{"title":"Field Note: Snow Damage Patterns in Maturing Mixed-Species Plantations of the Sierra Nevada","authors":"R. York, R. Devries","doi":"10.5849/WJAF.13-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/WJAF.13-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"174-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/WJAF.13-003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luke M. Cerise, D. Page-Dumroese, P. McDaniel, C. Mayn, R. Heinse
Site preparation following timber harvests is widely used to increase seedling establishment postharvest. Historically, dozer piling and ripping were the most common forms of site preparation in the Intermountain West. Less commonly, terracing of hill slopes was another form of site preparation on the Bitterroot National Forest in western Montana from 1961–1970 on marginally productive lands. Our objective was to compare soil physical and chemical propertie sa s well as timber productivity as evidenced by diameter-at-breast height (dbh) between terraced and standard-site preparation methods as well as unharvested stands. We collected and analyzed soil samples for bulk density, mineral cations, total C, total N, organic matter, particle size, and pH, forest floor measurements, tree dbh, and ground cover. Even after 45 years, visual soil disturbance in site-prepared stands was still observable with a majority of sites having some degree of compaction or rutting damage. Many soil chemical and physical properties were not significantly different among the two site treatments and the unharvested control stands. However, soil organic matter was significantly lower in the terraced and standard site-prepared stands than in the unharvested stands. Ponderosa pine dbh was greater in the terraced stands than in the nonterraced stands, but understory species diversity was low. The loss of surface soil organic matter and understory species associated with both forms of site preparation is a concern for future forest management. Leaving forest residue during harvest operations, limiting travel routes during management operations, and minimizing forest floor displacement may allow for limited soil impacts on future site-prepared stands.
{"title":"Productivity and soil properties 45 years after timber harvest and mechanical site preparation in western Montana","authors":"Luke M. Cerise, D. Page-Dumroese, P. McDaniel, C. Mayn, R. Heinse","doi":"10.5849/WJAF.12-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/WJAF.12-013","url":null,"abstract":"Site preparation following timber harvests is widely used to increase seedling establishment postharvest. Historically, dozer piling and ripping were the most common forms of site preparation in the Intermountain West. Less commonly, terracing of hill slopes was another form of site preparation on the Bitterroot National Forest in western Montana from 1961–1970 on marginally productive lands. Our objective was to compare soil physical and chemical propertie sa s well as timber productivity as evidenced by diameter-at-breast height (dbh) between terraced and standard-site preparation methods as well as unharvested stands. We collected and analyzed soil samples for bulk density, mineral cations, total C, total N, organic matter, particle size, and pH, forest floor measurements, tree dbh, and ground cover. Even after 45 years, visual soil disturbance in site-prepared stands was still observable with a majority of sites having some degree of compaction or rutting damage. Many soil chemical and physical properties were not significantly different among the two site treatments and the unharvested control stands. However, soil organic matter was significantly lower in the terraced and standard site-prepared stands than in the unharvested stands. Ponderosa pine dbh was greater in the terraced stands than in the nonterraced stands, but understory species diversity was low. The loss of surface soil organic matter and understory species associated with both forms of site preparation is a concern for future forest management. Leaving forest residue during harvest operations, limiting travel routes during management operations, and minimizing forest floor displacement may allow for limited soil impacts on future site-prepared stands.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"158-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/WJAF.12-013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficacy of Two Bole-Injected Systemic Insecticides for Protecting Douglas-Fir From Damage by Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth and Fir Coneworm","authors":"S. Cook, Benjamin D. Sloniker, M. Rust","doi":"10.5849/WJAF.13-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/WJAF.13-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"166-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/WJAF.13-002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Fidgen, Neal T. Kittelson, T. Eckberg, Joseph J. Doccola, C. Randall
{"title":"Field note: emamectin benzoate reduces defoliation by Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on three host species.","authors":"J. Fidgen, Neal T. Kittelson, T. Eckberg, Joseph J. Doccola, C. Randall","doi":"10.5849/WJAF.12-036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/WJAF.12-036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"170-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/WJAF.12-036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
reduction treatments in the West (Barbour et al. 2008), to quantify the jobs and biomass production impacts of these treatments (Abt et al. 2011), and to evaluate whether wildfire hazard reduction treatments yield overall net benefits on timberlands of the West (Prestemon et al. 2012). Model The EBR model is a multiyear two-stage goal and spatial equilibrium program, and it was modified for this study to model the economic feasibility of salvage of dead timber on public and private lands in the West. Although details of the model, including its mathematical formulation, are provided in Prestemon et al. (2008, 2012), describing the modeling framework is important for understanding the current study. EBR can be run for a single year or multiple years, treating timberland (salvaging standing dead trees, in this study) each year according to a predefined set of objectives. After each simulated year, timber inventory data are updated, with the transition to the next year defined by stand growth, new mortality available for salvage, and the volumes removed in the previous year’s solution. The first stage of this revised version of the EBR model is a goal program that selects locations in the West to salvage timber by maximizing a goal-weighted sum of salvage volumes, subject to maximum and minimum harvest constraints, a feasible forest product market solution, and an assumed maximum amount of expenditures available to harvest and transport salvage timber to mills. The fundamental unit of information about timber volumes (salvage, nonsalvage) to which the goal weights are applied in the EBR model is the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plot. To allow for a reasonably fast solution, plot-level information is summed to a spatial and ownership aggregate. Plot-level information includes the average distance to the nearest five sawmills (which consume sawlogs) and the average distance to the two nearest pulp or pole mills (consuming the smaller diameter portions of trees in the stand). Other variables reported or calculated at the plot level include volumes by product category (merchantable live and dead sawlogs and pulpwood) and tree groups—ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa and P. lambertiana), lodgepole pine (P. contorta), southern pine (especially P. echinata, P. palustris, P. elliottii, P. taeda), other softwood, and hardwood; ownership (national forest, other public, private); LANDFIRE Map Zone (LANDFIRE 2010); the harvest cost for removing live or dead volumes; and, an administration cost of $200/acre for public and $100/acre for private timberland salvage. In this study, we aggregated plot-level information up to the map zone for each ownership group for each of the 12 western states in the contiguous United States. LANDFIRE map zones are generalized geographical units with similar ecological and biophysical characteristics. The 50 United States contain 79 such zones, which span state boundaries. The 12 states in this study contain 29 map zones, alth
西部的森林减少处理(Barbour et al. 2008)，量化这些处理对就业和生物量生产的影响(Abt et al. 2011)，并评估减少野火危害的处理是否能给西部林地带来总体净效益(Prestemon et al. 2012)。EBR模型是一个多年的两阶段目标和空间平衡方案，并在本研究中对其进行了修改，以模拟西部公共和私人土地上枯木回收的经济可行性。尽管Prestemon等人(2008,2012)提供了模型的细节，包括其数学公式，但描述建模框架对于理解当前的研究很重要。EBR可以运行一年或多年，每年根据预先设定的目标处理林地(在本研究中，回收直立的死树)。在每个模拟年之后，木材库存数据都会更新，并根据林分增长、可供回收的新死亡率和上一年解决方案中移除的数量来确定向下一年的过渡。EBR模型修订版的第一阶段是一个目标计划，根据最大和最小采伐限制、可行的林产品市场解决方案以及采伐和运输木材到工厂的假定最大支出，通过最大化目标加权的木材采伐量来选择西部地区的木材采伐地点。在EBR模型中，目标权重所应用的关于木材体积(残余物和非残余物)的基本信息单位是森林清查与分析(FIA)图。为了允许合理快速的解决方案，将地块级信息汇总为空间和所有权汇总。小区级信息包括到最近的五家锯木厂的平均距离(消耗锯木)和到最近的两家纸浆厂或杆厂的平均距离(消耗林分中较小直径部分的树木)。在样地水平上报告或计算的其他变量包括按产品类别(可出售的活、死锯材和纸浆材)和树群的体积——黄松(黄松和蓝柏木)、黑松(白松)、南松(特别是紫松木、palustris、P. elliottii、P. taeda)、其他软木和硬木;所有权(国家森林，其他公共，私人);LANDFIRE地图区(LANDFIRE 2010);移除活的或死的卷的收获成本;此外，公共林地的行政费用为每英亩200美元，私人林地的行政费用为每英亩100美元。在这项研究中，我们将美国西部12个州的每个所有权群体的地块级信息汇总到地图区域。LANDFIRE地图带是具有相似生态和生物物理特征的广义地理单元。美国50个州有79个这样的区域，它们跨越州界。本研究中的12个州包含29个地图区域，尽管这些区域的面积和总伐木量差异很大。因此，在第一阶段可以从中获得处理量的基本建模单元是西部12个州中每个州的地图区域所有权总和。根据所实现的模拟(关于模拟的更多信息将在下一节中提供)，可以从一个地图区域所有权集合的部分或全部中获得第一阶段选择的处理量。利用面积扩展因子，将采伐成本、树种和活死状态的木材量信息以及运输成本扩展到地图区域所有权集合。结果是每个地图区域可回收木材的总面积的汇总，以及每英亩按物种、产品、活材和可回收死材的加权平均体积，到工厂的加权平均运输距离，以及加权平均采伐成本。最后，对地图区域所有权总量的目标权重是去除木材打捞的解决净收入;只有不动的、可打捞的木材才能被移走。第一阶段的净收入定义为按品种回收的锯木和纸浆木材的上市前解决方案价值:交付量乘以每种产品各自的市场价格乘以回收折扣系数减去每英亩总林分的收获和运输成本。按照定义，净收入可以是负的。实际上，EBR模型根据每英亩净收入对林地的回收有一个有序的偏好。EBR模型的第二阶段，根据第一阶段在每个地图区域所有权聚集位置选择的回收量，最大限度地利用木材产品生产者和消费者剩余的总和减去回收和非回收木材跨越州际边界的运输成本(Samuelson 1952, Takayama和Judge 1964)。 以状态为基本木制品市场模型单元，即比地图区域所有权高两级的聚集层，在此模型单元中，按物种组求得均衡产品价格。禁止从美国西部联邦土地出口圆木的贸易限制被实施。州一级的最大加工量由州一级的工厂能力决定，这是在不增加新的加工能力的情况下可以在州内加工的木材产品数量的物理限制。我们允许这些产能超过30%，以反映现有工厂增加班次的可能性(Prestemon等人，2008年)。EBR模型也允许新的处理能力的选址，尽管这不是内生实现的(如Ince et al. 2008)。第二阶段的最优解决方案是一组市场均衡产品价格，以及每个州生产的回收木材(和收获的非回收木材)的种类数量，每个地方的工厂消费，以及跨州和国际边界进行交易。由EBR模型运行的一组多年模拟的结果是对美国西部12个相邻州的国家森林、其他公共和私人土地的回收净收入影响的评估。在本研究中，我们进一步总结了国家和所有权集团在打捞成本和打捞收入方面的结果。虽然在本研究中没有报告，但模型输出还包括由救助变化引起的价格和经济福利变化。当试图量化救助如何对非救助木材所有者的福利产生负面影响时，这些变化可能会引起人们的兴趣(例如，Prestemon和Holmes 2004, Prestemon等人2006)。然而，值得注意的是，从私人土地上打捞所得的净收入是税前的毛额。通过改变对政府救助国家森林、其他公共或私人木材计划规模的假设，我们描述了政府补贴或国家森林救助计划的地理焦点如何在西部各州之间转移。在蒙大拿州和科罗拉多州这两个受到山松甲虫严重影响的西部州，我们通过一个“假设”的场景来测试将工厂总产能增加一倍的影响，研究鼓励或补贴回收木材的努力将如何影响林地所有者(公共和私人)获得的回收净收入。最后，通过改变我们对144 WEST额外立木量规律积累的假设。j:。对。28(4) 2013年的打捞木材——从固定的年增长百分比到不再积累的枯木——我们评估了对国家森林和其他土地的打捞工作的空间目标的影响。来自林务局FIA调查的木材库存数据汇集了美国西部12个州所有开放采伐且未受地役权保护或以其他方式预留用于保护目的的林地。每个州使用的调查年份如表1所示。数据按所有者组(仅限所有所有者和国家森林)、按树种组(黄松、黑松、其他软木和硬木)和副产品(锯材-代表树木锯木部分的立方英尺体积和纸浆-代表树木中所有其他生长蓄积量)汇总。编码为枯树的树木只测量了总体积，因此，假设对锯木和纸浆木的分配与地块上活树中发现的锯木和纸浆木的总体份额相同，如果有的话。假设没有活树的森林地块的锯材占林分积的比例为0.8。关于FIA方法的更多信息可以在Bechtold和Patterson(2005)中找到。虽然最初的兴趣是建立只对mpb砍伐的林分进行回收的模型，但FIA的数据并没有提供基于死亡原因限制枯木数量和面积数据的选项。虽然可以从航空探测调查中获得一些关于西部受mpb影响的森林的信息，但这些调查(例如Backsen和Howell 2013)产生的数据不适合我们的研究(见Meddens et al. 2012)。尽管对因各种原因死亡的木材的打捞建模与对mpb杀死的树木的打捞建模不同，但打捞作业应该对死亡原因漠不关心。采用FIA数据的一个优点是，图是在代表性样本框架上测量的，因此具有一定程度的准确性，为模拟打捞计划提供了更大的信心。FIA地块具有代表性的树种、树木大小和现场条件样本，可以准确评估在打捞过程中可以移除的材料和移除可回收木材的成本。 将打捞体积调整因子应用于直立木材，并假设净可打捞体积
{"title":"An Economic Assessment of Mountain Pine Beetle Timber Salvage in the West","authors":"J. Prestemon, K. Abt, K. Potter, F. Koch","doi":"10.5849/WJAF.12-032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/WJAF.12-032","url":null,"abstract":"reduction treatments in the West (Barbour et al. 2008), to quantify the jobs and biomass production impacts of these treatments (Abt et al. 2011), and to evaluate whether wildfire hazard reduction treatments yield overall net benefits on timberlands of the West (Prestemon et al. 2012). Model The EBR model is a multiyear two-stage goal and spatial equilibrium program, and it was modified for this study to model the economic feasibility of salvage of dead timber on public and private lands in the West. Although details of the model, including its mathematical formulation, are provided in Prestemon et al. (2008, 2012), describing the modeling framework is important for understanding the current study. EBR can be run for a single year or multiple years, treating timberland (salvaging standing dead trees, in this study) each year according to a predefined set of objectives. After each simulated year, timber inventory data are updated, with the transition to the next year defined by stand growth, new mortality available for salvage, and the volumes removed in the previous year’s solution. The first stage of this revised version of the EBR model is a goal program that selects locations in the West to salvage timber by maximizing a goal-weighted sum of salvage volumes, subject to maximum and minimum harvest constraints, a feasible forest product market solution, and an assumed maximum amount of expenditures available to harvest and transport salvage timber to mills. The fundamental unit of information about timber volumes (salvage, nonsalvage) to which the goal weights are applied in the EBR model is the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plot. To allow for a reasonably fast solution, plot-level information is summed to a spatial and ownership aggregate. Plot-level information includes the average distance to the nearest five sawmills (which consume sawlogs) and the average distance to the two nearest pulp or pole mills (consuming the smaller diameter portions of trees in the stand). Other variables reported or calculated at the plot level include volumes by product category (merchantable live and dead sawlogs and pulpwood) and tree groups—ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa and P. lambertiana), lodgepole pine (P. contorta), southern pine (especially P. echinata, P. palustris, P. elliottii, P. taeda), other softwood, and hardwood; ownership (national forest, other public, private); LANDFIRE Map Zone (LANDFIRE 2010); the harvest cost for removing live or dead volumes; and, an administration cost of $200/acre for public and $100/acre for private timberland salvage. In this study, we aggregated plot-level information up to the map zone for each ownership group for each of the 12 western states in the contiguous United States. LANDFIRE map zones are generalized geographical units with similar ecological and biophysical characteristics. The 50 United States contain 79 such zones, which span state boundaries. The 12 states in this study contain 29 map zones, alth","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"143-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/WJAF.12-032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Survival of Mountain Pine Beetle in Unpeeled Logs","authors":"J. Ball, C. A. Taecker","doi":"10.5849/WJAF.11-028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/WJAF.11-028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"134 1","pages":"154-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/WJAF.11-028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling the Transition from Juvenile to Mature Wood Using Modulus of Elasticity in Lodgepole Pine","authors":"Mingliang Wang, J. D. Stewart","doi":"10.5849/WJAF.12-026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/WJAF.12-026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"135-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/WJAF.12-026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. D. Sheridan, K. Puettmann, M. Huso, J. Hagar, K. Falk
Many land managers in the Pacific Northwest have the goal of increasing late-successional forest structures. Despite the documented importance of Douglas-fir tree bark structure in forested ecosystems, little is known about factors influencing bark development and how foresters can manage development. This study investigated the relative importance of tree size, growth, environmental factors, and thinning on Douglas-fir bark furrow characteristics in the Oregon Coast Range. Bark furrow depth, area, and bark roughness were measured for Douglas-fir trees in young heavily thinned and unthinned sites and compared to older reference sites. We tested models for relationships between bark furrow response and thinning, tree diameter, diameter growth, and environmental factors. Separately, we compared bark responses measured on trees used by bark-foraging birds with trees with no observed usage. Tree diameter and diameter growth were the most important variables in predicting bark characteristics in young trees. Measured environmental variables were not strongly related to bark characteristics. Bark furrow characteristics in old trees were influenced by tree diameter and surrounding tree densities. Young trees used by bark foragers did not have different bark characteristics than unused trees. Efforts to enhance Douglas-fir bark characteristics should emphasize retention of larger diameter trees’ growth enhancement.
{"title":"Management, Morphological, and Environmental Factors Influencing Douglas-Fir Bark Furrows in the Oregon Coast Range","authors":"C. D. Sheridan, K. Puettmann, M. Huso, J. Hagar, K. Falk","doi":"10.5849/WJAF.12-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/WJAF.12-011","url":null,"abstract":"Many land managers in the Pacific Northwest have the goal of increasing late-successional forest structures. Despite the documented importance of Douglas-fir tree bark structure in forested ecosystems, little is known about factors influencing bark development and how foresters can manage development. This study investigated the relative importance of tree size, growth, environmental factors, and thinning on Douglas-fir bark furrow characteristics in the Oregon Coast Range. Bark furrow depth, area, and bark roughness were measured for Douglas-fir trees in young heavily thinned and unthinned sites and compared to older reference sites. We tested models for relationships between bark furrow response and thinning, tree diameter, diameter growth, and environmental factors. Separately, we compared bark responses measured on trees used by bark-foraging birds with trees with no observed usage. Tree diameter and diameter growth were the most important variables in predicting bark characteristics in young trees. Measured environmental variables were not strongly related to bark characteristics. Bark furrow characteristics in old trees were influenced by tree diameter and surrounding tree densities. Young trees used by bark foragers did not have different bark characteristics than unused trees. Efforts to enhance Douglas-fir bark characteristics should emphasize retention of larger diameter trees’ growth enhancement.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"97-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/WJAF.12-011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Factors influencing height-age relationships and recruitment of ponderosa pine regeneration in Northern Arizona","authors":"Joshua J. Puhlick, M. M. Moore, A. Weiskittel","doi":"10.5849/WJAF.12-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/WJAF.12-021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"91-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/WJAF.12-021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate Climate data recorded by the Onion Park SNOTEL site within the TCEF were accessed from the National Water and Climate Data Center and summarized for the period 2002–2009. Data prior to 2002 were incomplete. Average summer (April to September) and winter temperatures (October to March) were 8° C and 4° C, respectively. High temperatures during the warmest parts of summer were typically 20° C to 25° C while during the coldest parts of the winter temperatures often fell below 20° C. Average annual precipitation was 83 cm, about evenly split between the two seasons. Field Methods All wood samples in this study were cut from 46 live lodgepole pine trees felled in 1998. Trees were cut in nine groups. Group locations were not selected randomly, rather they were selected in stands across a range of structural characteristics representative of the TCEF (Barrett 1993). Each cutting group consisted of 7–13 felled trees. Trees were selected within each group such that the diameter breast height (dbh) frequency distribution of the sample would be similar to the diameter distribution of the surrounding stand, thus fewer sample trees were felled in stands with more homogeneous stand structure. The boles of felled trees were partitioned into 2-m “logs.” The entire bole was partitioned, thus there was no defined minimum diameter for the logs. Some logs were created by physically segmenting the tree bole with a chainsaw and the remaining boles had the 2-m logs marked using a small saw nick. Each log was given an identifier consisting of concatenated tree tag number and log number with the logs numbered sequentially starting at the base of the bole. The sample trees yielded 390 logs. After initial samples were collected in 1999, a sampling schedule of the remaining logs was created with random logs (without replacement) selected for sampling at 10-year intervals beginning in 2009. All wood samples were collected by cutting a 5–10-cm thick disk perpendicular to the central axis of the sample log using a chainsaw. The samples were cut from the ends of the logs in 1999—less than 10 months after felling—and from the middle of logs in 2009. The decay class of the log was recorded before removing the sample and piece diameter was measured using a flexible d-tape after it had been cut from the log. The 1999 sample included 45 wood samples from 12 trees and the 2009 sample included 25 samples from 16 trees. Two additional assessments were made for logs sampled in 2009: (1) we recorded the position of the log as either in contact with the ground or suspended above the ground by branches, vegetation, etc. and (2) we recorded if one or both of the log ends had been completely cut through (segmented) in 1998. Samples were stored in sealed plastic bags until lab work began. Log decay class was visually assessed using the classification described in Maser et al. (1979) (Table 1). The classification uses a condition criteria assessment of bark, twigs, texture, shape, colo
{"title":"Lodgepole Pine Bole Wood Density 1 and 11 Years after Felling in Central Montana","authors":"Duncan C. Lutes, C. Hardy","doi":"10.5849/WJAF.12-033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/WJAF.12-033","url":null,"abstract":"Climate Climate data recorded by the Onion Park SNOTEL site within the TCEF were accessed from the National Water and Climate Data Center and summarized for the period 2002–2009. Data prior to 2002 were incomplete. Average summer (April to September) and winter temperatures (October to March) were 8° C and 4° C, respectively. High temperatures during the warmest parts of summer were typically 20° C to 25° C while during the coldest parts of the winter temperatures often fell below 20° C. Average annual precipitation was 83 cm, about evenly split between the two seasons. Field Methods All wood samples in this study were cut from 46 live lodgepole pine trees felled in 1998. Trees were cut in nine groups. Group locations were not selected randomly, rather they were selected in stands across a range of structural characteristics representative of the TCEF (Barrett 1993). Each cutting group consisted of 7–13 felled trees. Trees were selected within each group such that the diameter breast height (dbh) frequency distribution of the sample would be similar to the diameter distribution of the surrounding stand, thus fewer sample trees were felled in stands with more homogeneous stand structure. The boles of felled trees were partitioned into 2-m “logs.” The entire bole was partitioned, thus there was no defined minimum diameter for the logs. Some logs were created by physically segmenting the tree bole with a chainsaw and the remaining boles had the 2-m logs marked using a small saw nick. Each log was given an identifier consisting of concatenated tree tag number and log number with the logs numbered sequentially starting at the base of the bole. The sample trees yielded 390 logs. After initial samples were collected in 1999, a sampling schedule of the remaining logs was created with random logs (without replacement) selected for sampling at 10-year intervals beginning in 2009. All wood samples were collected by cutting a 5–10-cm thick disk perpendicular to the central axis of the sample log using a chainsaw. The samples were cut from the ends of the logs in 1999—less than 10 months after felling—and from the middle of logs in 2009. The decay class of the log was recorded before removing the sample and piece diameter was measured using a flexible d-tape after it had been cut from the log. The 1999 sample included 45 wood samples from 12 trees and the 2009 sample included 25 samples from 16 trees. Two additional assessments were made for logs sampled in 2009: (1) we recorded the position of the log as either in contact with the ground or suspended above the ground by branches, vegetation, etc. and (2) we recorded if one or both of the log ends had been completely cut through (segmented) in 1998. Samples were stored in sealed plastic bags until lab work began. Log decay class was visually assessed using the classification described in Maser et al. (1979) (Table 1). The classification uses a condition criteria assessment of bark, twigs, texture, shape, colo","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"116-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/WJAF.12-033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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