Electroelastic and dissipative nonlinearities of commonly used soft piezoelectrics (PZT-5A and PZT-5H) are pronounced in various engineering applications such as actuation, sensing, vibration control, and most recently, in energy harvesting from dynamical systems. The present work investigates the nonlinear nonconservative dynamic behavior of bimorph piezoelectric cantilevers under low-to-high excitation levels with a focus on most popular soft piezoceramics: PZT-5A and PZT-5H. A unified mathematical framework we recently developed is analyzed by using the method of harmonic balance to identify and validate nonlinear system parameters based on a set of rigorous experiments for different samples.
{"title":"Modeling and identification of nonlinear electroelastic and dissipative parameters for PZT-5A and PZT-5H bimorphs: a dynamical systems approach","authors":"S. Leadenham, B. Ferri, A. Erturk","doi":"10.1117/12.2084455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2084455","url":null,"abstract":"Electroelastic and dissipative nonlinearities of commonly used soft piezoelectrics (PZT-5A and PZT-5H) are pronounced in various engineering applications such as actuation, sensing, vibration control, and most recently, in energy harvesting from dynamical systems. The present work investigates the nonlinear nonconservative dynamic behavior of bimorph piezoelectric cantilevers under low-to-high excitation levels with a focus on most popular soft piezoceramics: PZT-5A and PZT-5H. A unified mathematical framework we recently developed is analyzed by using the method of harmonic balance to identify and validate nonlinear system parameters based on a set of rigorous experiments for different samples.","PeriodicalId":51155,"journal":{"name":"Smart Structures and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2015-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78253989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydraulic pressure energy harvesters (HPEH) are devices that convert the dynamic pressure within hydraulic systems into usable electrical power through axially loaded piezoelectric stacks excited off-resonance by the fluid. Within hydraulic systems, the dominant frequency is typically a harmonic of the pump operating frequency. The pressure fluctuations coupled with the piezoelectric stack can be amplified by creating a housing design that includes a Helmholtz resonator tuned to the dominant frequency of the fluid excitation. A Helmholtz resonator is an acoustic device that consists of a cavity coupled to a fluid medium via a neck, or in this case a port connection to the fluid flow, that acts as an amplifier when within the bandwidth of its resonance. The implementation of a piezoelectric stack within the HPEH allows for a Helmholtz resonator to be included within the fluidic environment despite the significantly higher than air static pressures typical of fluid hydraulic systems (on the order of one to tens of MPa). The resistive losses within the system, such as from energy harvesting and viscous losses, can also be used to increase the bandwidth of the resonance; thus increasing the utility of the device. This paper investigates the design, modeling, and performance of hydraulic pressure energy harvesters utilizing a Helmholtz resonator design.
{"title":"Hydraulic pressure energy harvester enhanced by Helmholtz resonator","authors":"E. Skow, Zachary Koontz, K. Cunefare, A. Erturk","doi":"10.1117/12.2084343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2084343","url":null,"abstract":"Hydraulic pressure energy harvesters (HPEH) are devices that convert the dynamic pressure within hydraulic systems into usable electrical power through axially loaded piezoelectric stacks excited off-resonance by the fluid. Within hydraulic systems, the dominant frequency is typically a harmonic of the pump operating frequency. The pressure fluctuations coupled with the piezoelectric stack can be amplified by creating a housing design that includes a Helmholtz resonator tuned to the dominant frequency of the fluid excitation. A Helmholtz resonator is an acoustic device that consists of a cavity coupled to a fluid medium via a neck, or in this case a port connection to the fluid flow, that acts as an amplifier when within the bandwidth of its resonance. The implementation of a piezoelectric stack within the HPEH allows for a Helmholtz resonator to be included within the fluidic environment despite the significantly higher than air static pressures typical of fluid hydraulic systems (on the order of one to tens of MPa). The resistive losses within the system, such as from energy harvesting and viscous losses, can also be used to increase the bandwidth of the resonance; thus increasing the utility of the device. This paper investigates the design, modeling, and performance of hydraulic pressure energy harvesters utilizing a Helmholtz resonator design.","PeriodicalId":51155,"journal":{"name":"Smart Structures and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2015-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81868435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Active fiber composites (AFC) are comprised of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) fibers embedded in a polymer. This paper presents an experimental characterization of the PZT fibers and a constitutive model focused on their time-dependent, nonlinear response. The experiments herein focus on characterizing time dependence of various properties by conducting creep, relaxation, mechanical and electric field-cyclic loading at different frequencies. The constitutive model is a time-dependent polarization model that predicts nonlinear polarization and electro-mechanical strain responses of the fibers. The model of PZT fibers is used in the FEM simulation of AFCs and results of the model are compared to experiments for validation.
{"title":"Characterization and modeling time-dependent behavior in PZT fibers and active fiber composites","authors":"M. Dridi, H. B. Atitallah, Z. Ounaies, A. Muliana","doi":"10.1117/12.2084811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2084811","url":null,"abstract":"Active fiber composites (AFC) are comprised of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) fibers embedded in a polymer. This paper presents an experimental characterization of the PZT fibers and a constitutive model focused on their time-dependent, nonlinear response. The experiments herein focus on characterizing time dependence of various properties by conducting creep, relaxation, mechanical and electric field-cyclic loading at different frequencies. The constitutive model is a time-dependent polarization model that predicts nonlinear polarization and electro-mechanical strain responses of the fibers. The model of PZT fibers is used in the FEM simulation of AFCs and results of the model are compared to experiments for validation.","PeriodicalId":51155,"journal":{"name":"Smart Structures and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2015-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78960637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. A. Garcia-Perez, G. Silva‐Navarro, J. F. Peza-Solís, L. G. Trujillo-Franco
This work deals with the robust asymptotic output tracking control problem of the tip position of a space frame flexible structure, mounted on a rigid revolute servomechanism actuated and controlled with a dc motor. The structure is also affected by undesirable vibrations due to excitation of its first lateral vibration modes and possible variations of the tip mass. The overall flexible structure is modeled by using finite element methods and this is validated via experimental modal analysis techniques. The tip position of the structure is estimated from acceleration and strain gauge measurements. The asymptotic output tracking problem is formulated and solved by means of Passivity-Based and Sliding-Mode Control techniques, applied to the dc motor coupled to the rigid part of the structure, and those undesirable vibrations are simultaneously attenuated by an active vibration control using Positive Position Feedback control schemes implemented on a PZT stack actuator properly located into the mechanical structure. The investigation also addresses the trajectory tracking problem of fast motions, with harmonic excitations close to the first vibration modes of the structure. The overall dynamic performance is evaluated and validated by numerical and experimental results.
{"title":"Trajectory tracking and vibration control in a space frame flexible structure with a PZT stack actuator","authors":"O. A. Garcia-Perez, G. Silva‐Navarro, J. F. Peza-Solís, L. G. Trujillo-Franco","doi":"10.1117/12.2084478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2084478","url":null,"abstract":"This work deals with the robust asymptotic output tracking control problem of the tip position of a space frame flexible structure, mounted on a rigid revolute servomechanism actuated and controlled with a dc motor. The structure is also affected by undesirable vibrations due to excitation of its first lateral vibration modes and possible variations of the tip mass. The overall flexible structure is modeled by using finite element methods and this is validated via experimental modal analysis techniques. The tip position of the structure is estimated from acceleration and strain gauge measurements. The asymptotic output tracking problem is formulated and solved by means of Passivity-Based and Sliding-Mode Control techniques, applied to the dc motor coupled to the rigid part of the structure, and those undesirable vibrations are simultaneously attenuated by an active vibration control using Positive Position Feedback control schemes implemented on a PZT stack actuator properly located into the mechanical structure. The investigation also addresses the trajectory tracking problem of fast motions, with harmonic excitations close to the first vibration modes of the structure. The overall dynamic performance is evaluated and validated by numerical and experimental results.","PeriodicalId":51155,"journal":{"name":"Smart Structures and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2015-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76403749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new energy harvester, based on the fluttering phenomenon, is presented. The device is done with a wing connected to a support via two elastomers. When a fluid in motion impinges on this elastic structure, an amount of kinetic energy is transferred to the system, inducing large amplitude oscillations if few mechanical parameters are correctly set. In order to transform the mechanical energy in electrical energy, an electromagnetic coupling is adopted. In this way, it is possible to produce several mW in a wind of 4 m/s with a centimeter-sized device. The device is conceived as an autonomous power source for distributed sensors to be used in Internet of Things.
{"title":"A new energy harvester for fluids in motion","authors":"C. Boragno, G. Boccalero","doi":"10.1117/12.2084591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2084591","url":null,"abstract":"A new energy harvester, based on the fluttering phenomenon, is presented. The device is done with a wing connected to a support via two elastomers. When a fluid in motion impinges on this elastic structure, an amount of kinetic energy is transferred to the system, inducing large amplitude oscillations if few mechanical parameters are correctly set. In order to transform the mechanical energy in electrical energy, an electromagnetic coupling is adopted. In this way, it is possible to produce several mW in a wind of 4 m/s with a centimeter-sized device. The device is conceived as an autonomous power source for distributed sensors to be used in Internet of Things.","PeriodicalId":51155,"journal":{"name":"Smart Structures and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2015-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82822332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of energy harvesting from axisymmetric vibrations of annular ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs). We consider an in-house fabricated IPMC that is clamped at its inner radius to a moving base and is free at its outer radius. We propose a physics-based model for energy harvesting from underwater vibrations, in which the IPMC is described as a thin annular plate undergoing axisymmetric vibrations with an added mass due to the encompassing fluid. Experiments are performed to elucidate the effect of the shunting resistance and the excitation frequency on energy harvesting.
{"title":"Underwater energy harvesting from vibrations of annular ionic polymer metal composites","authors":"Youngsu Cha, Shervin Abdolhamidi, M. Porfiri","doi":"10.1117/12.2083648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083648","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of energy harvesting from axisymmetric vibrations of annular ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs). We consider an in-house fabricated IPMC that is clamped at its inner radius to a moving base and is free at its outer radius. We propose a physics-based model for energy harvesting from underwater vibrations, in which the IPMC is described as a thin annular plate undergoing axisymmetric vibrations with an added mass due to the encompassing fluid. Experiments are performed to elucidate the effect of the shunting resistance and the excitation frequency on energy harvesting.","PeriodicalId":51155,"journal":{"name":"Smart Structures and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2015-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89289124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, a new type of MR brake featuring tapered inner magnetic core is proposed and its braking performance is numerically evaluated. In order to achieve high braking torque with restricted size and weight of MR brake system, tapered inner magnetic core is designed and expands the area that the magnetic flux is passing by MR fluid-filled gap. The mathematical braking torque model of the proposed MR brake is derived based on the field-dependent Bingham rheological model of MR fluid. Finite element analysis is carried out to identify electromagnetic characteristics of the conventional and the proposed MR brake configuration. To demonstrate the superiority of the proposed MR brake, the braking torque of the proposed MR brake is numerically evaluated and compared with that of conventional MR brake model.
{"title":"Design of MR brake featuring tapered inner magnetic core","authors":"J. Sohn, J. Oh, Seung-bok Choi","doi":"10.1117/12.2084137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2084137","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a new type of MR brake featuring tapered inner magnetic core is proposed and its braking performance is numerically evaluated. In order to achieve high braking torque with restricted size and weight of MR brake system, tapered inner magnetic core is designed and expands the area that the magnetic flux is passing by MR fluid-filled gap. The mathematical braking torque model of the proposed MR brake is derived based on the field-dependent Bingham rheological model of MR fluid. Finite element analysis is carried out to identify electromagnetic characteristics of the conventional and the proposed MR brake configuration. To demonstrate the superiority of the proposed MR brake, the braking torque of the proposed MR brake is numerically evaluated and compared with that of conventional MR brake model.","PeriodicalId":51155,"journal":{"name":"Smart Structures and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2015-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91079419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermal control is an important aspect of every spacecraft. The thermal control system (TCS) must maintain the temperature of all other systems within acceptable limits in spite of changes in environmental conditions or heat loads. Most thermal control systems used in crewed vehicles use a two-fluid-loop architecture in order to achieve the flexibility demanded by the mission. The two-loop architecture provides sufficient performance, but it does so at the cost of additional mass. A recently-proposed radiator concept known as a morphing radiator employs shape memory alloys in order to achieve the performance necessary to use a single-loop TCS architecture. However, modeling the behavior of morphing radiators is challenging due to the presence of a unique and complex thermomechanical coupling. In this work, a partitioned analysis procedure is implemented with existing finite element solvers in order to explore the behavior of a possible shape memory alloy-based morphing radiator in a mission-like thermal environment. The results help confirm the theory of operation and demonstrate the ability of this method to support the design and development of future morphing radiators.
{"title":"Simulating coupled thermal-mechanical interactions in morphing radiators","authors":"C. Bertagne, R. Sheth, D. Hartl, J. Whitcomb","doi":"10.1117/12.2175739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2175739","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal control is an important aspect of every spacecraft. The thermal control system (TCS) must maintain the temperature of all other systems within acceptable limits in spite of changes in environmental conditions or heat loads. Most thermal control systems used in crewed vehicles use a two-fluid-loop architecture in order to achieve the flexibility demanded by the mission. The two-loop architecture provides sufficient performance, but it does so at the cost of additional mass. A recently-proposed radiator concept known as a morphing radiator employs shape memory alloys in order to achieve the performance necessary to use a single-loop TCS architecture. However, modeling the behavior of morphing radiators is challenging due to the presence of a unique and complex thermomechanical coupling. In this work, a partitioned analysis procedure is implemented with existing finite element solvers in order to explore the behavior of a possible shape memory alloy-based morphing radiator in a mission-like thermal environment. The results help confirm the theory of operation and demonstrate the ability of this method to support the design and development of future morphing radiators.","PeriodicalId":51155,"journal":{"name":"Smart Structures and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2015-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74920707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, for modeling the MR dampers, based on the phenomenological model, a normalized phenomenological model is derived through incorporating a “normalization” concept and a restructured model is proposed and realized also with incorporation of the “normalization” concept. In order to demonstrate, a multi-islands genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to identify the parameters of the restructured model, the normalized phenomenological model as well as the phenomenological model. The research results indicate that, as compared with the phenomenological model and the normalized phenomenological model, (1) the restructured model not only can effectively decrease the number of the model parameters and reduce the complexity of the model, but also can describe the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of MR dampers more accurately, and (2) the normalized phenomenological model can improve the model efficiency as compared with the phenomenological model, although not as good as the restructured model.
{"title":"Hysteresis modeling and experimental validation of a magnetorheological damper","authors":"X. Bai, Peng Chen, Li-Jun Qian, An-Ding Zhu","doi":"10.1117/12.2084119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2084119","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, for modeling the MR dampers, based on the phenomenological model, a normalized phenomenological model is derived through incorporating a “normalization” concept and a restructured model is proposed and realized also with incorporation of the “normalization” concept. In order to demonstrate, a multi-islands genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to identify the parameters of the restructured model, the normalized phenomenological model as well as the phenomenological model. The research results indicate that, as compared with the phenomenological model and the normalized phenomenological model, (1) the restructured model not only can effectively decrease the number of the model parameters and reduce the complexity of the model, but also can describe the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of MR dampers more accurately, and (2) the normalized phenomenological model can improve the model efficiency as compared with the phenomenological model, although not as good as the restructured model.","PeriodicalId":51155,"journal":{"name":"Smart Structures and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2015-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75209991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structural walls are important components of resisting the lateral loads for high-rise structures. However, the traditional walls are difficult to repair or replace in post-earthquake events. Hence, over the past few years, a research was made of several kinds of replaceable structures such as replaceable coupling beam and replaceable wall toe. In this paper, a new seismic energy dissipation wall structure is proposed. The new wall is one with purposely build-in vertical slits within the wall panel, and metallic dampers are installed on the vertical slits so that the seismic performance of the structure can be controlled. Moreover, the metallic damper is easy to be replaced in post-earthquake events. The proposed metallic damper is with a serial of diamond-shaped holes and designed based on the lateral deformation of the wall. The yielding scheme of the metallic damper is proposed in order to achieve the ductility and energy dissipation demand of the walls. The mechanical model of the metallic damper is established. Finally, the numerical simulations of the metallic damper based on the finite element software ABAQUS are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed mathematic model.
{"title":"Research on seismic performance of slotted RC walls with replaceable damper","authors":"Jian Wang, J. Ou, Lianfeng Huo","doi":"10.1117/12.2085595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2085595","url":null,"abstract":"Structural walls are important components of resisting the lateral loads for high-rise structures. However, the traditional walls are difficult to repair or replace in post-earthquake events. Hence, over the past few years, a research was made of several kinds of replaceable structures such as replaceable coupling beam and replaceable wall toe. In this paper, a new seismic energy dissipation wall structure is proposed. The new wall is one with purposely build-in vertical slits within the wall panel, and metallic dampers are installed on the vertical slits so that the seismic performance of the structure can be controlled. Moreover, the metallic damper is easy to be replaced in post-earthquake events. The proposed metallic damper is with a serial of diamond-shaped holes and designed based on the lateral deformation of the wall. The yielding scheme of the metallic damper is proposed in order to achieve the ductility and energy dissipation demand of the walls. The mechanical model of the metallic damper is established. Finally, the numerical simulations of the metallic damper based on the finite element software ABAQUS are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed mathematic model.","PeriodicalId":51155,"journal":{"name":"Smart Structures and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2015-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74798081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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