European Journal of Agronomy最新文献_第3页

Integrated assessment of economic profitability, energy consumption and environmental footprints by nitrogen fertilizer management using straw return in the wheat-maize cropping system 小麦-玉米作物秸秆还田氮肥管理的经济效益、能源消耗和环境足迹综合评价

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2025.127981

Hongxing Li , Fei Gao , Lei Wang , Jingzhe Shi , Zihan Jin , Sher Alam , Bin Zhao , Peng Liu , Wei Xiong , Baizhao Ren , Jiwang Zhang

Sustainable agriculture is a central focus of global agricultural transformation; straw return and optimised nitrogen fertilizer management emerging as key technologies for achieving efficient resource utilization. Therefore, clarifying the substitution effect of straw nitrogen release on chemical nitrogen fertilizers and quantifying the comprehensive impact of different nitrogen fertilizer application rates under straw return conditions on yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and system sustainability are crucial for identifying optimal nitrogen fertilizer management strategies. From 2017–2023, field trials are conducted on the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) rotation system on the North China Plain. These trials systematically investigate the combined effects of varying straw-return rates and nitrogen fertilizer application levels on crop yield, economic benefit, nitrogen use efficiency, and environmental impact. Results indicate that straw decomposition of maize and wheat can provide 47.6 kg ha⁻¹ and 28.5 kg ha⁻¹ of nitrogen to the crop-soil system in the later season, respectively. Based on the characteristics of nitrogen release, the application of 178.5 kg ha⁻¹ of nitrogen fertilizer (S-15 %N treatment) following straw return can maintain high yield and yield stability of crops while reducing fertilizer by 15 % and considerably enhancing nitrogen use efficiency. When compared with conventional nitrogen application (SN, 210 kg ha⁻¹), the S-15 %N treatment demonstrates superior resource use efficiency and environmental sustainability while effectively meeting crop nitrogen nutrition requirements were met. By establishing a sustainability evaluation system incorporating multidimensional indicators such as yield, economic returns, nitrogen loss mitigation, and carbon emissions reduction, this study clearly demonstrates, for the first time, that the S-15 %N treatment achieves the highest sustainability performance score. The promotion of this model in the North China Plain can reduce about 0.96 Mt of nitrogen loss and 649 kg ha⁻¹ of carbon emissions per year, with notable environmental and ecological benefits. This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for implementing green, low-carbon fertilization practices in the wheat-maize rotation system on the North China Plain.

可持续农业是全球农业转型的中心焦点；秸秆还田和优化氮肥管理成为实现资源高效利用的关键技术。因此，明确秸秆氮肥释放对化学氮肥的替代效应，量化秸秆还田条件下不同氮肥施用量对产量、氮素利用效率和系统可持续性的综合影响，对于确定最优氮肥管理策略至关重要。2017-2023年，在华北平原进行了冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度的田间试验。这些试验系统地研究了不同秸秆还田率和氮肥施用量对作物产量、经济效益、氮利用效率和环境影响的综合影响。结果表明，玉米和小麦秸秆分解在后期分别可向作物-土壤系统提供47.6 kg ha−1和28.5 kg ha−1氮素。根据氮素释放特性，秸秆还田后施178.5 kg ha−1氮肥（S-15 %N处理）可保持作物高产和产量稳定，同时减肥15 %，显著提高氮素利用效率。与常规施氮量（210 kg ha−1）相比，S-15 %N处理在有效满足作物氮素营养需求的同时，具有更强的资源利用效率和环境可持续性。通过建立包含产量、经济回报、氮损失缓解和碳减排等多维指标的可持续性评价体系，本研究首次明确表明S-15 %N处理的可持续性绩效得分最高。该模式在华北平原推广后，每年可减少氮素损失约96 Mt，减少碳排放649 kg ha−1，环境生态效益显著。本研究为华北平原小麦-玉米轮作系统实施绿色低碳施肥实践提供了理论基础和技术支持。

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引用次数: 0

Yield and protein gaps in barley: Quantifying nitrogen and sulfur contributions 大麦产量和蛋白质缺口：定量氮和硫贡献

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2025.127978

Federico M. Gomez , Flavio H. Gutiérrez-Boem , Pablo Prystupa , Jorge L. Mercau , Jose J. Boero , Gustavo Ferraris , Leonor G. Abeledo

Malting barley requires management strategies that simultaneously achieve a high yield and grain protein concentration meeting brewing industry requirements, yet the impacts of nitrogen and sulfur limitations on these variables remain unclear. Yield and protein gaps under rainfed conditions have not been quantified or nutritionally decomposed for barley at the farm scale. This study aimed to i) quantify yield and grain protein gaps in malting barley, ii) evaluate the contribution of N and S to these gaps, iii) examine the relationship between yield and protein gaps, and iv) analyze the relationship between yield, grain protein, and their respective gaps with crop N uptake. Forty-two on-farm experiments were conducted in the central Pampas region of Argentina, with N and S fertilization treatments in a randomized complete block design. These experiments, combined with crop modeling (APSIM), were used to estimate yield potential (Yp), water-limited yield potential (Yw), actual yield (Ya), yield gap (Yg = Yw - Ya), actual grain protein concentration (Pa), and protein gap (Pg = Pi - Pa, where Pi is the 11 % average industrial protein requirement). Mean Yg represented 27.6 % of Yw and was mainly due to N limitation (97.6 % of cases), while S limitation was less frequent (< 23.5 %). Pa was consistently below the 11 % industry requirement. Mean Pg was 26.5 % of Pi and was also mainly due to N limitation. The association between Pg and Yg was weak. Crop N uptake influenced both gaps, with higher N requirements needed to achieve Pi than to maximize yield. This study demonstrates that optimizing N management is essential for closing yield and protein gaps in malting barley in the Pampas, whereas S limitation is less frequent. Future research should integrate the effects of multiple stressors (nutrients, water, and temperature) on yield and protein gaps.

酿造大麦需要同时实现高产和满足酿造行业要求的谷物蛋白质浓度的管理策略，但氮和硫限制对这些变量的影响尚不清楚。在农场规模上，雨养条件下大麦的产量和蛋白质缺口尚未量化或营养分解。本研究旨在i)量化麦芽产量和籽粒蛋白质缺口，ii)评估氮和硫对这些缺口的贡献，iii)研究产量和蛋白质缺口之间的关系，iv)分析产量、籽粒蛋白质及其各自的缺口与作物氮吸收的关系。在阿根廷潘帕斯中部地区进行了42项农场试验，采用随机完全区组设计，施氮和施硫处理。这些试验与作物模型（APSIM）相结合，用于估算产量潜力（Yp）、限水产量潜力（Yw）、实际产量（Ya）、产量缺口（Yg = Yw - Ya）、实际谷物蛋白质浓度（Pa）和蛋白质缺口（Pg = Pi - Pa，其中Pi为11% %的平均工业蛋白质需取量）。平均Yg占Yw的27.6 %，主要是由于N限制（97.6% %），而S限制较少（< 23.5 %）。Pa一直低于11% %的行业要求。平均Pg为26.5% %，也主要是由于N的限制。Pg和Yg之间的相关性较弱。作物氮素吸收对两种间隙都有影响，实现圆周率所需的氮素高于产量最大化所需的氮素。本研究表明，优化氮素管理对于缩小潘帕斯大麦的产量和蛋白质缺口至关重要，而氮素限制则不常见。未来的研究应整合多种应激源（营养、水分和温度）对产量和蛋白质缺口的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Balancing productivity and sustainability: Identifying optimal nitrogen application rates for Chinese regional sugarcane systems 平衡生产力与可持续性：确定中国区域甘蔗系统的最佳氮肥施用量

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128022

Ruixuan Zhu, Shengsen Zhou, Fumin Wei, Xiaomai Yuan, Beilei Wei, Wei Yao, Ziting Wang

Global nitrogen imbalance has reached critical levels. Despite applying 2–2.5 times international standards (300–500 kg N ha⁻¹), Chinese sugarcane regions exhibit low nitrogen use efficiency, undermining economic viability and environmental sustainability, threatening national sugar security and degrading ecosystems. This study analyzed 328 datasets from 56 field trials across China's three major sugarcane production regions, integrating meta-analysis, machine learning, and bioeconomic modeling to establish a multi-objective optimization framework for sugarcane nitrogen management, which evaluates relationships among yield, economic, ecological, and social benefits and optimizes nitrogen strategies under different management objectives. Results revealed optimal yield-enhancing response within 200–300 kg N ha⁻¹ , with yields peaking at 306 kg N ha⁻¹ nitrogen application. However, soil properties contributed more to yield response than nitrogen application rates themselves, explaining over half of yield variation and validating soil-climate-based fertilization recommendations. Optimal nitrogen rates diverged systematically across the four benefit objectives. Specifically, shifting from

B_{yield}

(N-derived yield benefit)-maximizing strategies (311 kg N ha⁻¹) to

B_{society}

(Social benefit)-optimal strategies (242 kg N ha⁻¹) reduced nitrogen losses by 23 %, increased sugar yield by 3.53 %, while decreasing cane yield by only 0.97 %. Regional analysis revealed distinct optimization pathways: Yunnan demonstrated

B_{yield}

-

B_{society}

synergy under low inputs (benefit divergence 19 kg N ha⁻¹) but requires moderate nitrogen increase; Guangxi achieved highest yields but showed significant

B_{yield}

-

B_{society}

divergence (32 kg N ha⁻¹), requiring moderate reduction; Guangdong exhibited high-input low-output dilemmas with the widest

B_{yield}

-

B_{society}

divergence (65 kg N ha⁻¹), necessitating fundamental soil amelioration. These findings provide a scientific basis for region-specific precision nitrogen management in Chinese sugarcane production, facilitating coordination of sugar security, environmental protection, and rural development.

全球氮失衡已达到临界水平。尽管中国甘蔗产区的氮肥使用标准是国际标准的2-2.5倍（300-500 kg N ha毒血症），但中国甘蔗产区的氮肥利用效率很低，破坏了经济可行性和环境可持续性，威胁了国家食糖安全，并破坏了生态系统。本研究对中国三大甘蔗产区56个大田试验的328个数据集进行分析，结合元分析、机器学习和生物经济建模，建立甘蔗氮肥管理多目标优化框架，评估产量、经济、生态和社会效益之间的关系，优化不同管理目标下的氮肥策略。结果显示，在200-300 kg N ha⁻¹ 范围内，产量最高的是306 kg N ha⁻¹ 。然而，土壤性质对产量响应的贡献大于施氮量本身，解释了一半以上的产量变化，并验证了基于土壤气候的施肥建议。最佳氮肥用量在四个效益目标之间存在系统性差异。具体来说，从Byield（氮衍生产量效益）最大化策略（311公斤氮毒血症）转变为Bsociety（社会效益）-最佳策略（242公斤氮毒血症）减少了23%的氮损失，增加了3.53%的糖产量，而甘蔗产量仅减少了0.97%。区域分析显示出不同的优化路径：云南在低投入（效益差异为19 kg N ha⁻¹）条件下表现出产-社会协同效应，但需要适度增加氮量；广西产量最高，但产量-社会差异显著（32 kg N ha⁻¹），需要适度减产；广东表现出高投入低产出的困境，产量-社会差距最大（65 kg N ha），需要进行根本性的土壤改良。研究结果可为我国甘蔗生产的区域精准氮肥管理提供科学依据，促进糖安全、环境保护和农村发展的协调。

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引用次数: 0

Critical nitrogen concentration of annual ryegrass and tall fescue is not affected by phosphorus deficiency 一年生黑麦草和高羊茅的临界氮浓度不受缺磷的影响

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128028

R. Cuadro , C.I. Borrajo , M.A. Marino , P. Cicore , A. Hirigoyen , P.M. Errecart , G.A. Berone , F.A. Lattanzi

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deficiencies commonly limit plant growth in agroecosystems. While critical N concentration (Nc) dilution curves are widely used to assess the N status of crops and pastures, it remains unclear whether Nc curves remain valid under P deficiency. This study assessed the effect of P deficiency on Nc curves. For this purpose, a factorial combination of several N and P fertilization rates was applied in nine field experiments during winter and spring on annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and tall fescue (L. arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.) pastures, at several sites in Uruguay and Argentina. Across sites, P deficiency did not alter Nc curves, a conclusion supported by both frequentist and Bayesian statistics. A corollary of the fact that Nc dilution curves are largely unaffected by P availability is that, for a given N nutritional status, reduced N uptake under P deficiency is mostly due to lower shoot biomass accumulation. Our results indicate that Nc dilution curves are largely unaffected by P availability across a range of edaphoclimatic conditions and reinforce their use as a reliable diagnostic.

氮(N)和磷(P)缺乏通常会限制农业生态系统中植物的生长。虽然临界氮浓度（Nc）稀释曲线被广泛用于评估作物和牧场的氮状况，但Nc曲线在缺磷情况下是否仍然有效尚不清楚。本研究评估缺磷对Nc曲线的影响。为此，在冬季和春季对一年生黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum L.）和高羊茅（L. arundinaceum (Schreb.)）进行了9个田间试验，采用不同氮磷肥施肥量的因子组合。)牧场，在乌拉圭和阿根廷的几个地方。在不同的位点上，缺磷不会改变Nc曲线，这一结论得到了频率学家和贝叶斯统计的支持。氮素稀释曲线在很大程度上不受磷有效性的影响，这一事实的一个推论是，在一定的氮营养状况下，缺磷导致的氮素吸收减少主要是由于地上部生物量积累减少。我们的研究结果表明，在一系列气候条件下，氮化磷稀释曲线在很大程度上不受磷有效性的影响，并加强了它们作为可靠诊断的用途。

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引用次数: 0

Towards sustainable potato production in China: Optimizing nitrogen and water management with 5R strategies 实现中国马铃薯的可持续生产：用5R战略优化氮和水管理

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128021

Zhaolong Pan , Rong Jiang , Daijia Fan , Daping Song , Hanyou Xie , Xiya Wang , Wei Zhou , Ping He , Wentian He

Imbalanced nitrogen (N) and water management constrains the sustainable development of potato production in China. Although the 4R nutrient management strategy is crucial for optimizing potato production, water management is often overlooked in traditional 4R practices. Therefore, integrating N and water optimization is essential for enhancing potato production sustainability and safeguarding national food security. By integrating “right irrigation” into the established 4R nutrient stewardship framework, this study proposes an innovative 5R nutrient management strategy for potato production in China. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 139 studies were conducted to quantitatively evaluate the agronomic and environmental impacts of 5R-based practices, with focus on potato yield, N use efficiency (NUE), partial factor productivity of N (PFPN), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and reactive N (Nr) losses. Our findings show that the optimal N application rate was approximately 200 kg N ha⁻¹ nationally, with significant regional variation accurately quantifiable via a nutrient expert system. Split fertilization (base fertilizer plus top dressing) significantly increases yield compared to basal application only, with the best results achieved by applying 25–50 % of the N fertilizer during the tuber development and bulking stages, respectively. The application of N fertilizer at a depth of 10–15 cm beside the plant significantly improves N use efficiency. The use of NH₄⁺-N, enhanced-efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) and urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) increased yields by 16.6 %, 10.8 %, and 6.2 %, respectively, compared to conventional urea. Among these, nitrification inhibitors (NI), urease inhibitors (UI), combined application of NI and UI (NIUI), and polymer-coated urea (PCU) significantly boost potato yield and PFPN. Optimized irrigation methods (drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation) compared to traditional furrow irrigation significantly increased yields by 19.0 %, improved IWUE by 139.8–148.6 %, and significantly reduced Nr losses by 23.3–51.6 %. This study proposed the 5R nutrient optimization management concept and framework for potatoes. By systematically quantifying the effects of different optimization measures on potato yield, NUE, and environmental impact, it provides a scientific basis for rational nutrient management and site-specific production practices in potato cultivation.

氮水管理不平衡制约着中国马铃薯生产的可持续发展。尽管4R养分管理策略对优化马铃薯生产至关重要，但在传统的4R实践中，水管理往往被忽视。因此，氮水一体化优化对于提高马铃薯生产的可持续性，保障国家粮食安全至关重要。通过将“正确灌溉”整合到已建立的4R养分管理框架中，本研究提出了中国马铃薯生产的创新5R养分管理策略。通过对139项研究的系统回顾和荟萃分析，以马铃薯产量、氮素利用效率（NUE）、氮素部分要素生产率（PFPN）、灌溉水利用效率（IWUE）和反应性氮素（Nr）损失为重点，定量评价了5r实践对农艺和环境的影响。我们的研究结果表明，全国的最佳施氮量约为200 kg N ha - 1，通过营养专家系统可以准确量化显著的区域差异。分开施肥（基肥加追肥）比单施基肥显著提高产量，在块茎发育和膨大阶段分别施用25 - 50% %氮肥效果最佳。在植株旁边10 ~ 15 cm处施氮显著提高了氮素利用效率。与常规尿素相比，施用NH4+-N、高效肥（EEFs）和尿素硝铵溶液（UAN）的产量分别提高16.6 %、10.8 %和6.2 %。其中，硝化抑制剂（NI）、脲酶抑制剂（UI）、NI和UI联合施用（NIUI）和聚合物包被尿素（PCU）显著提高了马铃薯产量和PFPN。优化后的灌溉方式（滴灌和喷灌）与传统沟灌相比，产量提高19.0 %，IWUE提高139.8 ~ 148.6 %，Nr损失显著降低23.3 ~ 51.6 %。本研究提出马铃薯5R养分优化管理理念和框架。通过系统量化不同优化措施对马铃薯产量、氮肥利用效率和环境影响的影响，为马铃薯种植中合理的养分管理和因地制宜的生产实践提供科学依据。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the hyperspectral response of leaf chlorophyll content under canopy structure and soil background variability 探讨叶片叶绿素含量在冠层结构和土壤背景变异性下的高光谱响应

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.127982

Zhenwang Li , Zhaokai Ma , Ruisi Bao , Wenli Fang , Quan Tang , Erya Yu , Xiaodong Song , Changwei Tan

Leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) serves as a critical indicator of crop health and nitrogen status, playing a pivotal role in photosynthesis, vegetation productivity, and precision agriculture. However, remotely retrieving LCC at the canopy scale remains challenging due to confounding factors such as soil background and canopy structure variability. This study employs the PROSAIL radiative transfer model, global sensitivity analysis, and field measurements to explore the hyperspectral response of LCC under various canopy structures and soil backgrounds in agricultural canopies, and to evaluate the robustness of spectral vegetation indices (VIs) under varying conditions. Our findings indicate that the contribution of LCC to canopy spectral reflectance varies significantly with canopy structure and soil background properties, except for soil moisture, which has a minor influence. Spectral bands around 550–575 nm and 700–705 nm are highly sensitive to LCC and least affected by confounding factors. In contrast, LCC-sensitive spectral bands around 665–685 nm are more susceptible to variations in canopy structure and soil type. Simulation and field experiments on twelve LCC-related VIs reveal that MTCI (MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index), DIDA (Difference Index of the Double-peak Area), and MACC01 (Maccioni index) exhibit higher accuracy in estimating LCC at individual sites but perform poorly across different sites. LICI (LAI-insensitive chlorophyll index) demonstrates the best performance for LCC estimation across various vegetation types and regions, showing potential for large-scale LCC monitoring in agricultural canopies. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing spectral bands and developing new spectral VIs for LCC estimation as an indicator of crop nitrogen stress under complex environmental conditions.

叶片叶绿素含量（LCC）是作物健康状况和氮素状况的重要指标，在光合作用、植被生产力和精准农业中起着关键作用。然而，由于土壤背景和冠层结构变异等因素的影响，在冠层尺度上远程获取LCC仍然具有挑战性。本研究采用PROSAIL辐射传输模型、全球敏感性分析和野外实测等方法，探讨了农业冠层不同结构和土壤背景下LCC的高光谱响应，并评价了光谱植被指数（VIs）在不同条件下的鲁棒性。结果表明，除土壤湿度对林冠反射率的影响较小外，LCC对林冠结构和土壤背景性质的贡献差异显著。550 ~ 575 nm和700 ~ 705 nm的光谱波段对LCC高度敏感，受混杂因素的影响最小。665 ~ 685 nm附近的lc敏感光谱更容易受到冠层结构和土壤类型变化的影响。12个LCC相关VIs的模拟和田间试验表明，MTCI （MERIS陆地叶绿素指数）、DIDA（双峰面积差异指数）和MACC01 （Maccioni指数）在单个站点的LCC估算精度较高，但在不同站点的LCC估算精度较低。LICI （lai不敏感叶绿素指数）在不同植被类型和区域的LCC估算中表现最佳，显示了在农业冠层中大规模监测LCC的潜力。该研究为优化光谱波段和开发新的光谱VIs提供了有价值的见解，可作为复杂环境条件下作物氮胁迫的LCC估算指标。

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引用次数: 0

Intensification of rice-wheat cropping system with summer green gram improves growth, productivity and profitability of rice in the middle Indo-Gangetic Plains of India 在印度中部恒河平原，加强夏季绿克稻麦种植制度可提高水稻的生长、生产力和盈利能力

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128024

Manish Raj , Sushant , Mainak Ghosh , Anil Kumar Singh , Sumit Sow , Sanjay Kumar , Birendra Kumar , Swaraj Kumar Dutta , Nintu Mandal , Pritam Ganguly , Arnab Roy Chowdhury , Shishpal Poonia , Malay Kumar Bhowmick , Virender Kumar , Sunil Kumar

Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is the backbone of food security in Southeast Asia, particularly in India. However, continuous intensive cultivation has led to sustainability concerns including yield stagnation, poor resource use efficiency, soil organic carbon (SOC) depletion, multi-nutrient deficiencies, pest resurgence, and declining profit margins. Intensification of leguminous crop in the existing RWCS could be a possible solution. Thus a research trial with fifteen different rice-wheat cropping sequences was carried out at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar, India to investigate the impact of crop intensification on rice performances. The effect of green gram inclusion in the RWCS was more pronounced during the second year of experimentation. In this study, there was two conservation agriculture systems i.e. partial and full based on tillage intensity and crop establishment methods. The partial conservation agriculture system i.e. Vattar direct seeded rice (DSR) in which seeds are directly sown in a moist (vattar) soil condition after pre-sowing irrigation and light tillage, followed by zero tillage (ZT) wheat and ZT green gram recorded significantly higher yield attributes which led to enhancement in rice grain and straw yield by 36.8 % and 31.3 % respectively over the existing conventional RWCS in the year 2022. In addition to above, full conservation system of agriculture i.e. ZT DSR where dry seeds are directly drilled into unpuddled soil without any tillage followed by ZT wheat and ZT green gram, representing complete elimination of tillage operations throughout the cropping sequence also showed significantly superior to existing RWCS and observed highest net return (INR 82863 ha⁻¹), B:C ratio (2.46), net energy (145351 MJ ha⁻¹), energy use efficiency (14.5 %) and energy productivity (0.45 kg MJ⁻¹) but statistically parallel result with partial conservation system after first year of experimentation. This study demonstrates that the full conservation agriculture-based system (ZT DSR-ZT wheat-ZT green gram) were found the most suitable climate resilient cropping system to intensify RWCS in the middle Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) for overall better performance of rice.

稻麦种植制度（RWCS）是东南亚特别是印度粮食安全的支柱。然而，持续的集约耕作导致了可持续性问题，包括产量停滞、资源利用效率低下、土壤有机碳（SOC）枯竭、多种养分缺乏、害虫卷土重来和利润率下降。在现有的RWCS中，加强豆科作物的种植是一个可能的解决方案。因此，在印度比哈尔邦Sabour的比哈尔邦农业大学进行了一项有15种不同水稻-小麦种植序列的研究试验，以调查作物集约化对水稻性能的影响。绿克包涵在RWCS中的作用在实验的第二年更加明显。在本研究中，基于耕作强度和作物建立方式，可分为部分保护性农业和完全保护性农业两种制度。在Vattar直接播种水稻（DSR）部分保护性农业系统中，种子在播前灌溉和轻耕后直接播种在湿润（Vattar）土壤条件下，然后是免耕（ZT）小麦和ZT绿克，其产量属性显著提高，2022年稻谷和秸秆产量分别比现有常规RWCS提高36.8% %和31.3% %。此外，农业全保系统，即直接将干种子钻入未灌浆土壤而不进行任何耕作的ZT DSR，然后是在整个种植序列中完全消除耕作操作的ZT小麦和ZT绿克，也显著优于现有的RWCS，并取得了最高的净收益（INR 82863 ha−1），B:C比（2.46），净能量（145351 MJ ha−1）。能源利用效率（14.5 %）和能源生产率（0.45 kg MJ−1），但在统计上与第一年实验后部分守恒系统的结果相似。研究结果表明，在印度-恒河平原中部地区，以全保护性农业为基础的ZT DSR-ZT小麦-ZT绿克（ZT green gram）是加强RWCS的最适合的气候适应性种植制度。

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引用次数: 0

A comprehensive comparative analysis of ETc prediction methods: Traditional formulations, crop models, machine learning, and coupled optimization pathways 综合比较分析ETc预测方法：传统公式、作物模型、机器学习和耦合优化路径

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128013

Di Hao , Jingjing Li , Wengang Zheng , Chunjiang Zhao , Liping Chen , Lili Zhangzhong

Accurate quantification of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is crucial for effective agricultural water management and climate-adaptive production. Despite advancements in estimation methods—from simplified models to data-driven technologies—achieving high-precision estimations remains a significant challenge. This study systematically evaluated eight ETc estimation methods, including the FAO dual crop coefficient method, the AquaCrop model, three machine learning models, and three coupled models, to assess the differences in prediction accuracy and robustness across various modeling approaches. Additionally, a multi-source coupled modeling framework integrating residual learning and physical constraints was proposed to address the limitations of physical models, which suffer from structural bias, and the high data dependency and training complexity of data-driven models. The results showed that the dual crop coefficient method performed less accurately than the mechanistically interpretable AquaCrop model (R² = 0.901), primarily due to its simplified representation of the crop-soil system dynamics. While the pure data-driven CNN-LSTM model approximated the AquaCrop model’s performance when sufficient data was available (R² = 0.893), its generalization ability deteriorated significantly with limited data (R² dropped to 0.640), highlighting its dependence on large datasets. In contrast, the coupled models, which incorporated physical priors and residual learning, leveraged physical constraints to reduce the mapping space required for deep learning fitting. This approach reduced reliance on large training datasets and decreased training cycles. By combining the structural knowledge of crop models with the nonlinear capabilities of machine learning at both the feature and output levels, the accuracy and robustness of the models were significantly improved. Notably, the connected embedded coupling model (CECM) achieved the best performance (R² = 0.924). This study demonstrates that synergistic modeling of physical mechanisms and data-driven approaches provides an ETc estimation pathway that balances interpretability with high predictive accuracy, offering valuable support for precision irrigation and agricultural water resource management.

作物蒸散量的准确量化对有效的农业水资源管理和气候适应性生产至关重要。尽管估算方法取得了进步——从简化模型到数据驱动技术——但实现高精度估算仍然是一个重大挑战。本研究系统评估了FAO双作物系数法、AquaCrop模型、3种机器学习模型和3种耦合模型等8种ETc估计方法，以评估不同建模方法在预测精度和稳健性方面的差异。此外，针对物理模型存在结构偏差、数据驱动模型具有较高的数据依赖性和训练复杂性等缺点，提出了残差学习与物理约束相结合的多源耦合建模框架。结果表明，双作物系数法的精度低于AquaCrop模型（R²= 0.901），主要是由于其简化了作物-土壤系统动力学的表征。纯数据驱动的CNN-LSTM模型在数据充足时的泛化能力与AquaCrop模型相近（R²= 0.893），但在数据有限时，其泛化能力明显下降（R²降至0.640），突出了其对大数据集的依赖性。相比之下，结合物理先验和残差学习的耦合模型利用物理约束来减少深度学习拟合所需的映射空间。这种方法减少了对大型训练数据集的依赖，减少了训练周期。通过将作物模型的结构知识与机器学习在特征和输出层面的非线性能力相结合，显著提高了模型的准确性和鲁棒性。值得注意的是，连接嵌入式耦合模型（CECM）的性能最好（R²= 0.924）。该研究表明，物理机制和数据驱动方法的协同建模提供了一种平衡可解释性和高预测精度的ETc估计途径，为精准灌溉和农业水资源管理提供了有价值的支持。

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引用次数: 0

Urease dynamics and soil microbiota in a vineyard subjected to 12 years of nitrogen fertilization 施氮12年的葡萄园脲酶动态和土壤微生物群

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128014

Natália Moreira Palermo , Paola Daiane Welter , Carina Marchezan , Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira , Arthur Gonçalves Gulartt , Bruna Daltrozo , Andrieli Lunardi Delevati , Roberta Lago Giovelli , Rafael Schumacher , Gustavo Brunetto

Climate change and changing consumption patterns have increased demands for more sustainable viticulture. Nitrogen (N) fertilization, is essential to meet grapevine nutritional requirements. However, long-term applications may alter soil biological functioning, particularly under rainfed conditions. Urease (UR) activity and soil microbial biomass (SMB) are sensitive indicators of soil health, yet information on their long-term response to mineral N fertilization and their relationship with grape productivity and must quality remains limited. This study evaluated the relationships between UR, SMB, vine productivity, and must quality in a sandy soil under rainfed vineyard conditions with a 12-year history of N fertilization. Increasing N rates (0, 40, and 80 kg N ha-¹ year-¹) were applied annually, and soil sampling was performed during the 2022/23 and 2023/24 harvests in the vineyard row and inter-row at three phenological stages (flowering, veraison and post-harvest). Urease activity was significantly affected by the interaction between N dose and phenological stage, decreasing at higher N rates and showing the highest values at flowering, particularly in the vineyard row. In contrast, soil microbial biomass C, N, and P showed positive responses to N fertilization, especially under higher rainfall conditions, indicating a strong interaction between N availability and climatic factors. Nitrogen doses did not result in significant differences in grape yield or must quality. However, significant correlations were observed between UR and SMB with soil pH, organic C, vine productivity, and must composition, including total soluble solids and organic acids. Overall, long-term N fertilization promoted contrasting soil biological responses, reducing urease activity while increasing soil microbial biomass. Among the evaluated phenological stages, flowering was the most informative period for capturing relationships between soil biological indicators, soil chemical properties, and grape production and must quality in rainfed vineyard systems.

气候变化和消费模式的变化增加了对更可持续的葡萄种植的需求。氮肥是满足葡萄营养需求所必需的。然而，长期施用可能会改变土壤的生物功能，特别是在雨养条件下。脲酶（UR）活性和土壤微生物量（SMB）是土壤健康的敏感指标，但关于它们对矿质氮肥的长期响应及其与葡萄产量和质量关系的信息仍然有限。本研究评估了在12年施氮历史的雨养沙地葡萄园条件下，UR、SMB、葡萄产量和果实质量之间的关系。每年增加施氮量（0、40和80 kg N ha-¹年-¹），并在2022/23和2023/24收获期在葡萄园行和行间的3个物候阶段（开花期、花期和收获后）进行土壤取样。脲酶活性受施氮量和物候期的交互作用影响显著，施氮量越高，脲酶活性越低，在开花期脲酶活性最高，在葡萄园行脲酶活性最高。相反，土壤微生物生物量C、N、P对施氮呈正响应，特别是在高降雨条件下，表明氮有效性与气候因子之间存在强烈的相互作用。施氮量对葡萄产量和品质没有显著影响。然而，土壤pH值、有机碳、葡萄产量和总可溶性固形物和有机酸组成与UR和SMB呈显著相关。总体而言，长期施氮促进了土壤生物反应的差异，降低了脲酶活性，增加了土壤微生物生物量。在被评估的物候阶段中，开花期是获取土壤生物指标、土壤化学性质与雨养葡萄园系统中葡萄产量和质量之间关系的最有效时期。

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引用次数: 0

Long-term cultivation of indica–japonica hybrid rice reshapes the sustainability of rice systems by simultaneously enhancing yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil health 籼粳杂交稻的长期栽培通过同时提高产量、氮利用效率和土壤健康重塑了水稻系统的可持续性

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2025.127973

Jinjia Gan , Xinyue Xu , Sheng Tang , Kefeng Han , Tao Sun , Jinzhao Ma , Xiangde Yang , Xiu Liu , Haoran Fu , Zhihao Pang , Lingli Mao , Lianghuan Wu , Qingxu Ma

Indica–japonica hybrid rice (IJHR) integrates the superior traits of indica rice and japonica rice (JR), with advantages in yield, Nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE), and root carbon (C) input. To assess its sustainability, a 9-year field experiment was conducted comparing the IJHR and JR under equivalent N applications. IJHR achieved higher grain yield and NUE and lower apparent N surplus than did JR. Compared with JR, IJHR increased soil organic matter (SOM) by 15.8 %, dissolved organic C and N by 37.0 % and 66.0 %, respectively, and microbial biomass C by 26.8 %. The activities of C- and N-cycling enzymes increased by up to 106 %. These enhancements contributed to a 129.8 % improvement in the soil quality index (SQI) compared to that of the JR. Random forest analysis identified aboveground biomass, NUE, and dissolved organic C as the main yield drivers. SQI improvements were attributed mainly to SOM accumulation and root-derived C inputs, reinforced by enzyme-mediated C and N cycling. A higher SQI further enhanced the yield. Partial least squares path modeling demonstrated that IJHR achieves a higher yield primarily through an increase in the number of spikelets per panicle, mediated by root-driven improvements in soil quality. NUE enhancement was driven mainly by greater plant N uptake. These findings provide a process-based framework linking root traits, soil biochemical functioning, yield formation and NUE in rice systems. Here, we highlight the dual benefits of IJHR in boosting grain production and soil quality, providing a promising pathway for reconciling food security and sustainability.

籼粳杂交稻（IJHR）综合了籼稻和粳稻（JR）的优良性状，在产量、氮素利用效率（NUE）和根系碳(C)输入等方面具有优势。为评价其可持续性，在同等施氮量条件下，对IJHR和JR进行了为期9年的田间试验。与JR相比，IJHR提高了粮食产量和氮肥利用效率，降低了氮的表观剩余量。与JR相比，IJHR提高了土壤有机质（SOM） 15.8% %，溶解有机C和N分别提高了37.0% %和66.0% %，微生物生物量C提高了26.8% %。C-和n -循环酶的活性提高了106 %。土壤质量指数（SQI）与JR相比提高了129.8 %。随机森林分析发现，地上生物量、氮肥利用效率和溶解有机碳是主要的产量驱动因素。SQI的改善主要归因于SOM积累和根源性C输入，并由酶介导的C和N循环加强。较高的SQI进一步提高了产量。偏最小二乘路径模型表明，IJHR主要通过增加每穗颖花数来实现更高的产量，根系驱动的土壤质量改善介导了这一过程。氮素利用效率的提高主要是由植物氮素吸收的增加所驱动的。这些发现为水稻根系性状、土壤生化功能、产量形成和氮肥利用之间的联系提供了一个基于过程的框架。在此，我们强调IJHR在促进粮食生产和土壤质量方面的双重效益，为协调粮食安全和可持续性提供了一条有希望的途径。

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引用次数: 0