European Journal of Agronomy最新文献_第4页

A comprehensive comparative analysis of ETc prediction methods: Traditional formulations, crop models, machine learning, and coupled optimization pathways 综合比较分析ETc预测方法：传统公式、作物模型、机器学习和耦合优化路径

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128013

Di Hao , Jingjing Li , Wengang Zheng , Chunjiang Zhao , Liping Chen , Lili Zhangzhong

Accurate quantification of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is crucial for effective agricultural water management and climate-adaptive production. Despite advancements in estimation methods—from simplified models to data-driven technologies—achieving high-precision estimations remains a significant challenge. This study systematically evaluated eight ETc estimation methods, including the FAO dual crop coefficient method, the AquaCrop model, three machine learning models, and three coupled models, to assess the differences in prediction accuracy and robustness across various modeling approaches. Additionally, a multi-source coupled modeling framework integrating residual learning and physical constraints was proposed to address the limitations of physical models, which suffer from structural bias, and the high data dependency and training complexity of data-driven models. The results showed that the dual crop coefficient method performed less accurately than the mechanistically interpretable AquaCrop model (R² = 0.901), primarily due to its simplified representation of the crop-soil system dynamics. While the pure data-driven CNN-LSTM model approximated the AquaCrop model’s performance when sufficient data was available (R² = 0.893), its generalization ability deteriorated significantly with limited data (R² dropped to 0.640), highlighting its dependence on large datasets. In contrast, the coupled models, which incorporated physical priors and residual learning, leveraged physical constraints to reduce the mapping space required for deep learning fitting. This approach reduced reliance on large training datasets and decreased training cycles. By combining the structural knowledge of crop models with the nonlinear capabilities of machine learning at both the feature and output levels, the accuracy and robustness of the models were significantly improved. Notably, the connected embedded coupling model (CECM) achieved the best performance (R² = 0.924). This study demonstrates that synergistic modeling of physical mechanisms and data-driven approaches provides an ETc estimation pathway that balances interpretability with high predictive accuracy, offering valuable support for precision irrigation and agricultural water resource management.

作物蒸散量的准确量化对有效的农业水资源管理和气候适应性生产至关重要。尽管估算方法取得了进步——从简化模型到数据驱动技术——但实现高精度估算仍然是一个重大挑战。本研究系统评估了FAO双作物系数法、AquaCrop模型、3种机器学习模型和3种耦合模型等8种ETc估计方法，以评估不同建模方法在预测精度和稳健性方面的差异。此外，针对物理模型存在结构偏差、数据驱动模型具有较高的数据依赖性和训练复杂性等缺点，提出了残差学习与物理约束相结合的多源耦合建模框架。结果表明，双作物系数法的精度低于AquaCrop模型（R²= 0.901），主要是由于其简化了作物-土壤系统动力学的表征。纯数据驱动的CNN-LSTM模型在数据充足时的泛化能力与AquaCrop模型相近（R²= 0.893），但在数据有限时，其泛化能力明显下降（R²降至0.640），突出了其对大数据集的依赖性。相比之下，结合物理先验和残差学习的耦合模型利用物理约束来减少深度学习拟合所需的映射空间。这种方法减少了对大型训练数据集的依赖，减少了训练周期。通过将作物模型的结构知识与机器学习在特征和输出层面的非线性能力相结合，显著提高了模型的准确性和鲁棒性。值得注意的是，连接嵌入式耦合模型（CECM）的性能最好（R²= 0.924）。该研究表明，物理机制和数据驱动方法的协同建模提供了一种平衡可解释性和高预测精度的ETc估计途径，为精准灌溉和农业水资源管理提供了有价值的支持。

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引用次数: 0

Challenges and opportunities in protein crop production: Finnish farmers’ perspectives on legumes and oilseeds 蛋白质作物生产的挑战和机遇：芬兰农民对豆类和油籽的看法

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128010

Kiflemariam Y. Belachew , Jaakko A.O. Haarala , Casimir Schauman , Frederick L. Stoddard

The cultivation of grain legumes and oilseeds in Finland is limited, despite their ecological benefits and potential for enhancing protein security. While these crops provide essential protein and ecosystem services through nitrogen fixation, farmers are hesitant to grow them due to perceived high risks and low profitability, leading to a heavy reliance on imported soybeans for livestock feed: 70 % of the EU's supply and 85 % in Finland. Hence, a survey was conducted in 2018 among 14,000 Finnish farmers, with 503 respondents. Over 80 % felt knowledgeable about producing legumes and oilseeds and recognized the importance of protein self-sufficiency. However, farmers expressed a need for more specific technical information on cultivation and the use of domestic protein crops as feed. Interest in protein crops was particularly strong among organic farmers, who value legumes for their benefits as bio-fertilizers and break-crops. Additionally, factors such as agricultural policies, subsidies, and contract agreements significantly influenced farmers' willingness to produce protein crops. Domestic protein crops in Finland were perceived as high-risk and costly. To improve cultivation reliability and achieve long-term self-sufficiency in plant protein, effective agricultural policies, the development of earlier and winter-hardy cultivars, and a national market network among producers, processors, and livestock farmers are essential.

尽管谷物豆类和油籽具有生态效益和提高蛋白质安全的潜力，但芬兰的种植面积有限。虽然这些作物通过固氮提供必需的蛋白质和生态系统服务，但由于风险高、收益低，农民对种植它们犹豫不决，导致严重依赖进口大豆作为牲畜饲料：欧盟供应的70% %和芬兰的85% %。因此，2018年对14000名芬兰农民进行了一项调查，有503名受访者。超过80% %的人对生产豆类和油籽有一定的了解，并认识到蛋白质自给自足的重要性。然而，农民表示需要更具体的关于种植和使用国内蛋白质作物作为饲料的技术信息。有机农民对蛋白质作物的兴趣尤其强烈，他们看重豆类作为生物肥料和断裂作物的好处。此外，农业政策、补贴和合同协议等因素显著影响农民生产蛋白质作物的意愿。芬兰国内的蛋白质作物被认为是高风险和昂贵的。为了提高种植可靠性并实现植物蛋白的长期自给，有效的农业政策、早期和耐寒品种的开发以及生产者、加工商和畜牧农民之间的全国市场网络至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Decoupling of carbon pump and diversity in microbes under global agricultural management 全球农业管理下碳泵与微生物多样性的解耦

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128015

Changkun Yang , Bing Liu , Arash Malekian , Weihao Sun , Bin Wang , Xiao Wang , Wen Li , Pouyan Dehghan Rahimabadi , Maliheh Behrang Manesh

Microbial carbon metabolism largely determines whether plant-derived carbon is retained in soils or lost as carbon dioxide. In croplands, integrated management across nutrient supply, tillage, cropping, and irrigation supports production and strongly reshapes microbial-derived carbon. However, it remains unclear how integrated management reshapes microbial carbon anabolism processes at the global scale. This study quantified management-driven changes in microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) and microbial necromass carbon (MNC) using a global meta-analysis, and then applied random-forest modeling, variance partitioning, and path analysis to identify the key predictors and pathways. Results indicate that integrated management enhances CUE and MNC by 3.85 % and 9.74 %, respectively. Nitrogen management increased both CUE and MNC (11.87 % and 15.97 %, respectively), while organic agriculture boosted CUE (29.71 %), and both straw return and irrigation increased MNC (21.13 % and 14.90 %, respectively). In contrast, tillage inhibited microbial anabolism. Temperature had the strongest influence on CUE, while the duration of practice mainly affected MNC, with effects weakening by 1.37 % after five years. Habitat conditions, such as soil C/N and pH, were also key constraints. Mediation analyses indicated that CUE was primarily regulated by microbial respiration and enzyme activity (23.37 % variance), whereas microbial biomass and community structure dominated MNC variation (27.57 %). Further analysis revealed a decoupling between microbial carbon anabolism and diversity under management. Taken together, integrating nutrient and organic inputs with reduced disturbance, while accounting for soil factors such as temperature, C/N, and pH, can optimize microbial metabolism, thereby enhancing carbon sequestration and agroecosystems productivity, and promoting sustainable development.

微生物的碳代谢在很大程度上决定了植物来源的碳是保留在土壤中还是以二氧化碳的形式流失。在农田，养分供应、耕作、种植和灌溉的综合管理支持生产，并有力地重塑微生物来源的碳。然而，目前尚不清楚综合管理如何在全球范围内重塑微生物碳合成代谢过程。本研究采用全球元分析方法量化了管理驱动的微生物碳利用效率（CUE）和微生物坏死碳（MNC）的变化，然后应用随机森林模型、方差划分和路径分析来确定关键的预测因子和路径。结果表明，综合管理使CUE和MNC分别提高了3.85 %和9.74 %。氮肥处理提高了CUE和MNC（分别为11.87 %和15.97 %），有机农业提高了CUE（分别为29.71 %），秸秆还田和灌溉提高了MNC（分别为21.13 %和14.90 %）。相反，耕作抑制微生物合成代谢。温度对CUE的影响最大，而实践时间主要影响MNC， 5年后影响减弱1.37 %。生境条件，如土壤C/N和pH值，也是关键的限制因素。中介分析表明，CUE主要受微生物呼吸和酶活性的调节（23.37 %方差），而微生物生物量和群落结构主导了跨国变异（27.57 %方差）。进一步的分析揭示了微生物碳合成代谢与管理下的多样性之间的脱钩。综合考虑温度、C/N和pH等土壤因子，在减少干扰的情况下整合养分和有机投入，可以优化微生物代谢，从而增强碳固存和农业生态系统生产力，促进可持续发展。

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引用次数: 0

Layered nitrogen application drives changes in nitrogen nutrition status of wheat by affecting key soil microbial clusters 分层施氮通过影响土壤关键微生物群驱动小麦氮素营养状况的变化

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128011

Yang Zhou, Pengjia Wu, Yanjie Qu, Shengyan Pang, Haimeng Mu, Min Yang, Xiang Lin, Dong Wang

Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is essential for improving wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency, yet the mechanisms by which layered N application regulates crop N nutrition through soil microbial processes across growth stages remain unclear. Here, we conducted a four-year field experiment to examine how layered N fertilization modulates soil microbial communities and nutrient dynamics to better match wheat N demand and enhance productivity. Treatments included conventional N application at 8 cm soil depth (N8), layered N application at 8, 16, and 24 cm in a 1:2:1 ratio (N1–2–1), and a no-N control (NCK). Layered N fertilization increased grain yield by 18.7 % and total N accumulation by 19.0 % compared with conventional N application, while maintaining an optimal nitrogen nutrition index throughout wheat development. These yield gains were associated with a marked increase in soil available phosphorus (AP), which enhanced bacterial diversity (Shannon index) and richness (Chao1 index). Co-occurrence network analysis identified two key microbial modules (Module 1 and Module 5) that strongly predicted wheat N accumulation and yield (p < 0.01). The functional roles of these modules shifted from saprotrophic and nitrifying processes at the regreening stage to aromatic compound degradation and root symbiosis at anthesis. Dominant taxa within these modules, particularly Stanjemonium and Coniochaeta, were the strongest contributors to wheat N concentration at the regreening and anthesis stages, respectively. Random forest analysis further indicated that AP exerted a direct regulatory effect on microbial module abundance, while soil N availability influenced wheat N nutrition indirectly through its interactions with AP and microbial network structure. Structural equation modeling confirmed that these pathways ultimately determined wheat nitrogen nutritional status and yield. Overall, layered N fertilization enhances wheat N uptake and productivity by reshaping soil microbial network organization through AP-mediated mechanisms, highlighting the importance of microbial ecological clusters in synchronizing crop N demand with nutrient supply across growth stages.

优化氮肥管理对提高小麦产量和氮素利用效率至关重要，但分层施氮通过不同生长阶段土壤微生物过程调节作物氮素营养的机制尚不清楚。在此，我们进行了为期四年的田间试验，以研究分层施氮如何调节土壤微生物群落和养分动态，从而更好地匹配小麦对氮的需求并提高产量。处理包括土壤深度为8 cm （N8）的常规施氮，8、16和24 cm按1:2:1的比例分层施氮（N1-2-1）和不施氮对照（NCK）。与常规施氮相比，分层施氮可使籽粒产量提高18.7 %，总氮积累提高19.0 %，同时在小麦发育过程中保持最佳氮素营养指数。土壤有效磷（AP）显著增加，细菌多样性（Shannon指数）和丰富度（Chao1指数）增加。共现网络分析发现，两个关键微生物模块（模块1和模块5）对小麦氮素积累和产量具有较强的预测作用（p <； 0.01）。这些模块的功能作用从绿植阶段的腐养和硝化过程转向开花阶段的芳香族化合物降解和根系共生过程。在复绿期和开花期，各模块内的优势类群对小麦氮素的贡献最大，其中以石竹属和针毛纲的贡献最大。随机森林分析进一步表明，氮素对微生物模块丰度具有直接调节作用，而土壤氮有效性通过与氮素和微生物网络结构的相互作用间接影响小麦氮素营养。结构方程模型证实了这些途径最终决定了小麦氮素营养状况和产量。总体而言，分层施氮通过ap介导的机制重塑土壤微生物网络组织，从而提高小麦对氮的吸收和生产力，突出了微生物生态集群在作物生长各阶段氮需求和养分供应同步中的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of nitrogen addition on rhizosphere soil microbial community and biomass yield and quality of different fall dormancy-rating alfalfa cultivars 施氮对不同秋休眠期苜蓿品种根际土壤微生物群落及生物量产量和品质的影响

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128006

Yize Yu , Yaxin Li , Shuqi Ran , Hanyu Li , Jicao Dao , Jinhuan Yang , Lihong Yu , Yuefei Xu

Nitrogen fertilization is crucial for forage production and can alter soil microbial communities, whereas fall dormancy (FD) reflects alfalfa's physiological strategy and forage yield potential. However, it remains unclear how microbial communities respond to FD under different nitrogen fertilization management regimes, and how these responses impact alfalfa yield and quality. Therefore, we conducted a 4-year field experiment and treated three different FD alfalfa cultivars (FD3, FD5, and FD7) with and without nitrogen fertilization, and employed 16S rRNA and ITS high-throughput sequencing to explore rhizosphere microbial diversity and interactions, and to assess changes in cultivar yield and quality. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased yield and crude protein (CP) content of different FD cultivars, with FD3 being the most significantly affected (p < 0.05). Bacterial community diversity was influenced by both nitrogen fertilization and FD, whereas fungal communities were primarily affected by FD. Specifically, nitrogen fertilization significantly reduced bacterial α-diversity and FD3 exhibited a higher bacterial α-diversity. Under nitrogen fertilization, bacterial community composition was more similar between FD5 and FD7. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that nitrogen fertilization increased the microbial network complexity, with sensitive taxa responding to FD in specific co-occurrence patterns. Furthermore, these sensitive taxa included some keystone members (e.g., Nitrosomonadaceae and Helotiales), which were affected by environmental variables and were significantly positively correlated with alfalfa yield and CP content. Collectively, these results suggest interactive effects of FD and nitrogen fertilization on alfalfa performance and rhizosphere microbial communities, highlights the potential importance of keystone taxa in maintaining alfalfa yield and quality, and lays a foundation for developing fertilization strategies tailored to different FD alfalfa cultivars.

氮肥对牧草生产至关重要，可以改变土壤微生物群落，而秋季休眠（FD）反映了苜蓿的生理策略和饲料产量潜力。然而，目前尚不清楚微生物群落在不同氮肥管理制度下对FD的响应，以及这些响应如何影响苜蓿产量和品质。为此，我们进行了为期4年的大田试验，对3个不同的FD苜蓿品种（FD3、FD5和FD7）进行了施氮和不施氮处理，并利用16S rRNA和ITS高通量测序，探讨了根际微生物多样性及其相互作用，并评估了品种产量和品质的变化。施氮显著提高了不同FD品种的产量和粗蛋白质含量，其中对FD3的影响最为显著（p <； 0.05）。氮肥和FD对细菌群落多样性均有影响，而真菌群落主要受FD的影响。其中，氮肥显著降低了细菌α-多样性，而FD3表现出更高的细菌α-多样性。氮肥处理下，FD5与FD7的细菌群落组成较为相似。共现网络分析表明，施氮增加了微生物网络的复杂性，敏感类群对FD的响应具有特定的共现模式。此外，这些敏感分类群中还包括一些关键成员（如亚硝酸茅属和Helotiales），它们受环境变量的影响，与苜蓿产量和CP含量呈显著正相关。综上所述，FD和氮肥对苜蓿生产性能和根际微生物群落具有交互作用，突出了关键类群对维持苜蓿产量和品质的潜在重要性，为制定适合不同FD苜蓿品种的施肥策略奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Achieving synergistic improvements in maize yield and nitrogen use sustainability through a novel high-density production system enabled by precision stage-specific regulation 通过一种新的高密度生产系统实现玉米产量和氮利用可持续性的协同改善，该系统由精确的阶段特定调节实现

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128008

Liang Fang , Dongping Shen , Zhen Wang , Linli Zhou , Tingting Zhang , Guoqiang Zhang , Jun Xue , Ruizhi Xie , Peng Hou , Keru Wang , Bo Ming , Ling Gou , Shaokun Li

Confronted with the dual imperatives of ensuring food security and reducing environmental pollution in China’s intensive agricultural systems, this study proposes and validates an innovative crop management paradigm: a High-Density Production System enabled by Precision Stage-Specific Regulation (HD-PSR). Based on a three-year field experiment spanning a wide nitrogen (N) application gradient (0–765 kg N ha⁻¹), we assessed the effects of N rate on grain yield, nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFP_N), plant N dynamics (uptake, distribution, and remobilization), soil residual N, and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. The results show that the system achieved a clear yield plateau of 14.7–16.5 t ha⁻¹ at 243.8–306.4 kg N ha⁻¹ , while sustaining efficient internal N uptake and remobilization, providing a strong physiological basis for high yield. Simultaneously, the system markedly reduced the direct N₂O emission factor to a consistently low range of 0.3 %–0.9 %, well below the IPCC default. Notably, both cumulative N₂O emissions and the emission factor exhibited a strictly linear relationship with N application rate, in contrast to the exponential increases widely reported under conventional fertilization. This linearity is attributed to split application, which prevents the accumulation of soil mineral N that typically triggers microbial N₂O emission pulses. A comprehensive benefit index identified approximately 289 kg N ha⁻¹ as the synergistic optimum for high yield and low emissions. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that HD-PSR—through deep integration of high-density planting with whole-season, physiology-oriented precision regulation—can simultaneously enhance grain yield and nitrogen-use sustainability, offering a practical systemic pathway for the sustainable intensification of cereal production.

面对中国集约化农业系统中确保粮食安全和减少环境污染的双重需求，本研究提出并验证了一种创新的作物管理模式：由精确阶段特定调控（HD-PSR）实现的高密度生产系统。通过一项为期3年的大田试验，研究了不同施氮量（0-765 kg N ha⁻¹）对粮食产量、氮素偏因子生产力（PFPN）、植株氮素动态（吸收、分配和再动员）、土壤残氮和氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放的影响。结果表明，该体系达到了14.7-16.5 tha⁻¹ （243.8-306.4 kg N ha⁻¹ ）的明显产量平台，同时保持了体内氮的有效吸收和再迁移，为高产提供了强有力的生理基础。同时，该系统显著降低了直接的N₂O排放因子，持续降低到0.3 % -0.9 %的较低范围，远低于IPCC的默认值。值得注意的是，累积N₂O排放量和排放因子与施氮量呈严格的线性关系，而常规施肥则呈指数增长。这种线性归因于拆分应用，这可以防止土壤矿物N的积累，而土壤矿物N通常会触发微生物N₂O发射脉冲。综合效益指数确定约289 kg N ha⁻¹ 为高产低排放的协同最优。综上所述，通过高密度种植与全季、以生理为导向的精准调控的深度融合，hd - psr可以同时提高粮食产量和氮素利用的可持续性，为谷物生产的可持续集约化提供了切实可行的系统途径。

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引用次数: 0

Advancements in weed mapping: A systematic review 杂草制图的进展：系统综述

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.127992

Mohammad Jahanbakht , Alex Olsen , Ross Marchant , Emilie Fillols , Mostafa Rahimi Azghadi

Weed mapping plays a critical role in precision management by providing accurate and timely data on weed distribution, enabling targeted control and reduced herbicide use. This minimizes environmental impacts, supports sustainable land management, and improves outcomes across agricultural and natural environments. Recent advances in weed mapping leverage ground-vehicle Red Green Blue (RGB) cameras, satellite and drone-based remote sensing combined with sensors such as spectral, Near Infra-Red (NIR), and thermal cameras. The resulting data are processed using advanced techniques including big data analytics and machine learning, significantly improving the spatial and temporal resolution of weed maps and enabling site-specific management decisions. Despite a growing body of research in this domain, there is a lack of comprehensive literature reviews specifically focused on weed mapping. In particular, the absence of a structured analysis spanning the entire mapping pipeline, from data acquisition to processing techniques and mapping tools, limits progress in the field. This review addresses these gaps by systematically examining state-of-the-art methods in data acquisition (sensor and platform technologies), data processing (including annotation and modelling), and mapping techniques (such as spatiotemporal analysis and decision support tools). In the data processing stage, weed detection was identified as a critical enabling component of the mapping pipeline; accordingly, dedicated sections were included to systematically review state-of-the-art methods. Following PRISMA guidelines, we critically evaluate and synthesize key findings from the literature to provide a holistic understanding of the weed mapping landscape. This review serves as a foundational reference to guide future research and support the development of efficient, scalable, and sustainable weed management systems.

杂草测绘通过提供准确和及时的杂草分布数据，实现有针对性的控制和减少除草剂的使用，在精确管理中起着至关重要的作用。这将最大限度地减少对环境的影响，支持可持续土地管理，并改善农业和自然环境的成果。杂草测绘的最新进展利用了地面车辆红绿蓝（RGB）相机、卫星和无人机遥感以及光谱、近红外（NIR）和热像仪等传感器。结果数据使用包括大数据分析和机器学习在内的先进技术进行处理，显着提高了杂草地图的时空分辨率，并使特定地点的管理决策成为可能。尽管这一领域的研究越来越多，但缺乏专门针对杂草测绘的全面文献综述。特别是，从数据采集到处理技术和绘图工具，缺乏跨越整个绘图管道的结构化分析，限制了该领域的进展。本综述通过系统地研究数据采集（传感器和平台技术）、数据处理（包括注释和建模）和制图技术（如时空分析和决策支持工具）方面的最新方法来解决这些差距。在数据处理阶段，杂草检测被确定为映射管道的关键启用组件；因此，设立了专门的部门系统地审查最新的方法。遵循PRISMA的指导方针，我们批判性地评估和综合文献中的关键发现，以提供对杂草测绘景观的整体理解。本综述可作为指导未来研究和支持高效、可扩展和可持续杂草管理系统开发的基础参考。

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引用次数: 0

Soil mulching enhanced maize canopy ammonia flux in contrast mitigating field ammonia emission 土壤覆盖增加玉米冠层氨通量，减少田间氨排放

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128002

Shenqiang Lv , Ting Yang , Jia Li , Zeyu Yang , Huitong Li , Linquan Wang , Shenzhong Tian , Ahmed I. Abdo

A systematic elucidation of soil ammonia (NH₃) volatilization (SAV), canopy NH₃ flux (CAF), field NH₃ emission (FAE), and their underlying drivers is imperative for evaluating NH₃ pollution mitigation strategies and advancing sustainable agricultural practices. Currently, the role of the maize canopy in NH₃ emission and the contributions of field factors to NH₃ emission remain inadequately understood. A consecutive field experiment was conducted over a 3-year period from 2019 to 2021 with a split-plot design. The experiment comprised five tillage treatments (conventional tillage without mulch (CT), ridge-furrow tillage without mulch (RT), plastic film mulch (PM), ridge-furrow cultivation with plastic film mulch on the ridge (RTPM), and straw mulching (SM)) and two N application rates (0 kg N ha^–1 and 225 kg N ha^–1). The results demonstrated that the CAF was positive, which meant that the maize canopy acted as an NH₃ source. The cumulative SAV, CAF, and FAE amounted to 4.21–10.12 kg N ha^–1, 1.27–4.94 kg N ha^–1 and 6.07–13.26 kg N ha^–1, respectively. The N fertilizer NH₃ loss rate was 1.13 %–2.41 %. Soil mulching practices (PM, RTPM, and SM) resulted in a 5.3 %–61.1 % increase in CAF, but markedly reduced SAV, FAE, and the N fertilizer NH₃ loss rate by 15.4 %–31.9 %, 9.5 %–11.7 %, and 0.94 %-1.04 %, respectively, compared to those of CT. Conversely, RT exhibited negligible effects on these parameters. Meteorological variables, including the air temperature and solar radiation exhibited positive correlations with the CAF. A mechanistic analysis identified soluble protein (SP, primary regulator) and the NH₃ compensation point (ACP) as direct positive regulators of the CAF, with canopy NH₄⁺ concentration exerting indirect positive effects. Conversely, glycolate oxidase (GO) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities directly suppressed CAF. Consequently, although it promoted the CAF, soil mulching depressed maize field NH₃ emission and N fertilizer NH₃ loss rate. Hence, soil mulching emerges as an effective strategy for mitigating non-point source pollution risks while enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in agricultural systems.

系统阐明土壤氨（NH3）挥发（SAV）、冠层氨通量（CAF）、农田氨排放（FAE）及其驱动因素，对评估氨污染缓解策略和推进可持续农业实践具有重要意义。目前，玉米冠层在NH3排放中的作用以及田间因子对NH3排放的贡献尚不清楚。采用分块设计，于2019 - 2021年进行了连续3年的田间试验。试验包括常规免覆盖耕作（CT）、垄沟免覆盖耕作（RT）、地膜覆盖（PM）、垄沟覆地膜栽培（RTPM）和秸秆覆盖（SM） 5种耕作方式和2种施氮量（0 kg N ha-1和225 kg N ha-1）。结果表明，CAF呈阳性，说明玉米冠层具有NH3源的作用。累积SAV、CAF和FAE分别为4.21 ~ 10.12 kg N ha-1、1.27 ~ 4.94 kg N ha-1和6.07 ~ 13.26 kg N ha-1。氮肥NH3损失率为1.13 % ~ 2.41 %。土壤覆盖（PM、RTPM和SM）使CAF增加了5.3 % ~ 61.1 %，而SAV、FAE和氮肥NH3损失率分别显著降低了15.4 % ~ 31.9 %、9.5 % ~ 11.7 %和0.94 % ~ 1.04 %。相反，RT对这些参数的影响可以忽略不计。气温、太阳辐射等气象变量与CAF呈正相关。机制分析发现可溶性蛋白（SP）和NH3补偿点（ACP）是CAF的直接正调控因子，冠层NH4+浓度起间接正调控作用。相反，乙醇酸氧化酶（GO）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性直接抑制CAF。因此，虽然土壤覆盖促进了CAF，但降低了玉米田NH3排放和氮肥NH3损失率。因此，土壤覆盖成为减轻非点源污染风险，同时提高农业系统氮利用效率的有效策略。

{"title":"Soil mulching enhanced maize canopy ammonia flux in contrast mitigating field ammonia emission","authors":"Shenqiang Lv , Ting Yang , Jia Li , Zeyu Yang , Huitong Li , Linquan Wang , Shenzhong Tian , Ahmed I. Abdo","doi":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A systematic elucidation of soil ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) volatilization (SAV), canopy NH<sub>3</sub> flux (CAF), field NH<sub>3</sub> emission (FAE), and their underlying drivers is imperative for evaluating NH<sub>3</sub> pollution mitigation strategies and advancing sustainable agricultural practices. Currently, the role of the maize canopy in NH<sub>3</sub> emission and the contributions of field factors to NH<sub>3</sub> emission remain inadequately understood. A consecutive field experiment was conducted over a 3-year period from 2019 to 2021 with a split-plot design. The experiment comprised five tillage treatments (conventional tillage without mulch (CT), ridge-furrow tillage without mulch (RT), plastic film mulch (PM), ridge-furrow cultivation with plastic film mulch on the ridge (RTPM), and straw mulching (SM)) and two N application rates (0 kg N ha<sup>–1</sup> and 225 kg N ha<sup>–1</sup>). The results demonstrated that the CAF was positive, which meant that the maize canopy acted as an NH<sub>3</sub> source. The cumulative SAV, CAF, and FAE amounted to 4.21–10.12 kg N ha<sup>–1</sup>, 1.27–4.94 kg N ha<sup>–1</sup> and 6.07–13.26 kg N ha<sup>–1</sup>, respectively. The N fertilizer NH<sub>3</sub> loss rate was 1.13 %–2.41 %. Soil mulching practices (PM, RTPM, and SM) resulted in a 5.3 %–61.1 % increase in CAF, but markedly reduced SAV, FAE, and the N fertilizer NH<sub>3</sub> loss rate by 15.4 %–31.9 %, 9.5 %–11.7 %, and 0.94 %-1.04 %, respectively, compared to those of CT. Conversely, RT exhibited negligible effects on these parameters. Meteorological variables, including the air temperature and solar radiation exhibited positive correlations with the CAF. A mechanistic analysis identified soluble protein (SP, primary regulator) and the NH<sub>3</sub> compensation point (ACP) as direct positive regulators of the CAF, with canopy NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentration exerting indirect positive effects. Conversely, glycolate oxidase (GO) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities directly suppressed CAF. Consequently, although it promoted the CAF, soil mulching depressed maize field NH<sub>3</sub> emission and N fertilizer NH<sub>3</sub> loss rate. Hence, soil mulching emerges as an effective strategy for mitigating non-point source pollution risks while enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in agricultural systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51045,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Agronomy","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 128002"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enzyme kinetics reveal biochar-driven soil multifunctionality improvements in arid soils: Insights from pot experiments and meta-analysis 酶动力学揭示了干旱土壤中生物炭驱动的土壤多功能改善：来自盆栽实验和荟萃分析的见解

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128004

Qiuting Yan , Jiahao Zhang , Jiao Liu , Meiying Gu , Guangmu Tang , Mallavarapu Megharaj , Haixia Tian , Wanli Xu , Wenxiang He

Biochar amendment holds considerable potential for enhancing soil multifunctionality (SMF), yet its underlying biochemical mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. This study integrates pot experiments with a comprehensive meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of biochar on SMF in grey desert and aeolian sandy soils, focusing on enzyme kinetics as indicators of nutrient cycling. The meta-analysis revealed that biochar increased soil pH (4.76 %, 0.31 units), microbial biomass carbon (MBC, 32.64 %), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP, 7.12 %), while reducing ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N, 10.07 %). Notably, biochar suppressed net nitrogen accumulation and nitrification rates by over 93 %. It also shifted enzyme stoichiometry toward nitrogen and phosphorus co-limitation, reflected by a 14.17 % decrease in the C_enz: N_enz ratio and an 11.83 % increase in the C_enz: P_enz ratio. Pot experiments demonstrated biochar application enhanced the catalytic efficiency (V_max/K_m) of urease (0.005–0.77 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹/mM), invertase (4.74–37.74 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹/mM), and alkaline phosphatase (3.28–24.25 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹/mM), indicating improved nitrogen turnover, carbon availability, and phosphorus mobilization. These kinetic parameters proved more sensitive and direct indicators of SMF than traditional soil metrics. Among the treatments, 2 % biochar amendment delivered the most pronounced benefits, increasing SMF by 137.2 % in grey desert soil and 118.0 % in aeolian sandy soil. Structural equation modeling (SEM) identified enzyme kinetics, MBC, ALP, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as primary drivers of SMF enhancement. Overall, the findings highlight the critical role of enzyme kinetics in soil biochemical functioning and reinforce biochar’s potential as a sustainable strategy for restoring nutrient-deficient soils.

生物炭改性在提高土壤多功能性（SMF）方面具有相当大的潜力，但其潜在的生化机制尚不清楚。本研究采用盆栽试验与综合meta分析相结合的方法，以酶动力学作为养分循环的指标，评价了生物炭对灰色沙漠和风成沙土SMF的影响。meta分析显示，生物炭提高了土壤pH值（4.76 %,0.31 units）、微生物生物量碳（MBC, 32.64 %）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP, 7.12 %），同时降低了铵态氮（NH₄+ -N, 10.07 %）。值得注意的是，生物炭抑制净氮积累和硝化速率超过93 %。它还使酶化学计量学向氮磷共同限制方向转变，Cenz: Nenz比值降低了14.17 %，Cenz: Penz比值增加了11.83 %。盆栽实验表明，生物炭提高了脲酶（0.005 ~ 0.77 μmol g−1 h−1/mM）、转化酶（4.74 ~ 37.74 μmol g−1 h−1/mM）和碱性磷酸酶（3.28 ~ 24.25 μmol g−1 h−1/mM）的催化效率（Vmax/Km），改善了氮周转、碳有效性和磷动员。这些动力学参数比传统的土壤指标更为灵敏和直接。其中，2 %的生物炭处理效果最显著，在灰色荒漠土壤和风沙土壤中，SMF分别提高了137.2 %和118.0 %。结构方程模型（SEM）发现，酶动力学、MBC、ALP和溶解有机碳（DOC）是SMF增强的主要驱动因素。总的来说，这些发现强调了酶动力学在土壤生化功能中的关键作用，并加强了生物炭作为恢复营养缺乏土壤的可持续策略的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Synergistic effects of subsoil vertical drilling and fodder maize on soil physical properties and fodder beet yield 地下垂直钻孔与饲料玉米对土壤物理性质和饲料甜菜产量的协同效应

IF 5.5 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

European Journal of Agronomy

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2026.128005

Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Qaswar, Ajit Borundia, Abdul Mounem Mouazen

Subsoil compaction remains a critical constraint to agricultural productivity, necessitating effective mitigation strategies to enhance soil health and crop performance. This study investigates the synergistic effects of subsoil vertical drilling and fodder maize cropping on fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield and soil physical properties compared to direct beet cultivation in a Cambisol sandy-textured soil. A field experiment was carried out on a commercial farm in Beervelde, Belgium, employing a semi-autonomous soil vertical drilling machine to apply six treatments with varying drilling depths (50 cm and 90 cm) and hole-to-hole spacings (50 cm, 75 cm, and 100 cm) in a completely randomized design with three replicates across two fields representing two cropping scenarios: 1) fodder maize followed by fodder beet rotation and 2) direct fodder beet cultivation. Treatments included T1 (50 cm depth × 50 cm spacing), T2 (50 cm × 75 cm), T3 (50 cm × 100 cm), T4 (90 cm × 50 cm), T5 (90 cm × 75 cm), T6 (90 cm × 100 cm), and a no-drilling control (T0). Soil bulk density (BD), penetration resistance (PR), and moisture content (MC) were measured at 40 cm and 70 cm depths, alongside fodder beet yield. Results showed that in the maize-beet rotation system, T4 significantly reduced BD by 4.27 % and PR by 20.02 % at 70 cm, increased MC by 15.28 % at 40 cm, and boosted yield by 26.28 % compared to T0. Conversely, direct beet cultivation showed negligible BD reductions, variable PR changes, and yield reductions in most treatments (up to 31 % in T5), with only T6 yielding a 19.8 % increase. In both cropping systems, yield was negatively correlated with BD and PR. These correlations were stronger in the maize-beet rotation system (r = –0.94 for BD, r = –0.86 for PR at 70 cm) than in direct beet cultivation (r = –0.76 for BD, r = –0.61 for PR at 70 cm), highlighting the role of improved soil structure in enhancing productivity. These results demonstrate that maize–beet rotation combined with vertical soil drilling outperforms direct beet cultivation in mitigating subsoil compaction and increasing fodder beet yield. In particular, subsoil drilling at 90 cm depth with 50 cm spacing (T4) showed the most pronounced effects. These findings underscore the value of integrating crop diversification with targeted drilling applications for sustainable soil management in compacted sandy soils.

底土压实仍然是农业生产力的一个严重制约因素，需要采取有效的缓解战略，以提高土壤健康和作物性能。研究了在Cambisol砂质土壤中，与直接种植甜菜相比，地下垂直钻孔和饲料玉米种植对饲料甜菜产量和土壤物理性质的协同效应。在比利时Beervelde的一个商业农场进行了一项田间试验，采用半自主土壤垂直钻孔机，采用完全随机设计，采用不同钻孔深度（50 cm和90 cm）和孔间距（50 cm， 75 cm和100 cm）的六种处理，在两个大田中进行三个重复，代表两种种植方案：1)饲料玉米轮作饲料甜菜和2)直接种植饲料甜菜。治疗包括T1(50 ×50厘米深度 厘米间距),T2(50 cm×75 厘米),T3(50 cm×100 厘米),T4(90 厘米×50 厘米),T5(90 厘米×75 厘米),T6(90 厘米×100 厘米),和一个no-drilling控制(T0)。在40 cm和70 cm深度测定土壤容重（BD）、抗渗透能力（PR）和含水量（MC），同时测定饲用甜菜产量。结果表明，在玉米-甜菜轮作系统中，与T0相比，T4在70 cm处显著降低BD 4.27 %,PR 20.02 %，在40 cm处显著提高MC 15.28 %，增产26.28 %。相反，在大多数处理中，直接甜菜栽培显示出微不足道的BD降低，可变的PR变化和产量降低（T5高达31% %），只有T6产量增加19.8% %。在种植制度、产量与市场及公关负相关。这些相关性强maize-beet旋转系统( = -0.94 BD, r = -0.86 公关在70 厘米)比直接甜菜种植( = -0.76 BD, r = -0.61 公关在70 厘米),强调对于提高产量改善土壤结构的作用。这些结果表明，玉米-甜菜轮作结合垂直土壤钻孔在减轻底土压实和提高饲料用甜菜产量方面优于直接种植甜菜。其中，深度为90 cm、间距为50 cm （T4）的底土钻孔效果最为显著。这些发现强调了将作物多样化与有针对性的钻井应用相结合，对压实沙质土壤进行可持续土壤管理的价值。

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引用次数: 0