Tyler S. Nesbit, J. Alavalapati, P. Dwivedi, M. Marinescu
{"title":"Economics of Ethanol Production Using Feedstock from Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii) Plantations in the Southern United States","authors":"Tyler S. Nesbit, J. Alavalapati, P. Dwivedi, M. Marinescu","doi":"10.1093/SJAF/35.2.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SJAF/35.2.61","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"35 1","pages":"61-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/SJAF/35.2.61","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61302611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Forest Biomass Supply for Bioenergy Production and Its Impacts on Roundwood Markets in Tennessee","authors":"Zhimei Guo, D. Hodges, R. Abt","doi":"10.1093/SJAF/35.2.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SJAF/35.2.80","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"35 1","pages":"80-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/SJAF/35.2.80","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61302903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. Churchel, J. Hanula, C. Berisford, J. Vose, M. Dalusky
Imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide that acts on the nervous system, is currently being used to control hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), which is damaging hemlock trees. The objective of this study was to determine whether soil injection with imidacloprid for hemlock woolly adelgid control near streams adversely affects aquatic invertebrates. Eastern hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) in the watersheds surrounding four streams in the southern Appalachian region of Georgia and North Carolina were treated with imidacloprid. Addie Branch was the only stream that exhibited a possible effect from imidacloprid treatment. However, the data followed the same pattern as the other treatment streams, but with a more pronounced decrease in taxa due to adult emergence. Only a trace amount of imidacloprid was detected in one water sample from Holcomb Tributary over a period of 2 years, and no effect was observed on the aquatic macroinvertebrates in that stream. However, caution should be used when applying these results to other areas with different soil types (e.g., low organic matter content) that may not bind imidacloprid as tightly. Our results indicate that soil injections of imidacloprid can safely be used in the southern Appalachian area to control hemlock woolly adelgid.
{"title":"Impact of Imidacloprid for control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on nearby aquatic macroinvertebrate asseblages.","authors":"M. A. Churchel, J. Hanula, C. Berisford, J. Vose, M. Dalusky","doi":"10.1093/SJAF/35.1.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SJAF/35.1.26","url":null,"abstract":"Imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide that acts on the nervous system, is currently being used to control hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), which is damaging hemlock trees. The objective of this study was to determine whether soil injection with imidacloprid for hemlock woolly adelgid control near streams adversely affects aquatic invertebrates. Eastern hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) in the watersheds surrounding four streams in the southern Appalachian region of Georgia and North Carolina were treated with imidacloprid. Addie Branch was the only stream that exhibited a possible effect from imidacloprid treatment. However, the data followed the same pattern as the other treatment streams, but with a more pronounced decrease in taxa due to adult emergence. Only a trace amount of imidacloprid was detected in one water sample from Holcomb Tributary over a period of 2 years, and no effect was observed on the aquatic macroinvertebrates in that stream. However, caution should be used when applying these results to other areas with different soil types (e.g., low organic matter content) that may not bind imidacloprid as tightly. Our results indicate that soil injections of imidacloprid can safely be used in the southern Appalachian area to control hemlock woolly adelgid.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"35 1","pages":"26-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/SJAF/35.1.26","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61302301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Landowner Motivations for Owning Woodland on the Tennessee Northern Cumberland Plateau","authors":"B. Kaetzel, D. Hodges, J. Fly","doi":"10.1093/SJAF/35.1.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SJAF/35.1.39","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"35 1","pages":"39-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/SJAF/35.1.39","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61302321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We used dendrochronological techniques to develop an optimal sampling strategy for the purpose of investigating the history of red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus [Haldeman]) population patterns within northern red oaks (Quercus rubra L.). We cut the entire length of three northern red oak tree boles into cross-sections, sanded top and bottom surfaces of each cross-section, and dated all scars within each bole. Our goal was to devise a strategy to reduce the amount of bole sampled without compromising the data necessary to accurately estimate historical population patterns of red oak borer. When we tested four possible sampling strategies and compared them with the entire-tree data sets from which they originated, we found no statistical differences in the distribution of scar counts by year. We also assessed processing time and found that compared with sampling an entire host bole, sampling strategies that include the lower 20% or 30% of boles would reduce labor efforts by 55–63%. We suggest that development of similar sampling methods for other bark or wood-boring species may be possible if the relationship between insect life history and annual tree-ring formation, as well as the general spatial and temporal distribution of insect evidence within trees, is known.
{"title":"Optimal Cross-Sectional Sampling Strategy for Red Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Scars within Northern Red Oaks","authors":"L. Haavik, F. Stephen","doi":"10.1093/SJAF/35.1.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SJAF/35.1.44","url":null,"abstract":"We used dendrochronological techniques to develop an optimal sampling strategy for the purpose of investigating the history of red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus [Haldeman]) population patterns within northern red oaks (Quercus rubra L.). We cut the entire length of three northern red oak tree boles into cross-sections, sanded top and bottom surfaces of each cross-section, and dated all scars within each bole. Our goal was to devise a strategy to reduce the amount of bole sampled without compromising the data necessary to accurately estimate historical population patterns of red oak borer. When we tested four possible sampling strategies and compared them with the entire-tree data sets from which they originated, we found no statistical differences in the distribution of scar counts by year. We also assessed processing time and found that compared with sampling an entire host bole, sampling strategies that include the lower 20% or 30% of boles would reduce labor efforts by 55–63%. We suggest that development of similar sampling methods for other bark or wood-boring species may be possible if the relationship between insect life history and annual tree-ring formation, as well as the general spatial and temporal distribution of insect evidence within trees, is known.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"147 1","pages":"44-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/SJAF/35.1.44","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61302537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Point-sampling selects sample trees by projecting horizontal angles. In many inventories, angles are to be projected to where diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) is measured (4.5 feet above the ground), but due to user error, angles are often projected to diameters at other heights. Thus, errors are made as to which trees should be sampled, probabilities of sampling individual trees are incorrect, and the basal area estimate does not truly correspond to d.b.h. The objective of this paper is to determine the potential economic impacts of projecting angles at heights other than d.b.h. when d.b.h. is the desired height. Projections at age 15 years for 200 surviving trees per acre on a low quality site (site index 50 feet at base age 25) and for 400 and 700 trees per acre on a higher quality site (site index 70 feet at base age 25) were examined. On all three sites, two ages (20 and 30) were used to establish virtual plantations and sampling was conducted using 10 and 20 basal area factor prisms by projecting horizontal angles to four heights: 4.5 feet, 5.0 feet, 5.5 feet, and 6.0 feet. A taper equation was used to estimate changes in diameter along the stem. For the stand conditions examined, incorrectly projecting angles to heights other than d.b.h. reduced timber appraisals by as much as 7.4 percent and up to $170 per acre. Across many acres and stands, this type of nonsampling error can result in serious errors in valuing stumpage.
{"title":"Economic Impacts of Projecting Horizontal Angles to the Wrong Height When Conducting Point Sampling","authors":"C. VanderSchaaf, Lewis Jordan","doi":"10.1093/sjaf/35.1.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/35.1.33","url":null,"abstract":"Point-sampling selects sample trees by projecting horizontal angles. In many inventories, angles are to be projected to where diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) is measured (4.5 feet above the ground), but due to user error, angles are often projected to diameters at other heights. Thus, errors are made as to which trees should be sampled, probabilities of sampling individual trees are incorrect, and the basal area estimate does not truly correspond to d.b.h. The objective of this paper is to determine the potential economic impacts of projecting angles at heights other than d.b.h. when d.b.h. is the desired height. Projections at age 15 years for 200 surviving trees per acre on a low quality site (site index 50 feet at base age 25) and for 400 and 700 trees per acre on a higher quality site (site index 70 feet at base age 25) were examined. On all three sites, two ages (20 and 30) were used to establish virtual plantations and sampling was conducted using 10 and 20 basal area factor prisms by projecting horizontal angles to four heights: 4.5 feet, 5.0 feet, 5.5 feet, and 6.0 feet. A taper equation was used to estimate changes in diameter along the stem. For the stand conditions examined, incorrectly projecting angles to heights other than d.b.h. reduced timber appraisals by as much as 7.4 percent and up to $170 per acre. Across many acres and stands, this type of nonsampling error can result in serious errors in valuing stumpage.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"35 1","pages":"33-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/sjaf/35.1.33","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61302314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cultural practices that modify root system structure in the plug of container-grown seedlings have the potential to improve root system function after planting. Our objective was to assess how copper root pruning affects the quality and root system development of longleaf pine seedlings grown in three cavity sizes in a greenhouse. Copper root pruning increased seedling size, the allocation of root system dry weight to the taproot, and the fraction of fibrous root mass allocated to secondary lateral roots compared with primary lateral roots. It decreased the allocation of root system dry weight to primary lateral roots and led to a distribution of root growth potential that more closely resembled the root growth of naturally sown seedlings. These effects of copper root pruning may benefit longleaf pine establishment. However, because copper root pruning increased competition for cavity growing space among the taproot and fibrous roots, we suggest that recommendations regarding cavity size and seedling quality parameters be tailored for copper-coated cavities.
{"title":"Longleaf Pine Root System Development and Seedling Quality in Response to Copper Root Pruning and Cavity Size","authors":"M. S. Sayer, S. S. Sung, J. Haywood","doi":"10.1093/SJAF/35.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SJAF/35.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Cultural practices that modify root system structure in the plug of container-grown seedlings have the potential to improve root system function after planting. Our objective was to assess how copper root pruning affects the quality and root system development of longleaf pine seedlings grown in three cavity sizes in a greenhouse. Copper root pruning increased seedling size, the allocation of root system dry weight to the taproot, and the fraction of fibrous root mass allocated to secondary lateral roots compared with primary lateral roots. It decreased the allocation of root system dry weight to primary lateral roots and led to a distribution of root growth potential that more closely resembled the root growth of naturally sown seedlings. These effects of copper root pruning may benefit longleaf pine establishment. However, because copper root pruning increased competition for cavity growing space among the taproot and fibrous roots, we suggest that recommendations regarding cavity size and seedling quality parameters be tailored for copper-coated cavities.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"35 1","pages":"5-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/SJAF/35.1.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61302546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spectral Identification of Previsual Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.) Foliar Symptoms Related to Oak Decline and Red Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Attack","authors":"J. Riggins, J. Chávez, J. A. Tullis, F. Stephen","doi":"10.1093/SJAF/35.1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SJAF/35.1.18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"35 1","pages":"18-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/SJAF/35.1.18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61302239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A mixed-effects height-diameter model for individual loblolly and slash pine trees in east Texas","authors":"D. Coble, Young Jin Lee","doi":"10.1093/SJAF/35.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SJAF/35.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"35 1","pages":"12-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/SJAF/35.1.12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61302156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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