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Enhancement of soil humic acid hydrophobicity by 5 consecutive years of full-amount straw shallow-mixed field return 连续 5 年全量秸秆浅层混合还田提高土壤腐殖酸疏水性
IF 4.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2024.127378
Crop yield is directly influenced by the storage and stabilisation of soil organic carbon (SOC), which is determined by the hydrophobicity of soil humic acid (HA). Changes in soil HA hydrophobicity, humic substances, SOC and crop yield were compared after the application of different amounts of straw returns in the field, and the contribution of straw application in enhancing HA hydrophobicity was examined. The treatments included no straw application and soil stirring, no straw application with soil stirring, application of half-amount straw shallow-mixed field return, application of full-amount straw shallow-mixed field return and application of double-amount straw shallow-mixed field return. Using elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, the structural hydrophobicity of soil HA was exhaustively characterised. The results showed that the hydrogen to carbon ratio of HA increased by 11.46 %, the ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic intensity increased by 21.02 %, and the ratio of peak B to peak A fluorescence intensity decreased by 32.21 % after 5 years of full amount straw shallow-mixing field return compared to no straw application and soil stirring. The observed results indicate that the augmentation in hydrophobicity stimulates the formation of HA, enhances soil humification, elevates SOC content by 9.78 % and potentially contributes to the ultimate crop yield increase by 22.98 %. Compared with stirring the soil, the contribution rate of applying full amount of straw to increase HA hydrophobicity was 49.57–62.05 %, and the contribution rate to increase SOC and yield were 54.59 % and 76.37 %, respectively. While stirring the soil contributed to increasing hydrophobicity, straw application persisted as the primary factor in enhancing hydrophobicity. The findings of this study have significant implications for understanding the mechanism by which straw improves HA hydrophobicity, thereby facilitating carbon sequestration and increasing crop yield.
作物产量直接受土壤有机碳(SOC)的储存和稳定的影响,而土壤有机碳的储存和稳定又取决于土壤腐植酸(HA)的疏水性。在田间施用不同数量的秸秆还田后,比较了土壤腐殖酸疏水性、腐殖质、SOC 和作物产量的变化,并研究了施用秸秆对提高土壤腐殖酸疏水性的贡献。处理包括不施用秸秆和土壤搅拌、不施用秸秆和土壤搅拌、施用半量秸秆浅混还田、施用全量秸秆浅混还田和施用双量秸秆浅混还田。利用元素分析、红外光谱和荧光光谱,对土壤 HA 的疏水性结构进行了详尽的表征。结果表明,与不施秸秆和土壤搅拌相比,全量秸秆浅层搅拌还田 5 年后,HA 的氢碳比增加了 11.46%,疏水性与亲水性强度比增加了 21.02%,B 峰与 A 峰荧光强度比降低了 32.21%。观察结果表明,疏水性的增强促进了 HA 的形成,提高了土壤腐殖化程度,使 SOC 含量提高了 9.78%,并有可能使作物最终增产 22.98%。与搅拌土壤相比,全量施用秸秆对增加 HA 疏水性的贡献率为 49.57-62.05%,对增加 SOC 和产量的贡献率分别为 54.59% 和 76.37%。虽然搅拌土壤有助于增加疏水性,但施用秸秆仍然是增加疏水性的主要因素。这项研究的结果对于了解秸秆改善 HA 疏水性的机制,从而促进碳固存和提高作物产量具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus activates wheat physiology for higher reproductive allocation under drought stress in primitive and modern wheat 丛枝菌根真菌激活小麦生理机能,提高原始小麦和现代小麦在干旱胁迫下的生殖分配率
IF 4.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2024.127376
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) can mediate physiological adaptation of higher plants to drought stress, including wheat. Yet, it is unclear how AMF affects reproductive output via mediating crop physiological vitality at the evolutionary scale. To clarify this issue, a growth environment-controlled experiment was conducted using four primitive wheat genotypes and four modern ones with or without AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) inoculation. Two water regimes (80 % and 40 % field water capacity, FWC80 (well-watered) and FWC40 (drought stress)) were included. The data indicated that AMF inoculation significantly improved leaf area, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency under drought stress, compared to the non-AMF group (CK). Regardless of soil moisture, the relationship between reproductive biomass vs. vegetative biomass (R-V), and between leaf biomass vs. shoot biomass, all fell into a typical allometric pattern (α>1, P<0.001) in primitive wheat. In contrast, in modern wheat, the R-V relationship tended to an isometric pattern (α≈1, P<0.001), showing lower α values in all treatments relative to primitive ones. Furthermore, AMF inoculation significantly promoted the maintenance rate of yield and biomass under drought stress, suggesting greater drought tolerance as induced by AMF in modern wheat compared to primitive ones. These findings illuminated a key evolutionary strategy to enhance reproductive allocation via activating physiological activities under drought stress from primitive to modern wheat.
丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)可以介导包括小麦在内的高等植物对干旱胁迫的生理适应。然而,目前还不清楚在进化尺度上,AMF是如何通过介导作物生理活力来影响生殖产量的。为了弄清这个问题,我们利用四种原始小麦基因型和四种现代小麦基因型进行了一次生长环境控制实验,实验中是否接种了AMF(Funneliformis mosseae)。实验包括两种水分制度(田间持水量的 80% 和 40%,FWC80(充足水分)和 FWC40(干旱胁迫))。数据表明,与未接种 AMF 组(CK)相比,接种 AMF 组能显著提高干旱胁迫下的叶面积、光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率。在原始小麦中,无论土壤湿度如何,生殖生物量与无性生物量(R-V)之间的关系,以及叶片生物量与嫩枝生物量之间的关系都属于典型的异速关系(α>1,P<0.001)。相反,在现代小麦中,R-V 关系趋向于等距模式(α≈1,P<0.001),所有处理的 α 值都低于原始处理。此外,接种AMF能显著提高干旱胁迫下的产量和生物量维持率,这表明与原始小麦相比,现代小麦在AMF诱导下具有更强的抗旱能力。这些发现揭示了从原始小麦到现代小麦在干旱胁迫下通过激活生理活动提高生殖分配的关键进化策略。
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引用次数: 0
Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potential of crop production in Northeast China 中国东北地区农作物生产的温室气体排放与减排潜力
IF 4.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2024.127371
Agricultural management practices that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been identified as effective mitigation strategies. However, research on carbon emissions from major crops in Northeast China focuses on national and provincial data, overlooking city-scale variability and uncertainties, which prevents fine-scale assessment of crop emissions reduction potential. To address this, a life cycle assessment (LCA) combined with the Monte Carlo method was conducted to estimate the carbon footprint of rice, maize, and soybean production for different cities in Northeast China from 1991 to 2020. The results showed that the top one-third of cities with the highest total carbon emissions (TCE) account for approximately 40 % of the region's TCE. Nitrogen losses and production processes related to nitrogen fertilizer application were identified as the primary contributors to TCE from crop production, accounting for 29.6–62.5 % of the total, with a relative importance of 58.5–78.2 %. Scenario analysis indicated that optimizing nitrogen fertilizer management and reducing active nitrogen losses are the most effective strategies for reducing TCE from major crop production, offering a reduction potential of 34.5–60.6 %. Recommended strategies include phased application of nitrogen fertilizer, the addition of nitrification inhibitors, or using slow-release nitrogen fertilizers, combined with appropriate increases in crop planting density, straw return decomposition technologies and water-saving irrigation methods to reduce GHG emissions. These strategies aim to achieve low-carbon sustainable grain production and provide a foundation for exploring the emissions reduction potential of agricultural inputs and optimizing regional crop layouts, offering new insights for developing more effective GHG reduction strategies.
减少温室气体(GHG)排放的农业管理措施已被确定为有效的减排战略。然而,有关中国东北地区主要农作物碳排放的研究主要集中在国家和省级数据上,忽略了城市尺度的变化和不确定性,从而无法对农作物的减排潜力进行精细评估。针对这一问题,研究人员结合蒙特卡洛法进行了生命周期评估,估算了 1991 至 2020 年中国东北地区不同城市水稻、玉米和大豆生产的碳足迹。结果表明,碳排放总量(TCE)最高的前三分之一城市约占该地区 TCE 的 40%。与氮肥施用相关的氮素损失和生产过程被认为是农作物生产产生的 TCE 的主要贡献者,占总量的 29.6-62.5%,相对重要性为 58.5-78.2%。情景分析表明,优化氮肥管理和减少活性氮损失是减少主要作物生产中产生的三氯乙酸的最有效策略,减排潜力为 34.5-60.6%。建议的策略包括分阶段施用氮肥、添加硝化抑制剂或使用缓释氮肥,同时适当增加作物种植密度、采用秸秆还田分解技术和节水灌溉方法,以减少温室气体排放。这些战略旨在实现低碳可持续粮食生产,为探索农业投入的减排潜力和优化区域作物布局奠定了基础,为制定更有效的温室气体减排战略提供了新的思路。
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引用次数: 0
Enhanced seed yield of full-season soybean when rotated with cereals and cover crops as compared to monoculture in a long-term experiment 在一项长期试验中,与谷物和覆盖作物轮作的全季大豆种子产量高于单一种植的全季大豆种子产量
IF 4.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2024.127382
Soybeans are of great importance to the global economy, but the cultivation as monoculture has shown several negative environmental implications in the long-term. Long-term studies demonstrate the cumulative effects of rotations on soil variables, but few studies have considered changes during consecutive years in a time series of soybean as a monoculture. The inclusion of cereals and cover crops in rotation with soybean increases the intensification sequence index (ISI, time with crops actively growing during the year) and increases in soybean yield are expected. In line with this, some studies suggest that only including a winter cover crop will increase ISI and raise production. However, these comparisons have not been made in the long term. The objectives of this work were to: i) compare the evolution of full-season soybean yield and production when sowed as monoculture and in cropping sequences that include cereal crops and cover crops, and ii) quantify a yield gap in full-season soybean due to monoculture by evaluating the long-term residual effect of crop sequences with different land occupation. Soybean yield time series in a 14-years period in rotation or as monoculture were studied in a long-term field experiment under no-tillage established in 2006 in the Northern Pampas region of Argentina. Rotations consisted in sequences that included soybean (S), maize (M) and wheat (W), and also incorporated wheat as a winter cover crop (CC): S-S, CC/S-CC/S, S-W/S-M, CC/S-W/S-M, M-W/S, and CC/M-W/S, with ISI values of 0.39, 0.69, 0.55, 0.64, 0.65 and 0.80, respectively. In 2021/22 season, full-season soybean was planted in all plots as a "test" crop, to evaluate the long-term residual effect of sequences with different intensification indexes. Seed yield averaged 3249 kg ha−1 among years. During the 14 years under study, seed yield in S-W/S-M surpassed S-S by 28 % in 6 out of 14 years. The differences between S-S with respect to this sequence were observed consistently from the ninth crop season (i.e. since 2017/18). The inclusion of a cover crop within a soybean monoculture (i.e. CC/S-CC/S) showed similar seed yields as in S-S in 11 out of 14 years. The analysis of the test crop showed yield-gaps when soybeans were grown as monoculture (seed yield in rotations minus seed yield in S-S) of 9, 20, 27, 21 and 31 % for CC/S-CC/S, S-W/S-M, CC/S-W/S-M, M-W/S and CC/M-W/S, respectively. In summary, soybean in rotation with cereals showed an average increase of ca. 346 kg ha−1 and including a cover crop within a soybean monoculture did not increase seed yield at the levels observed when rotated with cereals. Finally, when estimating seed yield-gaps in soybean, it is important to set in which rotation soybean is placed, since a higher maximum yield is expected to happen when soybean follows a more intensified rotation.
大豆对全球经济具有重要意义,但长期单一种植大豆会对环境造成一些负面影响。长期研究证明了轮作对土壤变量的累积效应,但很少有研究考虑大豆单一种植时间序列中连续几年的变化。将谷物和覆盖作物与大豆轮作,可提高强化序列指数(ISI,一年中作物积极生长的时间),从而提高大豆产量。与此相一致,一些研究表明,只种植冬季覆盖作物会增加 ISI 并提高产量。然而,这些比较并不是长期进行的。这项工作的目标是:i) 比较大豆单季播种与包括谷类作物和覆盖作物在内的种植序列下大豆全季产量和生产的变化;ii) 通过评估不同土地占用的作物序列的长期剩余效应,量化单季播种导致的大豆全季产量差距。2006 年,在阿根廷北潘帕斯地区进行了一项长期免耕田间试验,研究了 14 年间大豆轮作或单作的产量时间序列。轮作包括大豆 (S)、玉米 (M) 和小麦 (W) 的轮作序列,还包括作为冬季覆盖作物 (CC) 的小麦:S-S、CC/S-CC/S、S-W/S-M、CC/S-W/S-M、M-W/S 和 CC/M-W/S 的 ISI 值分别为 0.39、0.69、0.55、0.64、0.65 和 0.80。2021/22 年种植季,所有地块都种植了全季大豆作为 "测试 "作物,以评估不同强化指数序列的长期剩余效应。各年的平均种子产量为 3249 千克/公顷。在研究的 14 年中,S-W/S-M 的种子产量比 S-S 高出 28%。从第九个作物季开始(即自 2017/18 年起),S-S 之间在这一序列上的差异被持续观察到。在大豆单作中加入覆盖作物(即 CC/S-CC/S),14 年中有 11 年的种子产量与 S-S 相似。对试验作物的分析表明,在大豆单一种植时,CC/S-CC/S、S-W/S-M、CC/S-W/S-M、M-W/S 和 CC/M-W/S 的产量差距(轮作的种子产量减去 S-S 的种子产量)分别为 9%、20%、27%、21% 和 31%。总之,与谷物轮作的大豆平均每公顷增产约 346 千克,而在大豆单作中加入覆盖作物并不能提高种子产量,与与谷物轮作时的水平相当。最后,在估算大豆的种子产量差距时,必须确定大豆的轮作方式,因为如果大豆的轮作强度更大,预计最高产量也会更高。
{"title":"Enhanced seed yield of full-season soybean when rotated with cereals and cover crops as compared to monoculture in a long-term experiment","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.eja.2024.127382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eja.2024.127382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soybeans are of great importance to the global economy, but the cultivation as monoculture has shown several negative environmental implications in the long-term. Long-term studies demonstrate the cumulative effects of rotations on soil variables, but few studies have considered changes during consecutive years in a time series of soybean as a monoculture. The inclusion of cereals and cover crops in rotation with soybean increases the intensification sequence index (ISI, time with crops actively growing during the year) and increases in soybean yield are expected. In line with this, some studies suggest that only including a winter cover crop will increase ISI and raise production. However, these comparisons have not been made in the long term. The objectives of this work were to: i) compare the evolution of full-season soybean yield and production when sowed as monoculture and in cropping sequences that include cereal crops and cover crops, and ii) quantify a yield gap in full-season soybean due to monoculture by evaluating the long-term residual effect of crop sequences with different land occupation. Soybean yield time series in a 14-years period in rotation or as monoculture were studied in a long-term field experiment under no-tillage established in 2006 in the Northern Pampas region of Argentina. Rotations consisted in sequences that included soybean (S), maize (M) and wheat (W), and also incorporated wheat as a winter cover crop (CC): S-S, CC/S-CC/S, S-W/S-M, CC/S-W/S-M, M-W/S, and CC/M-W/S, with ISI values of 0.39, 0.69, 0.55, 0.64, 0.65 and 0.80, respectively. In 2021/22 season, full-season soybean was planted in all plots as a \"test\" crop, to evaluate the long-term residual effect of sequences with different intensification indexes. Seed yield averaged 3249 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> among years. During the 14 years under study, seed yield in S-W/S-M surpassed S-S by 28 % in 6 out of 14 years. The differences between S-S with respect to this sequence were observed consistently from the ninth crop season (i.e. since 2017/18). The inclusion of a cover crop within a soybean monoculture (i.e. CC/S-CC/S) showed similar seed yields as in S-S in 11 out of 14 years. The analysis of the test crop showed yield-gaps when soybeans were grown as monoculture (seed yield in rotations minus seed yield in S-S) of 9, 20, 27, 21 and 31 % for CC/S-CC/S, S-W/S-M, CC/S-W/S-M, M-W/S and CC/M-W/S, respectively. In summary, soybean in rotation with cereals showed an average increase of ca. 346 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> and including a cover crop within a soybean monoculture did not increase seed yield at the levels observed when rotated with cereals. Finally, when estimating seed yield-gaps in soybean, it is important to set in which rotation soybean is placed, since a higher maximum yield is expected to happen when soybean follows a more intensified rotation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51045,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Achieving wheat seedling freezing injury assessment during the seedling stage using Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) and hyperspectral imaging technology 利用无人地面飞行器(UGV)和高光谱成像技术实现小麦苗期冻害评估
IF 4.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2024.127375
Freezing injury may cause irreversible damage to wheat (Triticum aestivum L) tissues and can significantly reduce yield and quality. Therefore, quick and non-destructively estimating the degree of frost damage for formulating anti-freezing protection strategies and preventing frost damage is very crucial. In this study, we obtained hyperspectral images of wheat leaves for accurate identification of frost damage. A remote-controlled Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) equipped with an imaging spectral camera was used to capture the hyperspectral images of frost-damaged wheat leaves. We compared the efficiency of two methods (the one without removal of weeds, and the other is to remove the corresponding area of weeds from the hyperspectral image by Deeplab V3+) for estimation of wheat freezing damage degree by using four different algorithms; Support Vector Machine Classification (SVM), Mahalanobis Distance Classification (MaD), Minimum Distance Classification (MiD), and Maximum Likelihood Classification (ML). We found that, Deeplab V3+ can efficiently identify the weeds from hyperspectral images, as the overall accuracy (OA) values of different algorithms were high in images with weeds removal as compared to the values in weeds containing images. Further, applying ML model after weeds removal have high OA (93.26 %) as compared to the other models. Thus, using Deeplab V3+ and ML can be a potential approach to identify the freezing injury in wheat for sustainable agricultural productivity.
冻害可能会对小麦(Triticum aestivum L)组织造成不可逆的损害,并会显著降低产量和质量。因此,快速、无损地估计冻害程度对于制定抗冻保护策略和预防冻害至关重要。在这项研究中,我们获得了小麦叶片的高光谱图像,用于准确识别冻害。我们使用了配备成像光谱相机的遥控无人地面飞行器(UGV)来捕捉冻害小麦叶片的高光谱图像。我们使用支持向量机分类(SVM)、马哈拉诺比斯距离分类(MaD)、最小距离分类(MiD)和最大似然分类(ML)四种不同的算法,比较了两种方法(一种是不去除杂草,另一种是利用 Deeplab V3+ 从高光谱图像中去除相应面积的杂草)在估计小麦冻害程度方面的效率。我们发现,Deeplab V3+ 可以从高光谱图像中有效识别杂草,因为与含有杂草的图像相比,清除杂草的图像中不同算法的总体准确率(OA)值较高。此外,与其他模型相比,去除杂草后应用 ML 模型的 OA 值(93.26 %)较高。因此,使用 Deeplab V3+ 和 ML 可以成为识别小麦冻害的一种潜在方法,从而实现可持续的农业生产力。
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引用次数: 0
Leveraging machine learning to discriminate wheat scab infection levels through hyperspectral reflectance and feature selection methods 利用机器学习,通过高光谱反射率和特征选择方法判别小麦赤霉病感染程度
IF 4.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2024.127372
Real-time or pre-symptomatic wheat scab (WS) detection is inevitable for precision agriculture to secure yield and quality at the critical grain formation stage. For this, feature selection (FS) techniques and machine learning (ML) have demonstrated their capabilities. However, for the same type and size of dataset, all FS and ML techniques behave differently due to their diverse primary constituents. This study attempts to leverage ML for WS classification and prediction employing different FS techniques on hyperspectral data of wheat spikes. The spectral features were selected and assessed to regress and classify disease occurrence. Relief-F-neural net (NN) manifested the best results with classification accuracy (CA) of 67 % and 89 % at the pre-symptomatic scale and 3 days after inoculation (DAI), respectively. Followed by continuous wavelet transform (CWT)-NN with 63 % CA at the pre-symptomatic scale and CWT-Xgboost with 89 % CA at 3DAI. For prediction, random forest regression revealed best accuracy of R2 = 0.94 and RMSE = 7.70, followed by partial least squares regression with R2 = 0.90 and RMSE = 10.37. The results offer a precise quantitative benchmark for future investigations into the capacity of hyperspectral data and FS for the real-time quantification of plant diseases.
实时或症状前小麦赤霉病(WS)检测是精准农业的必然选择,可在谷物形成的关键阶段确保产量和质量。为此,特征选择(FS)技术和机器学习(ML)技术已经证明了它们的能力。然而,对于相同类型和大小的数据集,所有 FS 和 ML 技术因其主要成分的不同而表现各异。本研究尝试在小麦穗的高光谱数据上采用不同的 FS 技术,利用 ML 进行 WS 分类和预测。我们选择并评估了光谱特征,以便对病害发生进行回归和分类。浮雕-F-神经网(NN)效果最佳,在症状前和接种后 3 天(DAI)的分类准确率(CA)分别为 67% 和 89%。其次是连续小波变换(CWT)-NN,在症状出现前的分类准确率为 63%,CWT-Xgboost 在接种后 3 天的分类准确率为 89%。在预测方面,随机森林回归的准确率最高,为 R2 = 0.94 和 RMSE = 7.70,其次是偏最小二乘回归,R2 = 0.90 和 RMSE = 10.37。这些结果为今后研究高光谱数据和 FS 实时量化植物病害的能力提供了一个精确的量化基准。
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引用次数: 0
Digestate in replacement of synthetic fertilisers: A comparative 3–year field study of the crop performance and soil residual nitrates in West-Flanders 沼渣替代合成肥料:对西佛兰德地区作物表现和土壤残留硝酸盐进行为期 3 年的田间比较研究
IF 4.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2024.127380
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth. As a widespread source of plant-available N, ammonia synthesis via the Haber-Bosch process has proven an extremely valuable commodity in farming systems since the middle of the twentieth century. However, its heavy reliance on ever-shrinking fossil fuel reserves and its sizeable carbon footprint have fostered the exploration of alternative, more sustainable, fertilising prospects. Through the recycling and reuse of nutrient byproducts, biobased fertilisers (BBF) can help reduce the European Union’s dependency on imported synthetic fertilisers. In this study, we examined digestate, the liquid fraction of digestate, pig slurry and pig urine as potential substitutes for synthetic fertilisers. In a full-scale field approach using a different crop each year (maize, spinach, potatoes), the agronomic performance of the treatments (defined as the crop N uptake and the crop yield) and the environmental performance (taken as the residual soil nitrates after harvest) of the BBF treatments were compared with those of a synthetic fertiliser benchmark (calcium ammonium nitrate) at three N regimes. As regards short-term fertilising capability, results showed that yields obtained from BBFs were not statistically different (p > 0.05) than those obtained with synthetic fertilisers. Likewise, for soil residual nitrates (0–90 cm), measured in October–November of each year, no difference (p > 0.05) was detected between the BBFs and the synthetic fertiliser reference treatments. However, the non-superiority test showed that some BBFs tended to perform better in terms of residual nitrates than the synthetic regimes. Generally, results pointed to a fast N release ability of the BBFs, indicated by the presence of nitrates at different soil depths. Hence, as with the mineral fertiliser, BBFs were prone to leaching which calls for adequate N management strategies. The N content of some BBFs were shown to vary over time, hence adequate and timely nutrient characterisations must be carried out prior to field application to ensure a more accurate N accountancy and reduce risks of over-fertilisation (or under-fertilisation).
氮(N)是植物生长必不可少的主要营养元素。自二十世纪中叶以来,通过哈伯-博施工艺合成的氨作为植物可用氮的广泛来源,已被证明是农业系统中极为宝贵的商品。然而,对日益减少的化石燃料储备的严重依赖及其巨大的碳足迹促进了对替代性、更可持续的肥料前景的探索。通过回收和再利用养分副产品,生物基肥料(BBF)有助于减少欧盟对进口合成肥料的依赖。在这项研究中,我们考察了沼渣、沼液、猪浆和猪尿作为合成肥料潜在替代品的情况。在每年使用一种不同作物(玉米、菠菜、马铃薯)的大规模田间试验中,我们比较了 BBF 处理与合成肥料基准(硝酸铵钙)在三种氮肥制度下的农艺表现(作物氮吸收量和作物产量)和环境表现(收获后土壤硝酸盐残留量)。在短期施肥能力方面,结果显示 BBF 的产量与使用合成肥料的产量相比没有统计学差异(p > 0.05)。同样,在每年 10 月至 11 月测量的土壤残留硝酸盐(0-90 厘米)方面,BBF 和合成肥料参考处理之间也未发现差异(p > 0.05)。不过,非优劣检验表明,某些 BBF 在残留硝酸盐方面的表现往往优于合成肥料。一般来说,结果表明 BBFs 具有快速释放氮的能力,这一点从不同土壤深度的硝酸盐存在情况可以看出。因此,与矿物肥料一样,BBFs 也很容易被沥滤,这就需要采取适当的氮管理策略。一些 BBFs 的氮含量随时间而变化,因此在田间施肥前必须进行充分、及时的养分鉴定,以确保更准确的氮核算,降低过度施肥(或施肥不足)的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Capsular attention Conv-LSTM network (CACN): A deep learning structure for crop yield estimation based on multispectral imagery 囊状注意力 Conv-LSTM 网络 (CACN):基于多光谱图像的作物产量估算深度学习结构
IF 4.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2024.127369
Precise prediction of agricultural production output is crucial for farmers, policymakers, and the Farming-related industry. This article introduces a novel methodology to crop yield forecasting using a capsular neural network equipped with Conv-LSTM and attention mechanism. Our model combines the strengths of 3DCNN, and Conv-LSTM, which can capture the temporal dependencies and 3D features of crop yield data, and attention mechanism, which Can prioritize the most significant characteristics for making predictions. We evaluated CACN on a sizable collection of data of soybean crop yield in the United States from 2003 to 2019 and evaluated against various cutting-edge deep learning models. The outcomes indicate that our suggested approach surpasses other models in performance in terms of RMSE, correlation coefficient, and prediction error map. Specifically, our model achieved approximately 14 % improvement in terms of RMSE, compared to the state-of-the-art model Deep-Yield. Our model also demonstrated the ability to extract more meaningful features and capture the complex relationships between crop yield data and meteorological variables. Overall, our proposed method shows great potential for accurate and efficient crop yield forecasting and can be applied to other crops and regions.
农业产量的精确预测对于农民、政策制定者和农业相关产业来说至关重要。本文介绍了一种利用配备 Conv-LSTM 和注意力机制的囊状神经网络进行作物产量预测的新方法。我们的模型结合了 3DCNN 和 Conv-LSTM 的优势,前者可以捕捉作物产量数据的时间依赖性和三维特征,后者可以优先考虑最重要的特征进行预测。我们对 2003 年至 2019 年美国大豆作物产量的大量数据收集进行了 CACN 评估,并与各种前沿深度学习模型进行了对比。结果表明,我们建议的方法在均方根误差、相关系数和预测误差图方面的性能都超过了其他模型。具体来说,与最先进的 Deep-Yield 模型相比,我们的模型在均方根误差方面提高了约 14%。我们的模型还展示了提取更有意义的特征和捕捉作物产量数据与气象变量之间复杂关系的能力。总之,我们提出的方法在准确、高效的作物产量预测方面显示出巨大潜力,并可应用于其他作物和地区。
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引用次数: 0
Atmospheric CO2 fertilization effect on cereal yields in Morocco using the CARAIB dynamic vegetation model. 利用 CARAIB 动态植被模型分析大气二氧化碳施肥对摩洛哥谷物产量的影响。
IF 4.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2024.127374
Climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 levels are critical factors influencing agricultural productivity, particularly in Morocco, where cereal crops are essential for food security. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the combined effects of atmospheric CO2 variations and climatic changes on cereal yields up to 2099 using the CARAIB dynamic vegetation model. This evaluation is driven by four future scenarios based on the Euro-CORDEX initiative's regional climate models under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. As part of this evaluation, the study also validates the CARAIB model for Morocco’s major cereal crops: soft wheat, durum wheat, and barley, in order to ensure the model's accuracy in simulating crop responses under projected environmental conditions. The CARAIB model effectively simulated historical cereal yield trajectories across major farming regions in Morocco from 2000 to 2016, demonstrating its robust predictive capability. Our future projections suggest that elevated CO2 levels might initially sustain cereal yields at approximately 90 % of current levels until 2050. This trend indicates that the increase in atmospheric CO2 may exert a moderating influence on the negative impacts of other environmental stressors on crop yields. However, despite this initial buffering effect, the overall yield trend from the present until 2099 indicates a decrease for most combinations of crop, zone, and climate model, even with the CO2 fertilization effect, except in some cases, the model exhibits slight increases or stabilization in yields. Additionally, the CARAIB model predicts potential yield shocks of 10–35 % below current levels from the 2080 s onwards, primarily due to periodic droughts. This variation underscores the complexity of the interplay between CO2 fertilization and climatic changes, emphasizing the urgent need for Morocco to develop adaptive agricultural strategies for long-term sustainability in the face of climatic challenges.
气候变化和大气中二氧化碳含量的上升是影响农业生产力的关键因素,特别是在摩洛哥,谷类作物对粮食安全至关重要。本研究的主要目的是利用 CARAIB 动态植被模型,评估大气二氧化碳变化和气候变化对 2099 年前谷物产量的综合影响。该评估由欧洲-CORDEX 计划的区域气候模型在代表性浓度途径 8.5 下的四种未来情景驱动。作为评估的一部分,该研究还验证了摩洛哥主要谷物作物:软质小麦、硬质小麦和大麦的 CARAIB 模型,以确保该模型在预测环境条件下模拟作物反应的准确性。CARAIB 模型有效模拟了 2000 年至 2016 年摩洛哥主要农业地区谷物的历史产量轨迹,证明了其强大的预测能力。我们对未来的预测表明,二氧化碳水平的升高最初可能会使谷物产量维持在目前水平的约 90%,直到 2050 年。这一趋势表明,大气中二氧化碳的增加可能会缓和其他环境压力因素对作物产量的负面影响。然而,尽管有这种初始缓冲作用,但从现在到 2099 年的总体产量趋势表明,即使有二氧化碳施肥效应,大多数作物、区域和气候模型组合的产量也会下降,只有在某些情况下,模型显示产量略有增加或趋于稳定。此外,CARAIB 模型预测,从 2080 年代起,主要由于周期性干旱,产量可能会比当前水平低 10-35%。这种变化凸显了二氧化碳施肥与气候变化之间相互作用的复杂性,强调摩洛哥迫切需要制定适应性农业战略,以应对气候挑战,实现长期可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Grazing and precipitation addition interactions alleviate dominant species overgrowth and promote community productivity and biodiversity in a typical steppe 放牧和降水的相互作用缓解了典型草原上优势物种的过度生长,提高了群落生产力和生物多样性
IF 4.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2024.127370
Grazing and precipitation are pivotal factors influencing the productivity and biodiversity of grassland ecosystems, largely through their effects on the growth and reproduction of dominant species. Approximately 50 % of terrestrial ecosystems are concurrently affected by grazing and precipitation addition (PA), yet the interactive effects of these factors remain underexplored. To elucidate the combined impacts of grazing and PA on the growth of dominant species and their influence on community structure and function, we initiated a four-year combined grazing and PA experiment based on a long term of grazing experiment in a typical steppe. The synergistic interaction between PA and grazing enhanced canopy diameter (CD), tiller density (TD), and seedling density (SD) in dominant species, while decreasing reproductive branch density (RB). Conversely, an antagonistic interaction increased plant height (PH) and TD but reduced SD. These responses suggest that dominant species adapt to combined grazing and PA pressures by shifting growth strategies towards lateral growth and asexual reproduction. The growth characteristics of dominant species exhibited four response patterns to grazing and PA interactions: full saturation, sufficient saturation, equal saturation, and deficit saturation, each with three corresponding thresholds: adaptation, optimum, and saturation points. Grazing decreased the precipitation response thresholds for PH, CD, RB, and population density, while increasing the optimal points for TD and SD. These changes in the growth of the dominant species resulted in a 33 % reduction in the aboveground biomass (AGB) of the community and triggered a 18 % increase in the coupling index between AGB and species richness within the community. Our findings highlight the role of dominant species in facilitating community adaptation to increased precipitation and rotational grazing, offering critical insights for developing sustainable grazing strategies under climate change.
放牧和降水是影响草原生态系统生产力和生物多样性的关键因素,这主要是通过它们对优势物种的生长和繁殖的影响来实现的。约有 50% 的陆地生态系统同时受到放牧和降水增加(PA)的影响,但这些因素的交互作用仍未得到充分探索。为了阐明放牧和 PA 对优势物种生长的综合影响及其对群落结构和功能的影响,我们在典型草原长期放牧实验的基础上,启动了一项为期四年的放牧和 PA 综合实验。PA和放牧之间的协同作用增强了优势物种的冠层直径(CD)、分蘖密度(TD)和幼苗密度(SD),同时降低了生殖枝密度(RB)。相反,拮抗作用增加了植株高度(PH)和分蘖密度(TD),但降低了分蘖密度(SD)。这些反应表明,优势物种通过将生长策略转向侧向生长和无性繁殖来适应放牧和PA的双重压力。优势物种的生长特征表现出四种对放牧和PA相互作用的响应模式:完全饱和、充分饱和、同等饱和和不足饱和,每种模式都有三个相应的阈值:适应点、最佳点和饱和点。放牧降低了 PH、CD、RB 和种群密度的降水响应阈值,同时提高了 TD 和 SD 的最佳点。优势物种生长的这些变化导致群落的地上生物量(AGB)减少了33%,并使群落内AGB与物种丰富度之间的耦合指数增加了18%。我们的研究结果突显了优势物种在促进群落适应降水增加和轮牧方面的作用,为在气候变化下制定可持续的放牧策略提供了重要的启示。
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引用次数: 0
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European Journal of Agronomy
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