Journal of Arid Environments最新文献

英文中文

Ecosystems managed for wildlife and livestock: Contrasting herbivore impacts in a heavily grazed African savanna 为野生动物和牲畜管理的生态系统：重度放牧的非洲热带草原上食草动物的影响对比

IF 2.6 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Arid Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105267

Replacement of diverse wild herbivore assemblages by livestock across expansive regions of African savanna grassland is predicted to modify tree-grass interactions. Yet, despite the ubiquity of this herbivore regime change, consequences of shifting from wildlife to livestock for savanna ecosystems are poorly resolved. We assessed the effects of livestock grazing on the herbaceous community of a nutrient rich, semi-arid savanna. Direct and indirect impacts - moderated via differences in tree cover - of intensive cattle grazing in communal rangelands, on the herbaceous community were contrasted with heavily utilized wild herbivore grazing systems. Communal rangelands showed a more than two-fold increase in woody cover compared to wildlife areas. Herbaceous differences between wildlife and livestock areas were driven primarily by changes in the area beneath trees, and differences in how densely wooded areas are used by wildlife and livestock. In wildlife systems, grazing intensity was much lower below than away from tree canopies, whereas in livestock systems grazing intensity was high irrespective of tree canopy presence. Away from trees, structure and functional traits of herbaceous vegetation were markedly similar between the two herbivory systems. In our study area, communal rangelands used by livestock, predominantly cattle, are not a degraded subset of wildlife areas but support near equivalent diversity, although with different grass and forb species, and warrants consideration when evaluating their contribution to biodiversity conservation in the region. Nonetheless, higher bare ground cover and the lack of tall-grass reserves mean that communally managed rangelands with low grazer diversity might be more sensitive to intra- and inter-annual climate variability since they are associated with lower forage variability.

在非洲广袤的热带稀树草原上，牲畜取代了多种野生食草动物，预计这将改变树与草之间的相互作用。然而，尽管这种食草动物系统的变化无处不在，但从野生动物到牲畜的转变对热带稀树草原生态系统的影响还没有得到很好的解决。我们评估了牲畜放牧对营养丰富的半干旱热带稀树草原草本群落的影响。通过树木覆盖率的差异缓和公社牧场密集放牧对草本群落的直接和间接影响，并将其与大量利用野生食草动物的放牧系统进行对比。与野生动物区相比，公有牧场的林木覆盖率增加了两倍多。野生动物区和牲畜区草本植物的差异主要是由树下面积的变化以及野生动物和牲畜对林木密集区的利用程度差异造成的。在野生动物系统中，树冠下的放牧强度远低于树冠外的放牧强度，而在牲畜系统中，无论是否有树冠，放牧强度都很高。在远离树木的地方，两种草食系统的草本植被结构和功能特征明显相似。在我们的研究区域，以牛为主的牲畜使用的公共牧场并不是野生生物区的退化子集，而是支持近乎同等的多样性，尽管草和草本植物的种类不同，在评估它们对该地区生物多样性保护的贡献时值得考虑。尽管如此，较高的裸露地面覆盖率和高草保护区的缺乏意味着，放牧多样性较低的社区管理牧场可能对年内和年际气候变异更加敏感，因为它们与较低的饲料变异有关。

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引用次数: 0

Macroinvertebrate assemblage variations among aquatic habitat types across the arid Central Andes (Northwest Argentina) 干旱的安第斯山脉中部（阿根廷西北部）水生生境类型之间的大型无脊椎动物组合变化

IF 2.6 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Arid Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105266

Andean macroinvertebrate diversity, habitat association and trophic structure. The Central Andes harbour globally unique species due to its complex topography, altitude gradients, and mountain orientations. Puna and High-Andean ecoregions of Argentina, part of the Central Andes, are among the world's driest areas. Despite the recognized importance for biodiversity of the scarce Andean aquatic ecosystems, knowledge about their invertebrate fauna remains limited. The objective of this study was to identify the benthic macroinvertebrate diversity associated with the diverse types of water bodies and their water quality characteristics in high altitude environments. Four aquatic habitat types were defined based on characteristics of their water flow: rivers and streams (RS, lotic), peatlands (P, minimum current flow), shallow salty pool (SSP, lentic) and shallow brackish lagoons (L, lentic). Significant differences were detected in conductivity (EC), and dissolved oxygen (DO) between aquatic habitat types. Ninety-five taxa and 4 phyla were registered: Arthropoda, Nematoda, Mollusca and Annelida. Insecta class represented 83% of the total richness of arthropods, being Diptera dominant with 47 taxa, followed by Coleoptera and Ephemeroptera. Richness was explained by water flow, DO and EC. Taxonomic composition differed between aquatic habitat types. Collector-gatherers and predators were dominant, indicating a dependence on the shore vegetation and hydrophytes.

安第斯大型无脊椎动物的多样性、生境关联和营养结构。中安第斯山脉因其复杂的地形、海拔梯度和山脉走向而拥有全球独一无二的物种。阿根廷的普纳和高安第斯生态区是中安第斯山脉的一部分，也是世界上最干旱的地区之一。尽管稀缺的安第斯水生生态系统对生物多样性的重要性已得到公认，但人们对其无脊椎动物群的了解仍然有限。本研究旨在确定与高海拔环境中不同类型水体及其水质特征相关的底栖大型无脊椎动物多样性。根据水流特征定义了四种水生生境类型：河流和溪流（RS，lotic）、泥炭地（P，最小水流）、浅咸池（SSP，lentic）和浅咸泻湖（L，lentic）。水生生境类型之间的电导率（EC）和溶解氧（DO）存在显著差异。登记了 95 个类群和 4 个门类：节肢动物门、线虫动物门、软体动物门和无脊椎动物门。昆虫类占节肢动物总丰富度的 83%，以双翅目为主，有 47 个类群，其次是鞘翅目和蜉蝣目。水流、溶解氧和导电率可解释丰富度。不同水生生境类型的分类组成各不相同。采集-采集者和捕食者占优势，表明它们依赖于岸边植被和水草。

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引用次数: 0

Preferences of annual and ephemeral plants for inorganic N versus organic N at different growth stages in a temperate desert ecosystem 温带沙漠生态系统中一年生植物和瞬生植物在不同生长阶段对无机氮和有机氮的偏好

IF 2.6 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Arid Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105264

To utilize limited nitrogen (N) in terrestrial ecosystems, different plant types may employ different N uptake strategies to avoid and reduce competition for resources and thus complete their life cycles. It is helpful to study whether there is niche separation in the use of N by different plant types in desert ecosystems, for gaining insights into the survival strategies of desert plants and for better understanding the effects of N on their survival. Centaurea pulchella, Lactuca undulata (both ephemeral plants), Ceratocarpus arenarius, and Suaeda glauca (both annual plants) are four widely distributed plant species in the Gurbantunggut Desert in northwest China. We conducted an experimental field study employing the ¹⁵N labeling technique to study the uptake strategy of different N forms by these two types of plants in different months and different soil layers. The results indicated that the N uptake rates during the maximum biomass period of the two plant types were higher than those during the fastest growth period in different soil depths. Although all four plants could absorb various common forms of N, inorganic N was still the major form of N absorbed by them. Ephemeral plants preferred to absorb nitrate, with the highest uptake rate reaching 5.74 μg h⁻¹. However, annual plants preferred to absorb ammonium at a maximum uptake rate of 4.74 μg h⁻¹. According to the contribution rate of different N forms to total N uptake, nitrate was the most favorable form for ephemeral plants (contribution rate 36.98%–48.13%), whereas ammonium was the most favorable form for annual plants with the highest and lowest contribution rates of 48.3% and 30.47%, respectively. Furthermore, rather than the plants’ growth characteristics, factors such as month, soil depth, and plant life-form were the key drivers influencing the preferences for different forms of ¹⁵N. The research revealed that ephemeral and annual desert plants exhibit diversity in their utilization and recovery of N, and all of them could also absorb the soluble organic N source in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Our study contributed to a better understanding of plasticity of nutrient utilization by different plant species under N constraints in desert ecosystems.

为了利用陆地生态系统中有限的氮（N），不同类型的植物可能会采用不同的氮吸收策略，以避免和减少对资源的竞争，从而完成其生命周期。研究沙漠生态系统中不同类型植物对氮的利用是否存在生态位分离，有助于深入了解沙漠植物的生存策略，更好地理解氮对其生存的影响。Centaurea pulchella、Lactuca undulata（均为昙花一现的植物）、Ceratocarpus arenarius和Suaeda glauca（均为一年生植物）是中国西北部古尔班通古特沙漠中广泛分布的四种植物。我们采用 15N 标记技术对这两种植物在不同月份和不同土层中对不同形式氮的吸收策略进行了野外试验研究。结果表明，在不同土层深度，两种植物最大生物量期的氮吸收率均高于最快生长期。虽然四种植物都能吸收各种常见形式的氮，但无机氮仍是它们吸收氮的主要形式。昙花一现的植物更喜欢吸收硝酸盐，吸收率最高，达到 5.74 μg h-1。不过，一年生植物更喜欢吸收铵，最高吸收率为 4.74 μg h-1。从不同氮形态对总氮吸收的贡献率来看，硝酸盐是对昙花一现植物最有利的氮形态（贡献率为 36.98%-48.13%），而铵盐是对一年生植物最有利的氮形态，最高和最低贡献率分别为 48.3%和 30.47%。此外，影响植物对不同形式 15N 的偏好的关键因素不是植物的生长特性，而是月份、土壤深度和植物生命形态等因素。研究表明，在古尔班通古特沙漠中，昙花一现的沙漠植物和一年生植物在氮的利用和恢复方面表现出多样性，它们也都能吸收可溶性有机氮源。我们的研究有助于更好地了解沙漠生态系统中不同植物物种在氮约束下对养分利用的可塑性。

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引用次数: 0

Navigating the Wilderness: Early Bronze Age rectangular platforms in the central Negev Highlands 荒野导航：内盖夫高地中部的青铜时代早期矩形平台

IF 2.6 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Arid Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105244

For well over a century, researchers exploring the Negev Highlands have noted the remains of large, impressive rectangular monuments dotting the landscape between the western border of Israel and the central Arava Valley. Archaeological surveys carried out by the Israel Antiquities Authority along the western border between 2010 and 2012 revealed a narrow corridor of these platforms, situated on the main road between Quseima (ancient Kadesh Barnea) in northern Sinai and the site of Be'erotayim / Mizpe Ezuz. A number of these were excavated as well as platforms in the site of Rosh Maʽale Zadok (the head of the Zadok Ascent) in Mizpe Ramon in 2007. The results of these excavations point to their construction in the Early Bronze Age, possibly the Early Bronze Age IB or II/III period and we interpret their function as navigation platforms on trails connecting the Nile Delta in Egypt and the copper mines of Faynan in the central Arava as suggested by M. Haiman in 2006.

一个多世纪以来，探索内盖夫高地的研究人员注意到，在以色列西部边境和中部阿拉瓦河谷之间的地形中，遍布着令人印象深刻的大型长方形遗迹。2010 年至 2012 年期间，以色列文物局沿西部边界进行的考古调查发现，在西奈北部 Quseima（古卡德什巴尼亚）和 Be'erotayim / Mizpe Ezuz 遗址之间的主要道路上，有一条由这些平台组成的狭窄走廊。2007 年，在米兹佩-拉蒙的 Rosh Maʽale Zadok（扎多克坡道的首领）遗址发掘了其中一些平台。这些发掘结果表明，它们建造于青铜时代早期，可能是青铜时代早期 IB 或 II/III 期，我们将它们的功能解释为连接埃及尼罗河三角洲和阿拉瓦中部法伊南铜矿的小径上的导航平台，正如 M. Haiman 在 2006 年提出的那样。

引用次数: 0

A Neolithic technological approach to the production of stone beads: Insights from the analysis of the Nahal Hemar cave assemblage 新石器时代生产石珠的技术方法：纳哈勒-赫马尔洞穴遗物分析的启示

IF 2.6 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Arid Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105255

The stone beads assemblage of Nahal Hemar Cave, southern Israel, was analyzed to reconstruct the technology applied by artisans during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (9900–9400 BP). The analysis highlights three main inter-related aspects: broad range of raw materials used, bead production in accordance with types and mechanical properties of the minerals, and fashioning of beads into types suitable for specific use. Raw materials were identified with SEM-EDS analyses, and in one instance by using portable XRF. Eleven minerals indicate a vast geographical range of sources. Use-wear analysis of microscopic wear patterns revealed the application of production procedures that indicate an intimate acquaintance with the properties of the minerals, including abrasion and polishing strategies and selective methods of drilling and binding. It is shown that bead production followed decision-making processes dependent upon constraints imposed by the properties of the stone and by the tools used for manipulating them.

通过分析以色列南部纳哈勒-海玛尔洞穴的石珠组合，我们重建了陶器前新石器时代 B（公元前 9900-9400 年）工匠所使用的技术。分析强调了三个相互关联的主要方面：广泛使用原材料、根据矿物的类型和机械性能生产珠子，以及将珠子制成适合特定用途的类型。通过扫描电子显微镜-电子显微镜分析鉴定了原材料，有一次还使用了便携式 XRF。11 种矿物显示了广泛的地理来源。对显微磨损模式的使用磨损分析表明，生产程序的应用表明对矿物特性的熟悉程度，包括磨损和抛光策略以及钻孔和粘合的选择性方法。结果表明，珠子的生产遵循决策过程，而决策过程取决于石头的特性和用于处理石头的工具所施加的限制。

引用次数: 0

Soil organic carbon recovery and soil health in semi-arid drylands with years of transition to perennial grasses 半干旱旱地土壤有机碳的恢复和土壤健康与多年生草的过渡年份

IF 2.6 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Arid Environments

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105263

Semi-arid drylands face unique challenges for sustainable land management and soil carbon (C) sequestration due to significant depletion in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, increasing water scarcity, and climate change. Restoring perennial grasses could regenerate these lands, enhancing SOC storage and soil health. This study investigated the SOC recovery potential, C saturation limit, and time required for the saturation in semi-arid drylands with perennial grass sequences. Soil samples were collected from 0 to 15 and 15–30 cm depths of an annual winter wheat system (AWWS) and three perennial grass sequences, i.e., 3-years of perennial grass (3YPG), 6-years of perennial grass (6YPG), and 20-years of perennial grass (20YPG), each replicated four times. Results reveal significant depth-dependent variations in soil parameters while maintaining the ranking of 20YPG > 6YPG > AWWS > 3YPG in SOC storage at 0–15 cm soil depth. Linear regression analysis showed a SOC sequestration rate of 0.46 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ across grass sequences. Total nitrogen (TN), potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN), mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC), and particulate organic carbon (POC) accumulated at rates of 0.04 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, 0.34 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, 0.24 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, and 0.22 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively, across all treatments in the surface soil layer. A regression model predicted that the 20YPG field would reach MAOC saturation in approximately 80 years at the 0–15 cm depth and 230 years at the 15–30 cm depth if the current condition persists. This research shows the enormous potential of SOC sequestration in arid and semi-arid drylands with grassland restoration. It also underscores the significance of perennial grass systems in enhancing soil health and SOC sequestration. Identifying grass species producing high, economically useful biomass in water-limited semi-arid environments may provide agricultural sustainability and climate change solutions for dry regions.

由于土壤有机碳（SOC）储量严重枯竭、水资源日益匮乏以及气候变化，半干旱旱地在可持续土地管理和土壤碳（C）固存方面面临着独特的挑战。恢复多年生草本植物可以使这些土地再生，提高土壤有机碳的储存量和土壤健康。本研究调查了多年生草地序列半干旱旱地的 SOC 恢复潜力、C 饱和极限以及饱和所需的时间。在一年生冬小麦系统（AWWS）和三种多年生草地序列（即 3 年生草地（3YPG）、6 年生草地（6YPG）和 20 年生草地（20YPG））的 0 至 15 厘米和 15 至 30 厘米深度采集了土壤样本，每个序列重复四次。结果表明，在 0-15 厘米土层深度，土壤参数随深度变化很大，但在 SOC 储量方面，20 年生草、6 年生草、AWWS 和 3 年生草的排名保持不变。线性回归分析表明，各草地序列的 SOC 固存率为 0.46 兆克/公顷-年-1。在表层土壤的所有处理中，总氮（TN）、潜在矿化氮（PMN）、矿质相关有机碳（MAOC）和颗粒有机碳（POC）的累积率分别为 0.04 兆克/公顷-1 年-1、0.34 千克/公顷-1 年-1、0.24 兆克/公顷-1 年-1 和 0.22 兆克/公顷-1 年-1。根据回归模型预测，如果目前的状况持续下去，20YPG 农田 0-15 厘米深处的 MAOC 将在大约 80 年后达到饱和，15-30 厘米深处的 MAOC 将在 230 年后达到饱和。这项研究表明，在干旱和半干旱旱地，通过草地恢复固存 SOC 的潜力巨大。它还强调了多年生草地系统在增强土壤健康和固碳方面的重要性。在水资源有限的半干旱环境中确定能产生大量经济有用生物量的草种，可为干旱地区提供农业可持续发展和气候变化解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Diversity and fire responses in Renosterveld, the forgotten relation of fynbos, in southernmost Africa 非洲最南端被遗忘的森林关系--雷诺斯泰尔德的多样性和火灾反应

IF 2.6 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Arid Environments

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105261

引用次数: 0

Dune elongation and hunting strategy during the Terminal Pleistocene (Ramonian): Insights from Mizpor Ashalim, northwestern Negev dunefield margins, Israel 末更新世（Ramonian）时期的沙丘伸长和狩猎策略：从以色列内盖夫西北部沙丘边缘的 Mizpor Ashalim 获得的启示

IF 2.6 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Arid Environments

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105260

The Middle Epipalaeolithic Ramonian culture, endemic to the Negev-Sinai desert, incorporates highland occupations alongside lowland dune-associated localities. The lowland sites, dominated by microlithic tools, have been hypothesized to be prime hunting settings. Here we investigate this hypothesis based on the data from Mizpor Ashalim - a new Ramonian site located upon a falling dune overlooking the central Besor Valley. The study incorporates analysis of projectile damage on microlithic tools, geomorphology, portable OSL profiling, and OSL ages of the dune deposits, as well as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) investigation. GIS mapping of relevant sites alongside the ancient dune-dammed water bodies constitutes an additional methodological tool newly applied in the current study.

The results support the hypothesis and suggest that Ramonian hunting strategy was associated with dune-dammed, medium-sized basins that formed ecological niches following winter floods. The study sheds new light on adaptations developed by different cultural entities occupying the region during the Terminal Pleistocene and their connection with changing environmental settings. At the same time, it emphasizes technological continuity throughout the cultural sequence in the arid environments of the Southern Levant, expressed in microliths production and projectile design. This continuity, not observed in the Mediterranean climate zone, underscores the importance of understanding the social and economic dynamics in the desert areas of the Southern Levant to comprehend the processes that led to sedentism and food production in the region.

内盖夫-西奈沙漠特有的中上古时代拉莫尼安文化包括高地遗址和与沙丘相关的低地遗址。低地遗址以微石器为主，被认为是狩猎的主要场所。Mizpor Ashalim 是一个新的拉蒙时期遗址，位于一个俯瞰贝索尔河谷中部的下陷沙丘上。这项研究包括分析微石器上的弹丸损伤、地貌、便携式 OSL 分析、沙丘沉积的 OSL 年龄以及归一化差异植被指数 (NDVI) 调查。研究结果支持了这一假设，并表明拉蒙狩猎策略与沙丘淤积的中型盆地有关，这些盆地在冬季洪水过后形成了生态壁龛。这项研究揭示了更新世末期占据该地区的不同文化实体的适应性及其与不断变化的环境之间的联系。同时，它还强调了南黎凡特干旱环境中整个文化序列的技术连续性，表现在微石器生产和射弹设计上。这种连续性是地中海气候区所没有的，它强调了了解南黎凡特沙漠地区的社会和经济动态对于理解该地区定居和粮食生产过程的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

What are the odds? Neolithic “game boards” from the Levant 几率有多大？来自黎凡特的新石器时代 "游戏棋盘

IF 2.6 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Arid Environments

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105257

A total of 14 Neolithic sites have reported 51 game boards, ranging geographically from mid-7th millennium Shir in west-central Syria and Chaga Safid in western Iran to early 8th millennium at Wadi Hamarash 1 above the Wadi al-Hasa, and at Beidha in southern Jordan to Wadi Tbeik in the southern Sinai. Several sites have also reported possible pieces or tokens that may have played roles in board games. It is, on the other hand, just as likely that the game boards had a more serious purpose that involved the fate of communities.

共有 14 个新石器时代遗址报告了 51 个游戏棋盘，地域范围从叙利亚中西部的 7 世纪中叶的希尔和伊朗西部的 Chaga Safid 到 8 世纪早期瓦迪哈萨上方的瓦迪哈马拉什 1，以及约旦南部的贝达和西奈半岛南部的瓦迪特贝克。一些遗址还报告了可能在棋盘游戏中扮演角色的棋子或代币。另一方面，棋盘游戏也可能有更严肃的目的，涉及到社区的命运。

引用次数: 0

Importance of birds and bats in the diet of the striped polecat (Ictonyx striatus) in archaeological heritage Old Dongola (Sudan) 考古遗产老东戈拉（苏丹）中的条纹山猫（Ictonyx striatus）食物中鸟类和蝙蝠的重要性

IF 2.6 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Arid Environments

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105259

Deserts present unique challenges to the survival of various animal species, particularly mammals, which must develop special adaptations to thrive in these harsh environments. However, some species may take advantage of human-induced changes, such as the development of infrastructure, even established in ancient times. Then, this study examines the diet composition of the striped polecat (Ictonyx striatus) at the archaeological site of Old Dongola in Sudan. Through non-invasive faecal analysis, we identified 205 prey items from 139 scats, including insects, birds, and bats. Our findings suggest that the striped polecat's predation on birds and bats could help mitigate damage to archaeological sites caused by guano. These results highlight the dietary plasticity of the striped polecat and its potential role in preserving archaeological heritage by naturally controlling pest populations.

沙漠给各种动物物种的生存带来了独特的挑战，尤其是哺乳动物，它们必须发展出特殊的适应能力，才能在这些恶劣的环境中茁壮成长。然而，有些物种可能会利用人类引起的变化，如发展基础设施，甚至是在远古时代建立的基础设施。因此，本研究考察了苏丹老东戈拉考古遗址中条纹杆猫（Ictonyx striatus）的食物组成。通过非侵入式粪便分析，我们从 139 块粪便中鉴定出 205 种猎物，包括昆虫、鸟类和蝙蝠。我们的研究结果表明，条纹极猫对鸟类和蝙蝠的捕食有助于减轻鸟粪对考古遗址造成的破坏。这些结果突显了条纹极猫食物的可塑性，以及它通过自然控制害虫数量来保护考古遗产的潜在作用。

引用次数: 0

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