Stress and Health最新文献

Numerous studies have demonstrated that restoring feelings of safety helps alleviate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) based on cross-sectional designs. However, feelings of safety may be affected by PTSD over time. As a result, how safety and PTSD interact in victims and their coexisting patterns remain unclear, particularly in children who have suffered from natural disasters. 1593, 1072, and 483 children were recruited at 3 months (T1), 15 months (T2), and 27 months (T3) following a super typhoon, respectively. Children who completed all three waves of self-report questionnaires were included (N = 351; 46.15% girls; M_age = 9.55 years, SD = 0.66). The data were mainly analysed using the latent growth mixture model. The results revealed four distinct conjoint trajectories: resilience PTSD-high and sharply increasing safety (Class 1; 76.07%), resilience PTSD-slowly increasing safety (Class 2; 13.68%), chronic PTSD-moderate and increasing safety (Class 3; 6.27%), and resilience-decreasing safety (Class 4; 3.99%). Trauma exposure and perceived social support at baseline were significantly more strongly related to Class 3 than Class 1. The results indicated that feelings of safety and PTSD showed heterogeneous patterns of coexistence in children. Further, trauma exposure and perceived social support could differentiate children with distinct patterns of safety and PTSD.

We investigated how psychological and walking behaviours would respond to environmental stressor between older adults with different psychomotor tendencies. We recruited 102 community-dwelling older adults and split them into those with higher conscious movement processing tendencies (HCMP) and lower conscious movement processing tendencies (LCMP). Participants walked straight for 7.4 m in a normal environment (level-ground surface) and in a challenging environment (elevated, foam surface). Real-time conscious movement processing (indicated by T3-Fz electroencephalography coherence), walking stability (indicated by the variabilities in gait parameters and medial-lateral excursion of upper body sway), and neuromuscular efficiency (indicated by co-contraction index of lower limb muscles) were assessed. When older individuals were walking under a challenging environment, LCMP significantly increased their real-time conscious movement processing, while HCMP maintained at a consistent level compared to walking on a normal environment. Both groups significantly reduced walking stability and efficiency to the same extent under the challenging environment. LCMP appear to be susceptible to exhibiting environmentally induced conscious movement processing accompanied by less stable and efficient walking behaviour; indicating the need to investigate this cohort who are often assumed to have lower fall risk. HCMP responses seem independent of environmental stressor as a further increase in conscious involvement might be limited by overloaded working memory, leaving less capacity for adapting to additional stressors. Future research should target older adults at a higher risk of falling, as the negative impact of elevated conscious movement processing could be more pronounced in the absence of compensatory adaptations from higher physical function. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was pre-registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT05411536) prior to data collection.

Limited research has examined the relationship between maternal perinatal depression and infant behaviours, as well as the potential cumulative effects. A sample of 686 mother-child pairs from the Wuhu Birth Cohort Study was used. Maternal depression levels were repeatedly assessed during the first trimester, second trimester, third trimester, and 3-months postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Children's behavioural development at 12 months of age was evaluated using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire. A group-based trajectory model was employed to fit the trajectories of maternal perinatal depression scores. Generalised linear regression models with robust estimation were used to analyse the association between maternal depression scores, depressive symptoms, depression trajectories, and child behavioural development. The postnatal depression score was negatively associated with infant behavioural scores in all 5 domains (β_{communication} (95% CI): -0.23 (-0.38, -0.08), β_gross-motor (95% CI): -0.29 (-0.52, -0.06), β_fine-motor (95% CI): -0.19 (-0.35, -0.02), β_{problem-solving} (95% CI): -0.28 (-0.48, -0.09), β_{personal-social} (95% CI): -0.39 (-0.59, -0.18)), while postpartum depressive symptom was associated with reduced score in the personal-social domain (β (95% CI):-4.01 (-7.15, -0.88)). The high depression score trajectory was associated with decreased scores in communication (β (95% CI): -1.76 (-3.35, -0.18)), problem-solving (β (95% CI): -2.10 (-4.17, -0.03)) and personal-social domain (β (95% CI): -2.50 (-4.68, -0.33)). Additionally, depression in the third trimester was inversely associated with communication (β (95% CI):-2.20 (-4.23, -0.18)). Maternal perinatal depression was negatively correlated with infant behavioural development, and a potential cumulative effect was observed, suggesting that we should pay attention to the entire perinatal period rather than a specific period.

Emotions significantly impact decision-making, teamwork, stress management, and resilience in high-pressure occupations such as the military, emergency services and competitive sports, making effective emotion regulation (ER) essential to performance and mental health. However, there are considerable knowledge gaps about ER in active-service military populations, particularly regarding the measures used to quantify ER, the variables studied, and identified relationships. Synthesising this literature is critical to progressing the ER research toward realistic solutions to enhancing performance and mental health in this population. This systematic review aimed to explore measurement tools, the variables examined alongside ER, and the relationship between ER and performance and military variables in active-service military personnel. Preregistered (PROSPERO; CRD42023358657) and adhering to PRISMA guidelines, this review focused on English peer-reviewed publications on ER or coping strategies in active-service military populations without date restrictions. Scopus, Web of Science, Military database, Medline and PsycINFO were last searched on 12/10/2022. Two reviewers screened studies, conducted data extraction and risk of bias assessment. A tabular synthesis method was used to systematically organise study details, ER measures, strategies, performance and military variables, outcomes, and quality. The literature search yielded 5780 studies, 46 of which were deemed relevant. The review identified 17 measurement tools, with the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (COPE) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire being the most used. Psychological factors such as personality, resilience, and stress were most frequently examined (54%), while performance variables were studied in 3 (6.5%) and military variables in 6 (13%) of the source studies. Of the 10 performance and military variables examined, 50% were identified as being at high risk of bias, 30% moderate risk and 20% low risk. This review highlights a scarcity of published research on ER and performance and military variables in active-service military members. Overall, studies suggest that ER may be associated with performance and military variables in varying contexts and capacity. The review examines the implications of these relationships in detail. However, these studies vary in quality, the measurement tools used, and the variables assessed alongside ER, making synthesis challenging. The high risk of bias identified suggests that the relationships with ER should be interpreted with caution. This review suggests a link between ER and performance and military outcomes, however further research is needed to understand this nuanced relationship in the military context.

In this study, we aimed to measure the change in salivary cortisol and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels of Air Force cadets before and after undergoing a G-test; further, we aimed to assess the changes in stress, fatigue, and immunity level of cadets after experiencing gravitational acceleration. Thirty-five senior male cadets from the Republic of Korea Air Force were enroled (age, 20.27 ± 0.53 years; height, 174.11 ± 3.06 cm; weight, 74.79 ± 6.90 kg). The 35 participants were divided into Pass and Fail groups (20 and 15, respectively). We measured body composition, physical strength, and salivary cortisol and (IgA) concentrations (pre- and post-G-tests). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Regression analysis revealed a significant difference between the body composition model (p = 0.021) and the saliva analysis model (p < 0.001). Moreover, we observed a significant difference in skeletal muscle mass, body mass index, salivary flow rate, salivary cortisol levels, and salivary IgA concentration and secretion rate between the groups after the G-test. In addition, we observed a significant correlation between the G-test results and saliva analysis. Gravitational acceleration acts as a stressor on the body and triggers an immunological response. Our findings may be used to evaluate the health of pilots. Future research should focus on the interactions between physiological and environmental factors within the G-force environment to gain a deeper understanding of their effects on the health, functioning, and performance of pilots. In addition, ascertaining the long-term effects of repeated G-force exposure on immune function may be crucial, thus requiring further research.

Intersectionality theory proposes that experiences associated with numerous identities are variable and reflect a larger complex social process that can have serious mental and physical health consequences. Most studies concerning mental health at the intersection of different identities and their respective stressors on depression and anxiety symptoms have modelled them as additive. Consistent with intersectionality theory, we examined the multiplicative associations of multiple identity-related stressors on depression and anxiety. Participants were racially/ethnically diverse sexual minority adults (SM; n = 383) recruited through Prolific Academic. Results from regression analyses demonstrated positive associations of racial/ethnic discrimination and intraminority stress on anxiety symptoms for SM men of Colour. Similarly, there were positive associations of heterosexist discrimination and internalised stigma on anxiety symptoms in SM women of Colour. Finally, racial/ethnic discrimination interacted with internalised SM stigma in relation to depression symptoms in SM women of Colour. Findings provide critical information regarding the additive and multiplicative associations that multiple sources of identity-stressors have on the mental health of SM people of Colour.

Positive emotions can buffer stress-related negative emotions; however, it remains unclear whether such protective benefits extend to middle-aged and older adult caregivers of family members with dementia, a population particularly vulnerable to stress and its health consequences. This secondary analysis of laboratory data from a parent clinical trial (R01AG049764) examined the role of sustaining positive affect in buffering the effects of stress-related emotional reactivity on subsequent negative mood. This study recruited 192 cognitively healthy, middle-aged, and older adults who were dementia caregivers (mean age = 68.14) reported high stress and/or caregiver burden. During a laboratory session, emotional reactivity to an acute stressor (a math and working memory task) was assessed using changes in valence and arousal from the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) before and after the stressor. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was completed 10 min before and 40 min after stressor task. Hierarchical regression models tested whether the changes of positive affect across the session moderated associations between SAM valence/arousal reactivity to the stressor and later negative mood. As hypothesised, greater negative valence and arousal reactivity to acute stressor were each associated with higher negative mood later. Among caregivers with less decline in positive affect across session, associations between valence/arousal reactivity and later negative mood were weakened. Our findings support the undoing hypothesis, demonstrating that maintaining positive affect mitigates the impact of emotional reactivity on negative mood. This suggested that interventions fostering sustained positive emotions may be a promising strategy to enhance caregivers' stress adaptation and promote healthier ageing.

As COVID-19 transitions to a more manageable phase, it remains unclear whether its impact on mental health has similarly eased among cancer survivors. This longitudinal study tracked how the levels of stress and isolation experienced by breast cancer survivors (BCS) of different racial/ethnic groups have changed as the pandemic evolved. BCS enroled in the Chicago Multiethnic Epidemiologic Breast Cancer Cohort were surveyed between July and September of 2020, 2021, and 2022. An 11-item isolation/stress score was repeatedly measured in each survey. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to analyse changes in the isolation/stress scores over time across different racial/ethnic groups and to identify the socioeconomic factors associated with the racial disparities observed. In total, 1899 BCS responded (response rate: 62.8%), of whom 69% were White and 24% Black. The median time from diagnosis to first survey was 5.1 years (IQR: 2.3-9.2). The isolation/stress score decreased continuously for White BCS (P-trend < 0.001), but only began declining for Black BCS in the last wave of survey. Black BCS had significantly higher isolation/stress scores in 2021 and 2022 compared to Whites (both p < 0.01). The racial differences became insignificant after adjusting for certain socioeconomic factors. Notably, BCS who were single, on Medicaid, without a high school degree, or with annual household income less than $35,000 had significantly higher isolation/stress scores (all p < 0.05). The findings remained consistent in sensitivity analysis using inverse probability weighting to account for non-response. Our findings suggested that the levels of stress and isolation of BCS did not improve equally across different racial/ethnic groups as the pandemic subsided. This may be associated with disparities in socioeconomic factors like insurance coverage, education level, income level and family composition. Understanding these barriers and challenges is crucial for developing targeted interventions and support systems for vulnerable populations as we recover from the pandemic and prepare for future health challenges.

Successfully managing physical discomfort and stress during exercise is essential for fostering resilience and a sense of accomplishment. Previous research suggests that individuals vary in their ability to cope with exercise-induced stress, and repeated exposure to stressors may enhance stress management skills. This study aims to investigate how demographic, psychological, and physiological baseline characteristics influence psychological states during moderate- and high-intensity exercise. Thirty-one healthy participants completed two randomized conditions: a 6-min cycling task alone or the same task preceded by a cold-pressor test. Self-reported perceptual and affective responses and heart rate variability were measured throughout each condition. Random Forest and Gradient-Boosting Regressors predicted psychological states. Baseline attention emerged as a key determinant of attentional focus at both intensities, whereas higher BMI and age aligned with elevated stress and pain. A high-tolerance profile mitigated stress and arousal during the high-intensity phase of the exercise trial while boosting positive states such as affect and dominance. Preference played a dual role, intensifying both positive experiences (affect, dominance) and discomfort (stress, pain). Notably, during the high-intensity exercise phase, greater cold-water stress exposure was associated with higher arousal and affect, as well as lower perceived pain at the end of this phase. These findings highlight the complex interplay among psychological and physiological factors in shaping the exercise experience. While individual baseline characteristics influenced responses to exercise stress, exposure to a prior stressor modulated perceptual and affective states, particularly under high-intensity conditions. This study provides insight into the mechanisms underlying stress adaptation in physically demanding contexts.

Dependency and self-criticism are two dimensions of personality vulnerability to depression, whereas efficacy is a dimension of personality resilience. The aim of this study was to examine the unique role of these personality dimensions in adaptation following a diagnosis of breast cancer, while controlling for the potentially confounding role of symptoms of depression and anxiety. Three adaptation outcomes were examined: Functioning, symptomatic load, and fatigue. Patients residing in Germany, diagnosed with breast cancer and comorbid depression, participated in a Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) testing Supportive-Expressive Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (SEP; N = 78)) versus Treatment as Usual (TAU; N = 79). Assessments were made pre-treatment, at termination, and at 6-month follow-up. Analyses were conducted via General Linear Modelling (GLM). Pretreatment self-criticism prospectively predicted a rank-order decrease in functioning and a rank order increase in symptomatic load and fatigue. Dependency predicted an increase in breast symptoms. No effects were found for efficacy. Self-criticism may complicate adaptation to breast cancer. Implications for early detection and illness management are discussed.