both CUE and MNC (11.87 % and 15.97 %, respectively), while organic agriculture boosted CUE (29.71 %), and both straw return and irrigation increased MNC (21.13 % and 14.90 %, respectively). In contrast, tillage inhibited microbial anabolism. Temperature had the strongest influence on CUE, while the duration of practice mainly affected MNC, with effects weakening by 1.37 % after five years. Habitat conditions, such as soil C/N and pH, were also key constraints. Mediation analyses indicated that CUE was primarily regulated by microbial respiration and enzyme activity (23.37 % variance), whereas microbial biomass and community structure dominated MNC variation (27.57 %). Further analysis revealed a decoupling between microbial carbon anabolism and diversity under management. Taken together, integrating nutrient and organic inputs with reduced disturbance, while accounting for soil factors such as temperature, C/N, and pH, can optimize microbial metabolism, thereby enhancing carbon sequestration and agroecosystems productivity, and promoting sustainable development.

微生物的碳代谢在很大程度上决定了植物来源的碳是保留在土壤中还是以二氧化碳的形式流失。在农田，养分供应、耕作、种植和灌溉的综合管理支持生产，并有力地重塑微生物来源的碳。然而，目前尚不清楚综合管理如何在全球范围内重塑微生物碳合成代谢过程。本研究采用全球元分析方法量化了管理驱动的微生物碳利用效率（CUE）和微生物坏死碳（MNC）的变化，然后应用随机森林模型、方差划分和路径分析来确定关键的预测因子和路径。结果表明，综合管理使CUE和MNC分别提高了3.85 %和9.74 %。氮肥处理提高了CUE和MNC（分别为11.87 %和15.97 %），有机农业提高了CUE（分别为29.71 %），秸秆还田和灌溉提高了MNC（分别为21.13 %和14.90 %）。相反，耕作抑制微生物合成代谢。温度对CUE的影响最大，而实践时间主要影响MNC， 5年后影响减弱1.37 %。生境条件，如土壤C/N和pH值，也是关键的限制因素。中介分析表明，CUE主要受微生物呼吸和酶活性的调节（23.37 %方差），而微生物生物量和群落结构主导了跨国变异（27.57 %方差）。进一步的分析揭示了微生物碳合成代谢与管理下的多样性之间的脱钩。综合考虑温度、C/N和pH等土壤因子，在减少干扰的情况下整合养分和有机投入，可以优化微生物代谢，从而增强碳固存和农业生态系统生产力，促进可持续发展。

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引用次数: 0

Layered nitrogen application drives changes in nitrogen nutrition status of wheat by affecting key soil microbial clusters 分层施氮通过影响土壤关键微生物群驱动小麦氮素营养状况的变化

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128011

Yang Zhou, Pengjia Wu, Yanjie Qu, Shengyan Pang, Haimeng Mu, Min Yang, Xiang Lin, Dong Wang

Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is essential for improving wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency, yet the mechanisms by which layered N application regulates crop N nutrition through soil microbial processes across growth stages remain unclear. Here, we conducted a four-year field experiment to examine how layered N fertilization modulates soil microbial communities and nutrient dynamics to better match wheat N demand and enhance productivity. Treatments included conventional N application at 8 cm soil depth (N8), layered N application at 8, 16, and 24 cm in a 1:2:1 ratio (N1–2–1), and a no-N control (NCK). Layered N fertilization increased grain yield by 18.7 % and total N accumulation by 19.0 % compared with conventional N application, while maintaining an optimal nitrogen nutrition index throughout wheat development. These yield gains were associated with a marked increase in soil available phosphorus (AP), which enhanced bacterial diversity (Shannon index) and richness (Chao1 index). Co-occurrence network analysis identified two key microbial modules (Module 1 and Module 5) that strongly predicted wheat N accumulation and yield (p < 0.01). The functional roles of these modules shifted from saprotrophic and nitrifying processes at the regreening stage to aromatic compound degradation and root symbiosis at anthesis. Dominant taxa within these modules, particularly Stanjemonium and Coniochaeta, were the strongest contributors to wheat N concentration at the regreening and anthesis stages, respectively. Random forest analysis further indicated that AP exerted a direct regulatory effect on microbial module abundance, while soil N availability influenced wheat N nutrition indirectly through its interactions with AP and microbial network structure. Structural equation modeling confirmed that these pathways ultimately determined wheat nitrogen nutritional status and yield. Overall, layered N fertilization enhances wheat N uptake and productivity by reshaping soil microbial network organization through AP-mediated mechanisms, highlighting the importance of microbial ecological clusters in synchronizing crop N demand with nutrient supply across growth stages.

优化氮肥管理对提高小麦产量和氮素利用效率至关重要，但分层施氮通过不同生长阶段土壤微生物过程调节作物氮素营养的机制尚不清楚。在此，我们进行了为期四年的田间试验，以研究分层施氮如何调节土壤微生物群落和养分动态，从而更好地匹配小麦对氮的需求并提高产量。处理包括土壤深度为8 cm （N8）的常规施氮，8、16和24 cm按1:2:1的比例分层施氮（N1-2-1）和不施氮对照（NCK）。与常规施氮相比，分层施氮可使籽粒产量提高18.7 %，总氮积累提高19.0 %，同时在小麦发育过程中保持最佳氮素营养指数。土壤有效磷（AP）显著增加，细菌多样性（Shannon指数）和丰富度（Chao1指数）增加。共现网络分析发现，两个关键微生物模块（模块1和模块5）对小麦氮素积累和产量具有较强的预测作用（p <； 0.01）。这些模块的功能作用从绿植阶段的腐养和硝化过程转向开花阶段的芳香族化合物降解和根系共生过程。在复绿期和开花期，各模块内的优势类群对小麦氮素的贡献最大，其中以石竹属和针毛纲的贡献最大。随机森林分析进一步表明，氮素对微生物模块丰度具有直接调节作用，而土壤氮有效性通过与氮素和微生物网络结构的相互作用间接影响小麦氮素营养。结构方程模型证实了这些途径最终决定了小麦氮素营养状况和产量。总体而言，分层施氮通过ap介导的机制重塑土壤微生物网络组织，从而提高小麦对氮的吸收和生产力，突出了微生物生态集群在作物生长各阶段氮需求和养分供应同步中的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of nitrogen addition on rhizosphere soil microbial community and biomass yield and quality of different fall dormancy-rating alfalfa cultivars 施氮对不同秋休眠期苜蓿品种根际土壤微生物群落及生物量产量和品质的影响

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128006

Yize Yu , Yaxin Li , Shuqi Ran , Hanyu Li , Jicao Dao , Jinhuan Yang , Lihong Yu , Yuefei Xu

Nitrogen fertilization is crucial for forage production and can alter soil microbial communities, whereas fall dormancy (FD) reflects alfalfa's physiological strategy and forage yield potential. However, it remains unclear how microbial communities respond to FD under different nitrogen fertilization management regimes, and how these responses impact alfalfa yield and quality. Therefore, we conducted a 4-year field experiment and treated three different FD alfalfa cultivars (FD3, FD5, and FD7) with and without nitrogen fertilization, and employed 16S rRNA and ITS high-throughput sequencing to explore rhizosphere microbial diversity and interactions, and to assess changes in cultivar yield and quality. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased yield and crude protein (CP) content of different FD cultivars, with FD3 being the most significantly affected (p < 0.05). Bacterial community diversity was influenced by both nitrogen fertilization and FD, whereas fungal communities were primarily affected by FD. Specifically, nitrogen fertilization significantly reduced bacterial α-diversity and FD3 exhibited a higher bacterial α-diversity. Under nitrogen fertilization, bacterial community composition was more similar between FD5 and FD7. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that nitrogen fertilization increased the microbial network complexity, with sensitive taxa responding to FD in specific co-occurrence patterns. Furthermore, these sensitive taxa included some keystone members (e.g., Nitrosomonadaceae and Helotiales), which were affected by environmental variables and were significantly positively correlated with alfalfa yield and CP content. Collectively, these results suggest interactive effects of FD and nitrogen fertilization on alfalfa performance and rhizosphere microbial communities, highlights the potential importance of keystone taxa in maintaining alfalfa yield and quality, and lays a foundation for developing fertilization strategies tailored to different FD alfalfa cultivars.

氮肥对牧草生产至关重要，可以改变土壤微生物群落，而秋季休眠（FD）反映了苜蓿的生理策略和饲料产量潜力。然而，目前尚不清楚微生物群落在不同氮肥管理制度下对FD的响应，以及这些响应如何影响苜蓿产量和品质。为此，我们进行了为期4年的大田试验，对3个不同的FD苜蓿品种（FD3、FD5和FD7）进行了施氮和不施氮处理，并利用16S rRNA和ITS高通量测序，探讨了根际微生物多样性及其相互作用，并评估了品种产量和品质的变化。施氮显著提高了不同FD品种的产量和粗蛋白质含量，其中对FD3的影响最为显著（p <； 0.05）。氮肥和FD对细菌群落多样性均有影响，而真菌群落主要受FD的影响。其中，氮肥显著降低了细菌α-多样性，而FD3表现出更高的细菌α-多样性。氮肥处理下，FD5与FD7的细菌群落组成较为相似。共现网络分析表明，施氮增加了微生物网络的复杂性，敏感类群对FD的响应具有特定的共现模式。此外，这些敏感分类群中还包括一些关键成员（如亚硝酸茅属和Helotiales），它们受环境变量的影响，与苜蓿产量和CP含量呈显著正相关。综上所述，FD和氮肥对苜蓿生产性能和根际微生物群落具有交互作用，突出了关键类群对维持苜蓿产量和品质的潜在重要性，为制定适合不同FD苜蓿品种的施肥策略奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Achieving synergistic improvements in maize yield and nitrogen use sustainability through a novel high-density production system enabled by precision stage-specific regulation 通过一种新的高密度生产系统实现玉米产量和氮利用可持续性的协同改善，该系统由精确的阶段特定调节实现

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128008

Liang Fang , Dongping Shen , Zhen Wang , Linli Zhou , Tingting Zhang , Guoqiang Zhang , Jun Xue , Ruizhi Xie , Peng Hou , Keru Wang , Bo Ming , Ling Gou , Shaokun Li

Confronted with the dual imperatives of ensuring food security and reducing environmental pollution in China’s intensive agricultural systems, this study proposes and validates an innovative crop management paradigm: a High-Density Production System enabled by Precision Stage-Specific Regulation (HD-PSR). Based on a three-year field experiment spanning a wide nitrogen (N) application gradient (0–765 kg N ha⁻¹), we assessed the effects of N rate on grain yield, nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFP_N), plant N dynamics (uptake, distribution, and remobilization), soil residual N, and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. The results show that the system achieved a clear yield plateau of 14.7–16.5 t ha⁻¹ at 243.8–306.4 kg N ha⁻¹ , while sustaining efficient internal N uptake and remobilization, providing a strong physiological basis for high yield. Simultaneously, the system markedly reduced the direct N₂O emission factor to a consistently low range of 0.3 %–0.9 %, well below the IPCC default. Notably, both cumulative N₂O emissions and the emission factor exhibited a strictly linear relationship with N application rate, in contrast to the exponential increases widely reported under conventional fertilization. This linearity is attributed to split application, which prevents the accumulation of soil mineral N that typically triggers microbial N₂O emission pulses. A comprehensive benefit index identified approximately 289 kg N ha⁻¹ as the synergistic optimum for high yield and low emissions. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that HD-PSR—through deep integration of high-density planting with whole-season, physiology-oriented precision regulation—can simultaneously enhance grain yield and nitrogen-use sustainability, offering a practical systemic pathway for the sustainable intensification of cereal production.

面对中国集约化农业系统中确保粮食安全和减少环境污染的双重需求，本研究提出并验证了一种创新的作物管理模式：由精确阶段特定调控（HD-PSR）实现的高密度生产系统。通过一项为期3年的大田试验，研究了不同施氮量（0-765 kg N ha⁻¹）对粮食产量、氮素偏因子生产力（PFPN）、植株氮素动态（吸收、分配和再动员）、土壤残氮和氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放的影响。结果表明，该体系达到了14.7-16.5 tha⁻¹ （243.8-306.4 kg N ha⁻¹ ）的明显产量平台，同时保持了体内氮的有效吸收和再迁移，为高产提供了强有力的生理基础。同时，该系统显著降低了直接的N₂O排放因子，持续降低到0.3 % -0.9 %的较低范围，远低于IPCC的默认值。值得注意的是，累积N₂O排放量和排放因子与施氮量呈严格的线性关系，而常规施肥则呈指数增长。这种线性归因于拆分应用，这可以防止土壤矿物N的积累，而土壤矿物N通常会触发微生物N₂O发射脉冲。综合效益指数确定约289 kg N ha⁻¹ 为高产低排放的协同最优。综上所述，通过高密度种植与全季、以生理为导向的精准调控的深度融合，hd - psr可以同时提高粮食产量和氮素利用的可持续性，为谷物生产的可持续集约化提供了切实可行的系统途径。

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引用次数: 0

Advancements in weed mapping: A systematic review 杂草制图的进展：系统综述

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.127992

Mohammad Jahanbakht , Alex Olsen , Ross Marchant , Emilie Fillols , Mostafa Rahimi Azghadi

Weed mapping plays a critical role in precision management by providing accurate and timely data on weed distribution, enabling targeted control and reduced herbicide use. This minimizes environmental impacts, supports sustainable land management, and improves outcomes across agricultural and natural environments. Recent advances in weed mapping leverage ground-vehicle Red Green Blue (RGB) cameras, satellite and drone-based remote sensing combined with sensors such as spectral, Near Infra-Red (NIR), and thermal cameras. The resulting data are processed using advanced techniques including big data analytics and machine learning, significantly improving the spatial and temporal resolution of weed maps and enabling site-specific management decisions. Despite a growing body of research in this domain, there is a lack of comprehensive literature reviews specifically focused on weed mapping. In particular, the absence of a structured analysis spanning the entire mapping pipeline, from data acquisition to processing techniques and mapping tools, limits progress in the field. This review addresses these gaps by systematically examining state-of-the-art methods in data acquisition (sensor and platform technologies), data processing (including annotation and modelling), and mapping techniques (such as spatiotemporal analysis and decision support tools). In the data processing stage, weed detection was identified as a critical enabling component of the mapping pipeline; accordingly, dedicated sections were included to systematically review state-of-the-art methods. Following PRISMA guidelines, we critically evaluate and synthesize key findings from the literature to provide a holistic understanding of the weed mapping landscape. This review serves as a foundational reference to guide future research and support the development of efficient, scalable, and sustainable weed management systems.

杂草测绘通过提供准确和及时的杂草分布数据，实现有针对性的控制和减少除草剂的使用，在精确管理中起着至关重要的作用。这将最大限度地减少对环境的影响，支持可持续土地管理，并改善农业和自然环境的成果。杂草测绘的最新进展利用了地面车辆红绿蓝（RGB）相机、卫星和无人机遥感以及光谱、近红外（NIR）和热像仪等传感器。结果数据使用包括大数据分析和机器学习在内的先进技术进行处理，显着提高了杂草地图的时空分辨率，并使特定地点的管理决策成为可能。尽管这一领域的研究越来越多，但缺乏专门针对杂草测绘的全面文献综述。特别是，从数据采集到处理技术和绘图工具，缺乏跨越整个绘图管道的结构化分析，限制了该领域的进展。本综述通过系统地研究数据采集（传感器和平台技术）、数据处理（包括注释和建模）和制图技术（如时空分析和决策支持工具）方面的最新方法来解决这些差距。在数据处理阶段，杂草检测被确定为映射管道的关键启用组件；因此，设立了专门的部门系统地审查最新的方法。遵循PRISMA的指导方针，我们批判性地评估和综合文献中的关键发现，以提供对杂草测绘景观的整体理解。本综述可作为指导未来研究和支持高效、可扩展和可持续杂草管理系统开发的基础参考。

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引用次数: 0

Soil mulching enhanced maize canopy ammonia flux in contrast mitigating field ammonia emission 土壤覆盖增加玉米冠层氨通量，减少田间氨排放

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128002

Shenqiang Lv , Ting Yang , Jia Li , Zeyu Yang , Huitong Li , Linquan Wang , Shenzhong Tian , Ahmed I. Abdo

A systematic elucidation of soil ammonia (NH₃) volatilization (SAV), canopy NH₃ flux (CAF), field NH₃ emission (FAE), and their underlying drivers is imperative for evaluating NH₃ pollution mitigation strategies and advancing sustainable agricultural practices. Currently, the role of the maize canopy in NH₃ emission and the contributions of field factors to NH₃ emission remain inadequately understood. A consecutive field experiment was conducted over a 3-year period from 2019 to 2021 with a split-plot design. The experiment comprised five tillage treatments (conventional tillage without mulch (CT), ridge-furrow tillage without mulch (RT), plastic film mulch (PM), ridge-furrow cultivation with plastic film mulch on the ridge (RTPM), and straw mulching (SM)) and two N application rates (0 kg N ha^–1 and 225 kg N ha^–1). The results demonstrated that the CAF was positive, which meant that the maize canopy acted as an NH₃ source. The cumulative SAV, CAF, and FAE amounted to 4.21–10.12 kg N ha^–1, 1.27–4.94 kg N ha^–1 and 6.07–13.26 kg N ha^–1, respectively. The N fertilizer NH₃ loss rate was 1.13 %–2.41 %. Soil mulching practices (PM, RTPM, and SM) resulted in a 5.3 %–61.1 % increase in CAF, but markedly reduced SAV, FAE, and the N fertilizer NH₃ loss rate by 15.4 %–31.9 %, 9.5 %–11.7 %, and 0.94 %-1.04 %, respectively, compared to those of CT. Conversely, RT exhibited negligible effects on these parameters. Meteorological variables, including the air temperature and solar radiation exhibited positive correlations with the CAF. A mechanistic analysis identified soluble protein (SP, primary regulator) and the NH₃ compensation point (ACP) as direct positive regulators of the CAF, with canopy NH₄⁺ concentration exerting indirect positive effects. Conversely, glycolate oxidase (GO) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities directly suppressed CAF. Consequently, although it promoted the CAF, soil mulching depressed maize field NH₃ emission and N fertilizer NH₃ loss rate. Hence, soil mulching emerges as an effective strategy for mitigating non-point source pollution risks while enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in agricultural systems.

系统阐明土壤氨（NH3）挥发（SAV）、冠层氨通量（CAF）、农田氨排放（FAE）及其驱动因素，对评估氨污染缓解策略和推进可持续农业实践具有重要意义。目前，玉米冠层在NH3排放中的作用以及田间因子对NH3排放的贡献尚不清楚。采用分块设计，于2019 - 2021年进行了连续3年的田间试验。试验包括常规免覆盖耕作（CT）、垄沟免覆盖耕作（RT）、地膜覆盖（PM）、垄沟覆地膜栽培（RTPM）和秸秆覆盖（SM） 5种耕作方式和2种施氮量（0 kg N ha-1和225 kg N ha-1）。结果表明，CAF呈阳性，说明玉米冠层具有NH3源的作用。累积SAV、CAF和FAE分别为4.21 ~ 10.12 kg N ha-1、1.27 ~ 4.94 kg N ha-1和6.07 ~ 13.26 kg N ha-1。氮肥NH3损失率为1.13 % ~ 2.41 %。土壤覆盖（PM、RTPM和SM）使CAF增加了5.3 % ~ 61.1 %，而SAV、FAE和氮肥NH3损失率分别显著降低了15.4 % ~ 31.9 %、9.5 % ~ 11.7 %和0.94 % ~ 1.04 %。相反，RT对这些参数的影响可以忽略不计。气温、太阳辐射等气象变量与CAF呈正相关。机制分析发现可溶性蛋白（SP）和NH3补偿点（ACP）是CAF的直接正调控因子，冠层NH4+浓度起间接正调控作用。相反，乙醇酸氧化酶（GO）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性直接抑制CAF。因此，虽然土壤覆盖促进了CAF，但降低了玉米田NH3排放和氮肥NH3损失率。因此，土壤覆盖成为减轻非点源污染风险，同时提高农业系统氮利用效率的有效策略。

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引用次数: 0