Journal of Official Statistics最新文献

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Determination of the Threshold in Cutoff Sampling Using Response Burden with an Application to Intrastat 使用响应负荷确定截断采样的阈值及其在统计中的应用

IF 1.1 4区数学 Q3 Mathematics

Journal of Official Statistics

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jos-2022-0051

Sašo Polanec, Paul A. Smith, M. Bavdaž

Abstract Statistical offices frequently use cutoff sampling to determine which businesses in a population should be surveyed. Examples include business surveys about international trade, production, innovation, ICT usage and so on. Cutoff thresholds are typically set in terms of key variables of interest and aim to satisfy a minimum coverage ratio–the share of aggregate values of reporting units. In this article we propose a simple cost-benefit approach to determination of the sampling cutoff by taking into account the response burden. In line with existing practice, we use the coverage ratio as our measure of accuracy and provide either analytical or numerical solutions to cutoff determination. Using a business survey on response burden of reporting trade flows within the EU (Intrastat), we present an application that illustrates our approach to cutoff determination. An important practical implication is the possibility to set industry-contingent cutoffs.

摘要统计局经常使用截止抽样来确定人群中哪些企业应该接受调查。例子包括关于国际贸易、生产、创新、信息和通信技术使用等的商业调查。截止阈值通常根据感兴趣的关键变量设定，旨在满足最低覆盖率——报告单位总值的份额。在本文中，我们提出了一种简单的成本效益方法，通过考虑响应负担来确定采样截止值。根据现有实践，我们使用覆盖率作为精度的衡量标准，并为截止值的确定提供分析或数值解决方案。利用一项关于欧盟内部贸易流量报告响应负担的商业调查（Intrastat），我们提出了一个应用程序，说明了我们确定截止值的方法。一个重要的实际含义是设置行业条件下的截止值的可能性。

引用次数: 1

Response Burden – Review and Conceptual Framework 回应负担-检讨及概念架构

IF 1.1 4区数学 Q3 Mathematics

Journal of Official Statistics

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jos-2022-0041

Ting Yan, Douglas Williams

Abstract Concerns about the burden that surveys place on respondents have a long history in the survey field. This article reviews existing conceptualizations and measurements of response burden in the survey literature. Instead of conceptualizing response burden as a one-time overall outcome, we expand the conceptual framework of response burden by positing response burden as reflecting a continuous evaluation of the requirements imposed on respondents throughout the survey process. We specifically distinguish response burden at three time points: initial burden at the time of the survey request, cumulative burden that respondents experience after starting the interview, and continuous burden for those asked to participate in a later round of interviews in a longitudinal setting. At each time point, survey and question features affect response burden. In addition, respondent characteristics can affect response burden directly, or they can moderate or mediate the relationship between survey and question characteristics and the end perception of burden. Our conceptual framework reflects the dynamic and complex interactive nature of response burden at different time points over the course of a survey. We show how this framework can be used to explain conflicting empirical findings and guide methodological research.

摘要对调查给受访者带来负担的担忧在调查领域有着悠久的历史。本文回顾了调查文献中现有的反应负担的概念和测量方法。我们没有将响应负担概念化为一次性的总体结果，而是通过将响应负担定位为反映对整个调查过程中强加给受访者的要求的持续评估，来扩展响应负担的概念框架。我们特别区分了三个时间点的回答负担：提出调查请求时的初始负担、受访者在开始面试后经历的累积负担，以及那些被要求在纵向环境中参加下一轮面试的人的持续负担。在每个时间点，调查和问题特征都会影响回答负担。此外，受访者特征可以直接影响回答负担，也可以调节或中介调查和问题特征与最终负担感知之间的关系。我们的概念框架反映了调查过程中不同时间点反应负担的动态和复杂互动性质。我们展示了如何使用这个框架来解释相互矛盾的实证结果，并指导方法论研究。

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引用次数: 1

The Effects of Response Burden – Collecting Life History Data in a Self-Administered Mixed-Device Survey 反应负担的影响——在自行管理的混合设备调查中收集生活史数据

IF 1.1 4区数学 Q3 Mathematics

Journal of Official Statistics

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jos-2022-0046

J. Carstensen, Sebastian Lang, Fine Cordua

Abstract Collecting life history data is highly demanding and therefore prone to error since respondents must retrieve and provide extensive complex information. Research has shown that response burden is an important factor influencing data quality. We examine whether increases in different measures of response burden in a (mixed-device) online survey lead to adverse effects on the data quality and whether these effects vary by the type of device used (mobile versus non-mobile). We conducted an experimental study in an online mixed-device survey, for which we developed a questionnaire on the educational and occupational trajectories of secondary-school graduates, undergraduates, and university graduates. To address our research question, we randomly assigned different levels of response burden to the participants and compared different measures on the data quality and response. We found mixed evidence for unfavourable effects of response burden on the examined outcomes. While some of our results were expected, they were not consistent across all subgroups. Most interestingly, the effects of response burden on outcomes seemed to differ based on the device used. Hence, we conclude that further research is needed to optimise the collection of complex data from different groups of participants.

摘要收集生活史数据要求很高，因此容易出错，因为受访者必须检索并提供大量复杂的信息。研究表明，响应负担是影响数据质量的一个重要因素。我们研究了在（混合设备）在线调查中，不同响应负担指标的增加是否会对数据质量产生不利影响，以及这些影响是否因使用的设备类型（移动设备与非移动设备）而异。我们在一项在线混合设备调查中进行了一项实验研究，为此我们制定了一份关于中学毕业生、本科生和大学毕业生的教育和职业轨迹的问卷。为了解决我们的研究问题，我们随机给参与者分配了不同水平的反应负担，并比较了数据质量和反应的不同衡量标准。我们发现，应对负担对检查结果产生不利影响的证据喜忧参半。虽然我们的一些结果是意料之中的，但并非所有亚组的结果都一致。最有趣的是，反应负担对结果的影响似乎因使用的设备而异。因此，我们得出结论，需要进一步的研究来优化从不同参与者群体收集复杂数据的过程。

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引用次数: 0

Preface Overview of the Special Issue on Respondent Burden 被申请人责任专刊综述

IF 1.1 4区数学 Q3 Mathematics

Journal of Official Statistics

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jos-2022-0040

Robin L. Kaplan, J. Holzberg, S. Eckman, D. Giesen

引用次数: 0

Testing a Planned Missing Design to Reduce Respondent Burden in Web and SMS Administrations of the CAHPS Clinician and Group Survey (CG-CAHPS) 测试计划缺失设计以减轻CAHPS临床和群体调查(CG-CAHPS)网络和短信管理中的被调查者负担

IF 1.1 4区数学 Q3 Mathematics

Journal of Official Statistics

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jos-2022-0042

P. Brenner, J. Hargraves, Carol Cosenza

Abstract We test a planned missing design to reduce respondent burden in Web and SMS administrations of the CAHPS Clinician and Group Survey (CG-CAHPS), a survey of patient experiences widely used by health care providers. Members of an online nonprobability panel were randomly assigned to one of three invitation and data collection mode protocols: email invitation to a Web survey, SMS invitation to a Web survey, or SMS invitation to an SMS survey. Within these three mode protocols, respondents were randomly assigned to a planned missing design, which shortened the survey by about 40%, or to a control group that received the survey in its entirety. We compare survey duration, breakoff and completion rates, and five key patient experience measures across conditions to assess the effect of the planned missing design across the three modes. We found that a planned missing design worked well with our Web survey, reducing survey duration and breakoff without changing estimates relative to the full-survey control condition. However, mixed findings in the SMS survey suggest that even shortened, 15-item surveys may be too long to substantially reduce respondent burden. We conclude with recommendations for future research.

摘要我们测试了一种计划缺失的设计，以减少CAHPS临床医生和团体调查（CG-CAHPS）的网络和短信管理中的受访者负担，这是一项广泛用于医疗保健提供者的患者体验调查。在线不可能性小组的成员被随机分配到三种邀请和数据收集模式协议中的一种：网络调查的电子邮件邀请、网络调查的短信邀请或短信调查的短信邀请函。在这三种模式的方案中，受访者被随机分配到一个计划缺失的设计中，该设计将调查缩短了约40%，或者被分配到接受完整调查的对照组。我们比较了调查持续时间、中断率和完成率，以及不同条件下的五个关键患者体验指标，以评估计划缺失设计对三种模式的影响。我们发现，计划中的缺失设计与我们的网络调查效果良好，减少了调查持续时间和中断，而不会改变相对于完整调查控制条件的估计。然而，短信调查的结果喜忧参半，表明即使是缩短的15项调查也可能太长，无法大幅减轻受访者的负担。最后，我们提出了未来研究的建议。

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引用次数: 0

The Effect of Burdensome Survey Questions on Data Quality in an Omnibus Survey 综合调查中繁琐的调查问题对数据质量的影响

IF 1.1 4区数学 Q3 Mathematics

Journal of Official Statistics

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jos-2022-0044

A. Phillips, Rachel Stenger

Abstract In interviewer-administered omnibus surveys, burdensome questions asked early in a survey may result in lower quality responses to questions asked later in a survey. Two examples of these burdensome questions are social network questions, wherein respondents are asked about members of their personal network, and knowledge questions, wherein respondents are asked to provide a factually correct response to a question. In this study, we explore how the presence of potentially burdensome questions are associated with item nonresponse and acquiescence rates on subsequent survey questions, and whether this effect differs by respondent age and education. We use data from the 2010 General Social Survey (AAPOR RR5 ¼ 70.3%, AAPOR 2016), which experimentally varied the location of a social network module and the presence of a knowledge question module. Those who received knowledge questions had higher item nonresponse rates on subsequent questions than those who did not receive knowledge questions, but the quality of responses did not differ by the presence of social network questions. Further, respondents with different characteristics were not differentially burdened by the knowledge questions or the social network questions. We conclude that knowledge questions may be better asked near the end of omnibus surveys to preserve the response quality for subsequent questions.

摘要在访谈者管理的综合调查中，在调查早期提出的繁琐问题可能会导致对调查后期提出的问题的回答质量较低。这些繁琐问题的两个例子是社交网络问题，其中受访者被问及其个人网络的成员，以及知识问题，其中参与者被要求对问题提供事实上正确的回答。在这项研究中，我们探讨了潜在负担问题的存在如何与后续调查问题的项目不回答率和默许率相关，以及这种影响是否因受访者年龄和教育程度而异。我们使用了2010年一般社会调查（AAPOR RR5¼70.3%，AAPOR 2016）的数据，该调查通过实验改变了社交网络模块的位置和知识问题模块的存在。收到知识问题的人对后续问题的项目无回答率高于没有收到知识问题，但回答的质量没有因社交网络问题的存在而不同。此外，具有不同特征的受访者对知识问题或社交网络问题的负担没有差异。我们得出的结论是，在综合调查接近尾声时，可能会更好地提出知识问题，以保持后续问题的回答质量。

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引用次数: 0

Modeling the Relationship between Proxy Measures of Respondent Burden and Survey Response Rates in a Household Panel Survey. 家庭小组调查中受访者负担的代理指标与调查响应率之间的关系建模

IF 1.1 4区数学 Q3 Mathematics

Journal of Official Statistics

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jos-2022-0049

Morgan Earp, Robin Kaplan, Daniell Toth

Respondent burden has important implications for survey outcomes, including response rates and attrition in panel surveys. Despite this, respondent burden remains an understudied topic in the field of survey methodology, with few researchers systematically measuring objective and subjective burden factors in surveys used to produce official statistics. This research was designed to assess the impact of proxy measures of respondent burden, drawing on both objective (survey length and frequency), and subjective (effort, saliency, and sensitivity) burden measures on response rates over time in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Exploratory Factor Analysis confirmed the burden proxy measures were interrelated and formed five distinct factors. Regression tree models further indicated that both objective and subjective proxy burden factors were predictive of future CPS response rates. Additionally, respondent characteristics, including employment and marital status, interacted with these burden factors to further help predict response rates over time. We discuss the implications of these findings, including the importance of measuring both objective and subjective burden factors in production surveys. Our findings support a growing body of research suggesting that subjective burden and individual respondent characteristics should be incorporated into conceptual definitions of respondent burden and have implications for adaptive design.

摘要受访者负担对调查结果有重要影响，包括小组调查中的回复率和自然减员。尽管如此，在调查方法学领域，受访者负担仍然是一个研究不足的话题，很少有研究人员在用于编制官方统计数据的调查中系统地衡量客观和主观负担因素。本研究旨在利用当前人口调查（CPS）中的客观（调查长度和频率）和主观（努力、显著性和敏感性）负担指标，评估受访者负担的替代指标对一段时间内应答率的影响。探索性因素分析证实了负担替代指标是相互关联的，并形成了五个不同的因素。回归树模型进一步表明，客观和主观的代理负担因素都可以预测未来的CPS应答率。此外，受访者的特征，包括就业和婚姻状况，与这些负担因素相互作用，以进一步帮助预测一段时间内的应答率。我们讨论了这些发现的含义，包括在生产调查中测量客观和主观负担因素的重要性。我们的研究结果支持了越来越多的研究，这些研究表明，主观负担和个体受访者特征应纳入受访者负担的概念定义中，并对适应性设计产生影响。

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引用次数: 0

Economic Nowcasting with Long Short-Term Memory Artificial Neural Networks (LSTM) 长短期记忆人工神经网络(LSTM)经济临近预测

IF 1.1 4区数学 Q3 Mathematics

Journal of Official Statistics

Pub Date : 2022-09-13 DOI: 10.2478/jos-2022-0037

Daniel Hopp

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been the catalyst to numerous advances in a variety of fields and disciplines in recent years. Their impact on economics, however, has been comparatively muted. One type of ANN, the long short-term memory network (LSTM), is particularly well-suited to deal with economic time-series. Here, the architecture’s performance and characteristics are evaluated in comparison with the dynamic factor model (DFM), currently a popular choice in the field of economic nowcasting. LSTMs are found to produce superior results to DFMs in the nowcasting of three separate variables; global merchandise export values and volumes, and global services exports. Further advantages include their ability to handle large numbers of input features in a variety of time frequencies. A disadvantage is the stochastic nature of outputs, common to all ANNs. In order to facilitate continued applied research of the methodology by avoiding the need for any knowledge of deep-learning libraries, an accompanying Python (Hopp 2021a) library was developed using PyTorch. The library is also available in R, MATLAB, and Julia.

近年来，人工神经网络(ann)已经成为各个领域和学科取得众多进展的催化剂。然而，它们对经济的影响相对较小。其中一种人工神经网络，长短期记忆网络(LSTM)，特别适合处理经济时间序列。本文将该体系结构的性能和特点与动态因子模型(DFM)进行了比较，动态因子模型是目前经济临近预报领域的一种流行选择。在三个独立变量的临近预报中，lstm的结果优于dfm;全球商品出口总值和出口量，以及全球服务出口。进一步的优点包括它们能够在各种时间频率下处理大量输入特征。缺点是输出的随机性，这是所有人工神经网络的共同特点。为了通过避免需要任何深度学习库的知识来促进该方法的持续应用研究，使用PyTorch开发了附带的Python (Hopp 2021a)库。该库也可以在R、MATLAB和Julia中使用。

引用次数: 0

Identifying Data Quality Challenges in Online Opt-In Panels Using Cognitive Interviews in English and Spanish 使用英语和西班牙语的认知访谈识别在线选择小组中的数据质量挑战

IF 1.1 4区数学 Q3 Mathematics

Journal of Official Statistics

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/jos-2022-0035

Y. G. Trejo, Mikelyn Meyers, Mandi Martinez, Angie O’Brien, Patricia L. Goerman, Betsarí Otero Class

Abstract In this article, we evaluate how the analysis of open-ended probes in an online cognitive interview can serve as a metric to identify cases that should be excluded due to disingenuous responses by ineligible respondents. We analyze data collected in 2019 via an online opt-in panel in English and Spanish to pretest a public opinion questionnaire (n = 265 in English and 199 in Spanish). We find that analyzing open-ended probes allowed us to flag cases completed by respondents who demonstrated problematic behaviors (e.g., answering many probes with repetitive textual patterns, by typing random characters, etc.), as well as to identify cases completed by ineligible respondents posing as eligible respondents (i.e., non-Spanish-speakers posing as Spanish-speakers). These findings indicate that data collected for multilingual pretesting research using online opt-in panels likely require additional evaluations of data quality. We find that open-ended probes can help determine which cases should be replaced when conducting pretesting using opt-in panels. We argue that open-ended probes in online cognitive interviews, while more time consuming and expensive to analyze than close-ended questions, serve as a valuable method of verifying response quality and respondent eligibility, particularly for researchers conducting multilingual surveys with online opt-in panels.

摘要在本文中，我们评估了在线认知访谈中对开放式调查的分析如何作为一种衡量标准，以确定由于不合格受访者的虚假回答而应排除的病例。我们分析了2019年通过英语和西班牙语在线选择加入小组收集的数据，以预测试一份民意调查问卷（英语n=265，西班牙语n=199）。我们发现，分析开放式调查使我们能够标记出表现出问题行为的受访者完成的案例（例如，通过键入随机字符等，用重复的文本模式回答许多调查），并识别出不合格的受访者冒充合格的受访者（即，非西班牙语使用者冒充西班牙语使用者）完成的案例。这些发现表明，使用在线选择加入小组为多语言预测试研究收集的数据可能需要对数据质量进行额外评估。我们发现，当使用选择加入面板进行预测试时，开放式探针可以帮助确定哪些情况应该更换。我们认为，在线认知访谈中的开放式调查虽然比封闭式问题更耗时、更昂贵，但却是验证回答质量和受访者资格的一种有价值的方法，尤其是对于通过在线选择小组进行多语言调查的研究人员来说。

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引用次数: 1

Measuring and Mapping Micro Level Earning Inequality towards Addressing the Sustainable Development Goals – A Multivariate Small Area Modelling Approach 测量和绘制微观层面的收入不平等以实现可持续发展目标——一种多变量小区域建模方法

IF 1.1 4区数学 Q3 Mathematics

Journal of Official Statistics

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/jos-2022-0036

Saurav Guha, Hukum Chandra

Abstract The earning inequality in India has unfavorably obstructed underprivileged in accessing elementary needs like health and education. Periodic labour force survey conducted by National Statistical Office of India generates estimates on earning status at national and state level for both rural and urban sectors separately. However, due to small sample size problem, these surveys cannot generate reliable estimates at micro-level viz. district or block. Thus, owing to unavailability of district-level estimates, analysis of earning inequality is restricted to the national and the state level. Therefore, the existing variability in disaggregate-level earning distribution often goes unnoticed. This article describes multivariate small area estimation method to generate precise and representative district-wise estimate of earning distribution in rural and urban areas of the Indian State of Bihar by linking Periodic labour force survey data of 2018–2019 and 2011 Population Census data of India. These disaggregate-level estimates and spatial mapping of earning distribution are essential for measuring and monitoring the goal of reduced inequalities related to the sustainable development of 2030 agenda. They expected to offer insightful information to decision-makers and policy experts for identifying the areas demanding more attention.

印度的收入不平等阻碍了弱势群体获得健康和教育等基本需求。印度国家统计局进行的定期劳动力调查分别估算了农村和城市部门在全国和各邦的收入状况。然而，由于样本数量小的问题，这些调查无法在微观层面(即地区或街区)得出可靠的估计。因此，由于无法获得地区一级的估计，对收入不平等的分析仅限于国家和州一级。因此，分散层级收入分布中存在的变异性往往被忽视。本文描述了多变量小区域估计方法，通过将2018-2019年的定期劳动力调查数据和2011年印度人口普查数据联系起来，对印度比哈尔邦农村和城市地区的收入分布进行精确和有代表性的地区估计。这些分类估计和收入分配的空间映射对于衡量和监测减少与2030年可持续发展议程相关的不平等的目标至关重要。他们希望为决策者和政策专家提供有见地的信息，以确定需要更多关注的领域。

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引用次数: 1

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