M. Pang, Yong Du, Weibin Zhang, Y.-B. Peng, P. Zhou
Hardness is an essential mechanical indication of cemented carbides. The current work presents an approach to predict the hardness of three-phase WC-Co-Cubic cemented carbides, which establishes a relationship among composition, structure and mechanical performance. With the input of initial composition and grain sizes of carbides, structural parameters needed to predict the hardness can be calculated by thermodynamic calculations and diffusion simulations. The calculated hardness of a series of WC-Co-Cubic cemented carbides agree reasonably with experimental data. The present model is of reference to predict the hardness for multi-phase composites and design the new type of WC-Co-based cemented carbides.
{"title":"A simplified hardness model for WC-Co-Cubic cemented carbides","authors":"M. Pang, Yong Du, Weibin Zhang, Y.-B. Peng, P. Zhou","doi":"10.2298/JMMB200930021P","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB200930021P","url":null,"abstract":"Hardness is an essential mechanical indication of cemented carbides. The current work presents an approach to predict the hardness of three-phase WC-Co-Cubic cemented carbides, which establishes a relationship among composition, structure and mechanical performance. With the input of initial composition and grain sizes of carbides, structural parameters needed to predict the hardness can be calculated by thermodynamic calculations and diffusion simulations. The calculated hardness of a series of WC-Co-Cubic cemented carbides agree reasonably with experimental data. The present model is of reference to predict the hardness for multi-phase composites and design the new type of WC-Co-based cemented carbides.","PeriodicalId":51090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B-Metallurgy","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83886705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shiwei Zhou, Chao Lu, B. Zhang, B. Li, Yong-gang Wei
Laterite, as an important resource of nickel, has become the focus of development and utilization. This study adopted the method of mixing ore (garnierite and limonite) to increase the recovery rate of nickel in garnierite ore. The phase transformation of the two ores were investigated during the heating process, dehydroxylation and recrystallization were observed and the iron oxides phase was transformed into iron-containing spinel finally. By changing the proportion of the two ores, increasing the iron content in the sample was beneficial to the reduction of nickel. Then, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and Fe were used as the iron source to study the mechanism of the iron-bearing minerals in promoting the reduction of nickel. The results indicated that hematite and/or magnetite would react with amorphous silicate minerals to generate magnesioferrite and enstatite, thereby avoiding additional forsterite generation; moreover, the trevorite phase would be formed, which strengthens the aggregation of nickel and iron.
{"title":"Investigation on the garnierite and limonite mixed laterite ore for recovery nickel","authors":"Shiwei Zhou, Chao Lu, B. Zhang, B. Li, Yong-gang Wei","doi":"10.2298/JMMB201129020Z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB201129020Z","url":null,"abstract":"Laterite, as an important resource of nickel, has become the focus of development and utilization. This study adopted the method of mixing ore (garnierite and limonite) to increase the recovery rate of nickel in garnierite ore. The phase transformation of the two ores were investigated during the heating process, dehydroxylation and recrystallization were observed and the iron oxides phase was transformed into iron-containing spinel finally. By changing the proportion of the two ores, increasing the iron content in the sample was beneficial to the reduction of nickel. Then, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and Fe were used as the iron source to study the mechanism of the iron-bearing minerals in promoting the reduction of nickel. The results indicated that hematite and/or magnetite would react with amorphous silicate minerals to generate magnesioferrite and enstatite, thereby avoiding additional forsterite generation; moreover, the trevorite phase would be formed, which strengthens the aggregation of nickel and iron.","PeriodicalId":51090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B-Metallurgy","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90442039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y.P. Zhang, K. Yang, Y. Fang, A. Robledo-Cabrera, C. Peng, A. López-Valdivieso
Pyrite concentrates with refractory gold and silver were roasted at different temperatures to improve the recovery of the metals by cyanide leaching. Scanning Electron Microscope characterization of the calcine revealed that the gold occluded in the pyrite less than one micron, and roasting produced channels in the concentrate, exposing the gold particles to the leaching solution. Gold and silver recoveries were maximum in the temperature range of 500-600?C due to the calcine high surface area and porosity. The Au and Ag recovery improved from 25 to 86% and 50 to 73%, respectively. The Au secondary encapsulation due to the sintering, the formation of the Ag-Fe-S species (Fe1?xS + Ag2S + Ag) and Ag ferrite in higher roasting temperatures hence Au and Ag recoveries decreased.
{"title":"Roasting temperature effect on the recovery of refractory gold and silver in pyrite concentrates","authors":"Y.P. Zhang, K. Yang, Y. Fang, A. Robledo-Cabrera, C. Peng, A. López-Valdivieso","doi":"10.2298/JMMB200911019Z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB200911019Z","url":null,"abstract":"Pyrite concentrates with refractory gold and silver were roasted at different temperatures to improve the recovery of the metals by cyanide leaching. Scanning Electron Microscope characterization of the calcine revealed that the gold occluded in the pyrite less than one micron, and roasting produced channels in the concentrate, exposing the gold particles to the leaching solution. Gold and silver recoveries were maximum in the temperature range of 500-600?C due to the calcine high surface area and porosity. The Au and Ag recovery improved from 25 to 86% and 50 to 73%, respectively. The Au secondary encapsulation due to the sintering, the formation of the Ag-Fe-S species (Fe1?xS + Ag2S + Ag) and Ag ferrite in higher roasting temperatures hence Au and Ag recoveries decreased.","PeriodicalId":51090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B-Metallurgy","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88841323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liushun Wu, C. Dai, B. Yan, Hai Chuan Wang, Cunjun Qi
To recycle vanadium from V-bearing steelmaking slag and V-bearing black shale, the both were jointly roasted to generate vanadium-rich phase, and then vanadium was separated by magnetic separation in this study. The compositions of samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence meter and the phases in the samples were characterized using X-ray diffractometer. Experimental results showed that, with increasing the ratio of CaO content to SiO2content in the samples, the vanadium separation efficiency first decreased, increased, and then decreased again. With increasing roasting temperature from 1423 to 1623 K, the vanadium separation efficiency increased. With increasing roasting time from one hour to four hours, the vanadium separation efficiency increased. The optimum conditions for vanadium recycling are the basicity of 1.2, roasting temperature of 1623 K, and roasting time of 4 hours. Under this condition, separation efficiency of vanadium reaches 71.6%, and the concentrate contains 3.67% V2O5and 46.9% Fe2O3. A flow for joint processing of V-bearing steelmaking slag and V-bearing black shale was proposed, which involves vanadium separating, and tailings utilizing.
{"title":"Joint processing of v-bearing steelmaking slag and V-bearing black shale for vanadium and iron separation","authors":"Liushun Wu, C. Dai, B. Yan, Hai Chuan Wang, Cunjun Qi","doi":"10.2298/JMMB200120015W","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB200120015W","url":null,"abstract":"To recycle vanadium from V-bearing steelmaking slag and V-bearing black shale, the both were jointly roasted to generate vanadium-rich phase, and then vanadium was separated by magnetic separation in this study. The compositions of samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence meter and the phases in the samples were characterized using X-ray diffractometer. Experimental results showed that, with increasing the ratio of CaO content to SiO2content in the samples, the vanadium separation efficiency first decreased, increased, and then decreased again. With increasing roasting temperature from 1423 to 1623 K, the vanadium separation efficiency increased. With increasing roasting time from one hour to four hours, the vanadium separation efficiency increased. The optimum conditions for vanadium recycling are the basicity of 1.2, roasting temperature of 1623 K, and roasting time of 4 hours. Under this condition, separation efficiency of vanadium reaches 71.6%, and the concentrate contains 3.67% V2O5and 46.9% Fe2O3. A flow for joint processing of V-bearing steelmaking slag and V-bearing black shale was proposed, which involves vanadium separating, and tailings utilizing.","PeriodicalId":51090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B-Metallurgy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75314726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, LVE (liquid-vapor equilibrium) data of cadmium-zinc system were determined at pressure of 7.5 Pa. We compare the use of the Redlich-Kister polynomials with the Wilson equation in fitting activities. The LVE for Cd-Zn system in vacuum distillation was modeled using the two models. The results of the two models are reliable, the Redlich-Kister polynomialsis better than the Wilson equation. The LVE phase diagram is reliable for predicting the process of vacuum distillation for Cd-Zn system. Evaporation rates of elements in Cd-Zn alloy were experimental measured and calculated by the Langmuir equation. Experimental data on the evaporation of pure metals Cd and Zn are included. The evaporation coefficients of zinc and cadmium under vacuum conditions were calculated. The deviations were discussed. Comparing calculations with experimental results, it can be found that the trend is consistent. The activation energies of Cd and Zn in the Cd-Zn alloy under experimental conditions were also calculated.
{"title":"Liquid-vapor equilibrium and evaporation rate of Cd-Zn liquid alloy","authors":"Weichen Zhao, Bao-qiang Xu, huo Yanga","doi":"10.2298/JMMB201229030Z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB201229030Z","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, LVE (liquid-vapor equilibrium) data of cadmium-zinc system were determined at pressure of 7.5 Pa. We compare the use of the Redlich-Kister polynomials with the Wilson equation in fitting activities. The LVE for Cd-Zn system in vacuum distillation was modeled using the two models. The results of the two models are reliable, the Redlich-Kister polynomialsis better than the Wilson equation. The LVE phase diagram is reliable for predicting the process of vacuum distillation for Cd-Zn system. Evaporation rates of elements in Cd-Zn alloy were experimental measured and calculated by the Langmuir equation. Experimental data on the evaporation of pure metals Cd and Zn are included. The evaporation coefficients of zinc and cadmium under vacuum conditions were calculated. The deviations were discussed. Comparing calculations with experimental results, it can be found that the trend is consistent. The activation energies of Cd and Zn in the Cd-Zn alloy under experimental conditions were also calculated.","PeriodicalId":51090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B-Metallurgy","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76393126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the effects of titanium addition on microstructure, hardness and wear rate of Fe(13-x)TixB7 (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5) based hard surface alloy layers formed by gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding method were investigated. As a result of the microstructure studies and phase analysis, it was determined that the structures of the coating layers consisted of ?-Fe, ?Fe+Fe2B eutectic, ?-Fe+Fe2Ti eutectic and hard TiB2 phases. In the hard surface alloy layer, as the amount of titanium was increased, the TiB2 phase density formed in the system increased and it was observed that rod-like and long sharp-edged phases formed from the equiaxed structure. As a result of wear tests performed at different loads, it was determined that the addition of titanium reduces the wear rates in the coating layers. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the worn surfaces showed that the wear mechanisms were adhesive and oxidative.
{"title":"Effect of titanium content on the microstructure and wear behavior of Fe(13-x)TixB7 (x=0-5) hardfacing alloy","authors":"B. Kılınç, E. Kocaman, Ş. Şen, U. Şen","doi":"10.2298/jmmb210430047k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/jmmb210430047k","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effects of titanium addition on microstructure, hardness and wear rate of Fe(13-x)TixB7 (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5) based hard surface alloy layers formed by gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding method were investigated. As a result of the microstructure studies and phase analysis, it was determined that the structures of the coating layers consisted of ?-Fe, ?Fe+Fe2B eutectic, ?-Fe+Fe2Ti eutectic and hard TiB2 phases. In the hard surface alloy layer, as the amount of titanium was increased, the TiB2 phase density formed in the system increased and it was observed that rod-like and long sharp-edged phases formed from the equiaxed structure. As a result of wear tests performed at different loads, it was determined that the addition of titanium reduces the wear rates in the coating layers. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the worn surfaces showed that the wear mechanisms were adhesive and oxidative.","PeriodicalId":51090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B-Metallurgy","volume":"175 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74503127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper mainly investigated on synthesis of a high purity PbS crystal directly from lead ash which was collected from Tin ash removal process (LATR). The LATR was firstly disposed by nitric acid leaching system to generate the lead nitrate solution. The PbS crystal would be prepared by mixing the lead nitrate solution with the sodium sulfide at the room temperature (25 ?C). The effects of molar ratio of HNO3 to Pb in the LATR on Pb leaching efficiency was investigated, demonstrating that the Pb leaching efficiency could attain to 82.9 % at molar ratio of 3. The leaching ratio of As, Cu, Fe, and Al generally increased with increasing molar ratio of HNO3 to Pb in the LATR, while 99.99 wt% of Sn was still left in the residue. In the process of generating PbS crystal from the leaching solution, the yield of PbS crystal was increased with increasing molar ratio of Na2S to Pb in the filtrate. The yield of PbS crystal could up to 93.1% at a molar ratio of 1.5. Overall, this method proved to be an efficient and environmental friendly route for synthesis of high quality PbS crystal directly from the common lead containing waste from the lead ore or secondary smelting factory.
{"title":"An efficient and environmentally friendly route for PbS crystal recovery from lead ash generated in tin removal section (LATR) via high-speed leaching and recrystallization method","authors":"Feng Yakun, Xiao-qian Peng, Huanrui Shi, Wei Zhang, Q. Zuo","doi":"10.2298/jmmb200308035f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/jmmb200308035f","url":null,"abstract":"This paper mainly investigated on synthesis of a high purity PbS crystal directly from lead ash which was collected from Tin ash removal process (LATR). The LATR was firstly disposed by nitric acid leaching system to generate the lead nitrate solution. The PbS crystal would be prepared by mixing the lead nitrate solution with the sodium sulfide at the room temperature (25 ?C). The effects of molar ratio of HNO3 to Pb in the LATR on Pb leaching efficiency was investigated, demonstrating that the Pb leaching efficiency could attain to 82.9 % at molar ratio of 3. The leaching ratio of As, Cu, Fe, and Al generally increased with increasing molar ratio of HNO3 to Pb in the LATR, while 99.99 wt% of Sn was still left in the residue. In the process of generating PbS crystal from the leaching solution, the yield of PbS crystal was increased with increasing molar ratio of Na2S to Pb in the filtrate. The yield of PbS crystal could up to 93.1% at a molar ratio of 1.5. Overall, this method proved to be an efficient and environmental friendly route for synthesis of high quality PbS crystal directly from the common lead containing waste from the lead ore or secondary smelting factory.","PeriodicalId":51090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B-Metallurgy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89334235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sb distribution in the phases of SiO2 saturated Sb-Fe-O-SiO2-CaO system was determined for the first time through hightemperature experiment and quenching techniques, followed by Electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA) in air (Ptot = 1 atm, PO2 = 0.21 atm). The phases were quantified in the temperature range of 900?C-1200?C and the effects of Fe/SiO2 (mass fraction) and CaO/SiO2 (mass fraction) on Sb2O3 content in the Sb-Fe-O-SiO2-CaO system were investigated at 1200?C. The results indicated that the Sb-containing phase primarily existed in the solid solution phase at 1200?C. With the increase of temperature from 1100?C to 1200?C, the Sb2O3 content in the solid solution phase increased drastically from 7.52 wt% to 17.36 wt%. Lowering the values of CaO/SiO2 and Fe/SiO2 in the smelting process effectively reduced Sb2O3 content in the slag. The verification of the experiment results suggested that the antimony content in slag was 0.57 wt%, the crude antimony yield rate was lower than 4%, and the crude antimony grade was beyond 94 wt%, which meant that the reduction of antimony content in the slag could be achieved.
通过高温实验和淬火技术首次测定了SiO2饱和Sb- fe - o -SiO2- cao体系中Sb的分布，然后在空气中(ppt = 1 atm, PO2 = 0.21 atm)进行了电子探针x射线微分析(EPMA)。在900°C-1200°c的温度范围内对相进行定量。在1200℃的温度下，研究了Fe/SiO2(质量分数)和CaO/SiO2(质量分数)对Sb-Fe-O-SiO2-CaO体系中Sb2O3含量的影响。结果表明，在1200℃时，含sb相主要存在于固溶相中。温度从1100度开始升高?摄氏到1200度?C时，固溶相中Sb2O3含量从7.52 wt%急剧增加到17.36 wt%。在冶炼过程中降低CaO/SiO2和Fe/SiO2值，可有效降低炉渣中Sb2O3含量。对实验结果的验证表明，渣中锑含量为0.57 wt%，粗锑收率低于4%，粗锑品位大于94 wt%，可以实现渣中锑含量的降低。
{"title":"Sb distribution in the phases of SiO2 saturated Sb-Fe-O-SiO2-CaO system in air","authors":"Z. T. Zhang, Huaping Nie, K. Yan","doi":"10.2298/jmmb200406030z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/jmmb200406030z","url":null,"abstract":"Sb distribution in the phases of SiO2 saturated Sb-Fe-O-SiO2-CaO system was determined for the first time through hightemperature experiment and quenching techniques, followed by Electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA) in air (Ptot = 1 atm, PO2 = 0.21 atm). The phases were quantified in the temperature range of 900?C-1200?C and the effects of Fe/SiO2 (mass fraction) and CaO/SiO2 (mass fraction) on Sb2O3 content in the Sb-Fe-O-SiO2-CaO system were investigated at 1200?C. The results indicated that the Sb-containing phase primarily existed in the solid solution phase at 1200?C. With the increase of temperature from 1100?C to 1200?C, the Sb2O3 content in the solid solution phase increased drastically from 7.52 wt% to 17.36 wt%. Lowering the values of CaO/SiO2 and Fe/SiO2 in the smelting process effectively reduced Sb2O3 content in the slag. The verification of the experiment results suggested that the antimony content in slag was 0.57 wt%, the crude antimony yield rate was lower than 4%, and the crude antimony grade was beyond 94 wt%, which meant that the reduction of antimony content in the slag could be achieved.","PeriodicalId":51090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B-Metallurgy","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76998889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Qiao, Shi Sheng, Lei Zhang, Jian Chen, L. Yang, Huiling Zhou, Yuxin Wang, Hua-bing Li, Z. Zheng
The friction and wear behaviors of a Fe-19Cr-15Mn-0.66N high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel (HNSS) were investigated. Tribological investigations were carried out under different applied loads of 5 N, 10 N, 15 N and 20 N. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) were used to understand the wear mechanisms under different loads and the reasons for the improved wear resistance. The lower friction coefficient and improved wear resistance were observed with the increase in applied loads. Under a higher load, the friction enhanced the work hardening ability of HNSS, which in turn improved its surface hardness and thus the increased wear resistance of HNSS.
{"title":"Friction and wear behaviors of a high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel Fe-19Cr-15Mn-0.66N","authors":"Y. Qiao, Shi Sheng, Lei Zhang, Jian Chen, L. Yang, Huiling Zhou, Yuxin Wang, Hua-bing Li, Z. Zheng","doi":"10.2298/JMMB201026025Q","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB201026025Q","url":null,"abstract":"The friction and wear behaviors of a Fe-19Cr-15Mn-0.66N high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel (HNSS) were investigated. Tribological investigations were carried out under different applied loads of 5 N, 10 N, 15 N and 20 N. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) were used to understand the wear mechanisms under different loads and the reasons for the improved wear resistance. The lower friction coefficient and improved wear resistance were observed with the increase in applied loads. Under a higher load, the friction enhanced the work hardening ability of HNSS, which in turn improved its surface hardness and thus the increased wear resistance of HNSS.","PeriodicalId":51090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B-Metallurgy","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82540623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In normal sintering of iron ore, there is a wide difference in temperature of the sinter bed between top and bottom; i.e. the flame front temperature of the sinter bed gradually increases towards the bottom because the lower part gets longer time for drying and preheating by exit gas. Therefore, the top part may have insufficient fusion and the bottom is excessively fused. Thus, sinter quality may become inhomogeneous and the coke breeze requirement becomes higher than the actual thermal requirement. If it is charged in multiple layers; e.g. higher amount of coke at the top and a lower amount of coke at the bottom, heat will be homogeneously distributed and the actual coke requirement would be lower than the existing. However, no study has been done so far on this. Therefore, the current study explores the possibility of reducing energy consumption in iron ore sintering by reducing the coke ratio from top to bottom without deteriorating the sinter property. 12% reduction in coke breeze rate has been found and the sinter quality has been improved by the use of a triple layer of sinter mix with a lower coke rate towards the bottom. Further, when 5-vol% of oxygen has been enriched in suction gas along with using a triple layer of sinter mix, up to an 18-wt% reduction in coke breeze has been found.
{"title":"Modified coke breeze distribution in iron ore sintering - a novel technique of reducing energy consumption and improving quality","authors":"J. Pal, D. Prasad, T. Venugopalan","doi":"10.2298/JMMB200513001P","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB200513001P","url":null,"abstract":"In normal sintering of iron ore, there is a wide difference in temperature of the sinter bed between top and bottom; i.e. the flame front temperature of the sinter bed gradually increases towards the bottom because the lower part gets longer time for drying and preheating by exit gas. Therefore, the top part may have insufficient fusion and the bottom is excessively fused. Thus, sinter quality may become inhomogeneous and the coke breeze requirement becomes higher than the actual thermal requirement. If it is charged in multiple layers; e.g. higher amount of coke at the top and a lower amount of coke at the bottom, heat will be homogeneously distributed and the actual coke requirement would be lower than the existing. However, no study has been done so far on this. Therefore, the current study explores the possibility of reducing energy consumption in iron ore sintering by reducing the coke ratio from top to bottom without deteriorating the sinter property. 12% reduction in coke breeze rate has been found and the sinter quality has been improved by the use of a triple layer of sinter mix with a lower coke rate towards the bottom. Further, when 5-vol% of oxygen has been enriched in suction gas along with using a triple layer of sinter mix, up to an 18-wt% reduction in coke breeze has been found.","PeriodicalId":51090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B-Metallurgy","volume":"259 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77101284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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